CN114075094B - 4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐及合成方法 - Google Patents
4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐及合成方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种4,5’‑二硝胺基‑5‑氨基‑3,3’‑联‑1,2,4‑三唑含能离子盐及合成方法,具体合成过程如下:(1)关环反应:2‑氨基‑5‑羧基‑1,2,4‑三唑与1,3‑二氨基胍盐酸盐经关环反应制得4,5,5’‑三氨基‑3,3’‑1,2,4‑三唑;(2)硝化反应:4,5,5’‑三氨基‑3,3’‑1,2,4‑三唑经硝化反应制得4,5’‑二硝胺基‑5‑氨基‑3,3’‑联‑1,2,4‑三唑;(3)成盐反应:选择高氮含量的碱性物质,经成盐反应制得相关含能离子盐。本发明中合成的含能离子盐均具有正生成焓和良好的爆轰性能,同时,密闭爆发实验结果显示所有的化合物均具有良好的放气性质。本发明的合成过程简便,原料易得,且制备过程无副产物的产生,产品纯度高,收率高。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于含能材料领域,涉及一种气体发生剂,特别是一种4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐及其合成方法。
背景技术
气体发生剂是指在燃烧后释放出大量气体的一类化合物。低燃温,高放气量的气体发生剂成为科学家追求的目标。通常,气体发生剂配方由可燃剂,氧化剂,冷却剂,燃速调节剂和粘合剂等组成。其中,作为主要组份的可燃剂与氧化剂在燃烧反应后释放出大量的气体的同时,又确保了燃烧反应的充分进行,减少有害气体(CO,NOx等)的产生,因此,可燃剂与氧化剂的性质对气体发生剂的应用起到了至关重要的作用。
由于叠氮化钠(NaN3)在燃温,感度性质,气体产物以及工艺流程等方面均表现出不错的性质,所以,在气体发生剂的领域内叠氮化钠(NaN3)常被用作可燃剂组份。但是,从安全与环保角度考虑,NaN3本身具有剧毒性(LD50*=27mg kg-1),在储存,转运以及使用过程中存在很大的安全隐患,同时其燃烧后有大量的残渣的产生,不利于环境治理,这就大大限制了它的使用。因此,无金属的含能化合物的研究为安全高效的可燃剂组份研究提供了新的方向。随着高能钝感含能材料的深入研究,人们发现1,2,4-三唑环在生成焓(ΔH=192kJ mol-1)以及氮含量表现出较大的优势。同时,成盐后的三唑环不仅在在感度与热稳定性方面也表现出不错的性质,而且在放气量方面显示出优势。与NaN3相比,三唑环类含能离子盐显示了很大的优势:(1)无毒无害;(2)高含氮量,其燃烧产物多为氮气;(3)正生成焓,确保了燃烧的热释放;(4)无金属离子的存在,燃烧后无残渣剩余。同时,由于硝酸胍(GN)组份的气体发生剂中仅有难以断裂的C-NH2,与GN相比,本发明的化合物引入易断裂基团(-NHNO2,-N-N),有效的提高了气体发生剂的燃速。本发明的离子盐满足了气体发生剂对低毒,高性能,绿色以及安全的可燃剂的追求。
发明内容
本发明旨在提供一种气体发生剂组份4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐,改善气体发生剂的应用现状。
实现本发明目的的技术解决方案是:一种4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐(式1,2,3),其结构如下:
4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐(式4),其结构如下:
上述4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐(式1,2,3)的合成方法,包括:
(1)将3-氨基-5-羧基-1,2,4-三唑I与1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐II在多聚磷酸反应体系下发生关环反应制备4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑III的步骤,
(2)将4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑III与100wt%硝酸发生硝化反应制备4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑IV的步骤,
(3)将4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑IV与氨水、水合肼或羟胺水溶液任意一种发生成盐反应制备目标产物的步骤,
优选的,步骤(1),多聚磷酸反应体系为比例为1g:1.4~5ml的五氧化二磷与正磷酸的混合体系。
优选的,步骤(1)中,2-氨基-5-羧基-1,2,4-三唑与1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐摩尔比为1:1~5。
优选的,步骤(1)中,反应温度为110~140℃。
优选的,步骤(2)中,4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑与100wt%硝酸的质量体积比为1g:5~20ml。
优选的,步骤(2)中,反应温度-15℃~-5℃。
优选的,步骤(3)中,反应体系溶剂为水、乙腈、甲醇和乙醇中任意一种;反应温度是25℃~80℃。
上述4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐(式4)的合成方法,包括:
(1)将3-氨基-5-羧基-1,2,4-三唑I与1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐II在多聚磷酸反应体系下发生关环反应制备4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑III的步骤,
(2)将4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑III与100wt%硝酸发生硝化反应制备4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑IV的步骤,
(3)将4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑IV与碱性试剂水溶液发生反应后,再与三氨基胍盐酸盐发生成盐反应制备目标产物的步骤,
优选的,步骤(1),多聚磷酸反应体系为比例为1g:1~5ml的五氧化二磷与正磷酸的混合体系。
优选的,步骤(1)中,2-氨基-5-羧基-1,2,4-三唑与1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐摩尔比为1:1~4。
优选的,步骤(1)中,反应温度为110~140℃。
优选的,步骤(2)中,4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑与100wt%硝酸的质量体积比为1g:5~20ml。
优选的,步骤(2)中,反应温度-15℃~-5℃。
优选的,步骤(3)中,碱性试剂选自NaOH、KOH、Na2CO3、K2CO3、NaHCO3和KHCO3中任意一种;4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑与三氨基胍盐酸盐的摩尔比为1:2~5;反应温度为60℃~100℃。
与常用的气体发生剂组份叠氮化钠(NaN3)以及硝酸胍(GN)相比,本发明具有以下优点:
(1)相较于NaN3,本发明的化合物无金属离子,保证了燃烧产物无残渣剩余,对环境无害;
(2)相较于NaN3(21kJ mol-1)和GN(-39kJ mol-1)的生成焓,本发明的化合物正生成焓(522kJ mol-1~1200kJ mol-1,Gaussian09计算);
(3)使用EXPLO5 v6.05在等体积燃烧条件下对单组分化合物计算,与NaN3(23.072mol kg-1)和GN(49.202mol kg-1)的理论产气量相比,本发明的化合物1,2,3和4的理论产气量大(51.351mol kg-1,52.759mol kg-1,47.599mol kg-1和52.216mol kg-1),产气效果好;
(4)燃烧实验结果显示,相较于GN(压力=4.2MPa,最大放气速率=32.1GPa s-1),新化合物具有良好的产气量和放气速率(压力≥12.8MPa,最大放气速率≥164GPa s-1)。
附图说明
图1为化合物4的单晶图。
图2为化合物的压力随时间变化曲线图。
具体实施方式
本发明的4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐的合成路线如下所示。
具体反应步骤为:
实施例1:关环反应
向多聚磷酸反应体系(30g的五氧化二磷和60mL的正磷酸)中加入12.8g的2-氨基-5-羧基-1,2,4-三唑(100mmol)和15g的1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐(120mmol),升温至120℃,反应4小时,反应液澄清。200mL的冰水对反应液进行淬灭,使用浓氢氧化钠溶液调节反应液的pH=7~8,反应体系析出大量的固体,过滤即得4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑,产量为3g(产率:16.5%)。
1H NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=12.4,6.15,5.80,5.71ppm.13C NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=157.48,154.25,148.84,142.12ppm.IR(KBr):v=3735,3416,3159,2624,1627,1557,1473,1368,1309,1257,1126,1051,983,889,752,712cm-1。
实施例2:硝化反应
向10mL的100%硝酸溶液中缓慢加入1.5g的4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑(8.28mmol),在-15℃下反应20小时。100mL的冰水对反应液淬灭,有大量固体析出,过滤即得4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑,产量为1g(产率:70%)。
1H NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=8.45,5.12ppm.13C NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=152.73,149.96,140.56,139.36ppm.IR(KBr):v=3589,3392,3231,3144,2707,1694,1644,1584,1500,1406,1336,1265,1221,1093,996,958,878,840,776,731cm-1。
实施例3:成盐反应
向0.54g(2mmol)的4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑的悬浮水溶液中滴加碱性溶液(氨水,水合肼,羟胺水溶液)至反应液澄清,此时反应体系显示为中性,在60℃下反应3小时。静置降温析出沉淀,过滤即得相关含能离子盐(1-3)。4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑氨盐(1):
1H NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=7.41,5.91ppm.13C NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=157.16,153.31,149.23,141.91ppm.IR(KBr):v=3044,1682,1621,1560,1524,1383,1222,1138,1083,1041,974,882,765,712,674,624cm-1。
4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑肼盐(2):
1H NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=8.05,6.29ppm.13C NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=157.36,153.13,148.62,141.75ppm.IR(KBr):v=3149,2700,1500,1434,1343,1260,1121,1083,1008,970,866,787,762,730,669cm-1。
4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑羟胺盐(3):
1H NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=9.30,7.07ppm.13C NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=157.36,151.83,147.34,141.96ppm.IR(KBr):v=3413,3330,2903,2703,1674,1631,1524,1450,1391,1285,1203,1089,1008,968,872,769,671cm-1。
实施例4:交换成盐反应
向0.54g的4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑(2mmol)的悬浮水溶液中滴加NaOH水溶液至反应液澄清,向反应体系加入0.42g(3mmol)的三氨基胍盐酸盐(3mmol),在80℃下反应3小时。静置降温析出沉淀,过滤即得化合物晶体4,其晶体结构见图1。无需进行重结晶,保证产品的纯度。
1H NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=13.02,8.61,5.61,4.51ppm.13C NMR(d6-DMSO,25℃):δ=159.09,157.20,152.94,149.34,142.18ppm.IR(KBr):v=3390,3224,1673,1611,1516,1455,1413,1281,1221,1132,1076,999,969,877,771,733,619cm-1
实施例5:燃烧实验
定容燃烧实验被广泛应用于研究气体发生剂在一定容积下可燃剂燃烧的压力释放随时间的变化规律。将0.5mg的点火药(B/KNO3)加入密闭的定容装置(体积约为2mL),将点火药均匀覆盖到镍铬线上,添加6mg的可燃剂组份,通过加热镍铬丝(24A电引入,持续时间110ms)点火。通过压力传感器收集数据示波器上显示该密闭容器中的气体压力随时间变化的曲线,即得到p-t曲线,见图2。相关的数据见表1。
表1目标产物1,2,3,4和GN的燃烧结果表
a.最大的压力值;b.放气时间;c.最大放气速率;d.示波器最大值。
Claims (9)
3.如权利要求1所述的4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐的合成方法,其特征在于,包括:
(1)将3-氨基-5-羧基-1,2,4-三唑I与1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐II在多聚磷酸反应体系下发生关环反应制备4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑III的步骤,
(2)将4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑III与100wt%硝酸发生硝化反应制备4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑IV的步骤,
(3)将4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑IV与氨水、水合肼或羟胺水溶液任意一种发生成盐反应制备目标产物的步骤,
4.如权利要求2所述的4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐的合成方法,其特征在于,包括:
(1)将3-氨基-5-羧基-1,2,4-三唑I与1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐II在多聚磷酸反应体系下发生关环反应制备4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑III的步骤,
(2)将4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑III与100wt%硝酸发生硝化反应制备4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑IV的步骤,
(3)将4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑IV与碱性试剂水溶液发生反应后,再与三氨基胍盐酸盐发生成盐反应制备目标产物的步骤,
5.如权利要求3或4所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1),多聚磷酸反应体系为比例为1g:1~5ml的五氧化二磷与正磷酸的混合体系;2-氨基-5-羧基-1,2,4-三唑与1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐摩尔比为1:1~4;反应温度为110~140℃。
6.如权利要求3或4所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,4,5,5’-三氨基-3,3’-1,2,4-三唑与100wt%硝酸的质量体积比为1g:5~20ml;反应温度-15℃~-5℃。
7.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,反应温度是25℃~80℃。
8.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,碱性试剂选自NaOH、KOH、Na2CO3、K2CO3、NaHCO3和KHCO3中任意一种;4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑与三氨基胍盐酸盐的摩尔比为1:2~5;反应温度为60℃~100℃。
9.一种气体发生剂,包含如权利要求1或2所述的4,5’-二硝胺基-5-氨基-3,3’-联-1,2,4-三唑含能离子盐。
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