CN114043062A - Electron beam welding method for ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel - Google Patents
Electron beam welding method for ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel Download PDFInfo
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- CN114043062A CN114043062A CN202111330004.2A CN202111330004A CN114043062A CN 114043062 A CN114043062 A CN 114043062A CN 202111330004 A CN202111330004 A CN 202111330004A CN 114043062 A CN114043062 A CN 114043062A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/06—Electron-beam welding or cutting within a vacuum chamber
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Abstract
The invention relates to an electron beam welding method for ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel, which adopts the technical measures of low-speed and low-pressure welding, the essence of low-speed and low-pressure is to increase the heat input in the welding process, and the preheating process which should be carried out before welding is put into the welding process, so that the preheating and welding processes exist in the welding process, and the preheating process is equivalently included in the welding process, thus, the single preheating process can be reduced, and the welding production efficiency of parts is improved. In the course of research, the welding was carried out by electron beam preheating before welding, and high-speed (40mm/s) and high-pressure (150kV) welding techniques were used, but a large number of weld cracks were generated in the welded joint regardless of penetration of the welded parts of the material.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses an electron beam welding method for ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel, and belongs to the technical field of electron beam welding.
Background art:
gears and bearings are key components in mechanical transmission systems of aeroengines, helicopters and other weaponry, and are used under the working conditions of high speed, heavy load, complex stress state and severe state change, so that the performance and the use safety of the weaponry are directly related, and catastrophic accidents can be caused due to failure. The new generation of the structural design of the turboshaft transmission system adopts the middle and tail speed reducers made of third generation gear steel 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA as the key parts for the integration of the helicopter hub. The middle and tail speed reducers are manufactured by welding components such as gears, shafts and the like, the structural material 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA (CSS-42L) has the characteristics of high alloying, strong hardenability, high working temperature and the like, and the electron beam welding method has strong brittleness, hardness and welding crack tendency.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an electron beam welding method for ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel, aiming at solving the problem that the third generation gear steel 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA cracks in the electron beam welding process.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
in the electron beam welding method for the ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel, the ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel is 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA third-generation gear steel, and the welding method comprises the following steps:
firstly, polishing and derusting the surfaces to be welded and the 20mm surrounding areas of two welding material plates 1 to be welded with the specification thickness of 5mm-15mm, and then wiping the surfaces to be welded and the surrounding areas by using non-woven fabric dipped with acetone;
placing two welding material plates 1 on a vacuum chamber platform of electron beam welding equipment for fixing in an I-shaped flat plate butt joint mode;
step three, vacuumizing the vacuum chamber until the vacuum pressure reaches 5 multiplied by 10-2After Pa, the position track of the to-be-welded seam 2 is aligned and electron beam welding is carried out, and the welding process parameters are as follows: the welding speed is 2mm/s-6mm/s, the welding accelerating voltage is 70kV-100kV, the welding focusing current is 1200mA-1600mA, and the beam current of the electron beam is 5mA-30 mA;
and step four, after welding is finished, keeping the vacuum chamber in vacuum for 10-20 min, and then discharging the gas from the furnace.
In the implementation process, the two welding material plates 1 in the step two are placed on a base plate 5, and an arc striking block 3 and an arc closing block 4 are respectively arranged on two sides of the to-be-welded joint 2.
When the method is implemented, firstly, the test plate is required to be demagnetized during cleaning in the step one, and when the electron beam is used for welding the magnetic material, the remanence of the magnetic material per se can influence the welding quality, so that the electron beam induced deflection during welding can easily cause welding offset, therefore, the magnetic metal material to be welded needs to be demagnetized before welding, and the remanence flux density of the welded test plate is required to be not more than 3 x 10-4And (5) requirement of T.
When the method is implemented, the local maximum clearance of the surfaces to be welded is required to be not more than 0.10mm when the flat plates are in butt joint and fixed in the step two, because the too large clearance can influence the welding quality of the electron beam, the too large beam current value of the electron beam, poor weld forming and standard exceeding of weld defects are easily caused.
In the implementation, the test plate welded in the fourth step cannot be immediately discharged, because the surface temperature of the welding seam and the position near the welding seam of the test plate just welded reaches 900-700 ℃, and the test plate is charged and discharged in vacuum, which is equivalent to quenching the welding seam of the welded test plate, and leads to serious quality problems such as crack generation of the welding seam of the test plate, surface oxidation of the welding seam and the like.
The technical scheme of the invention aims at the thickness of the welded material being 5mm-15mm, the welding speed adopted in the thickness specification is 15mm/s-40mm/s, and the welding accelerating voltage is 120kV-150 kV; the invention aims at the adoption of the material, but the welding speed is 2mm/s-6mm/s, and the welding accelerating voltage is 70kV-100 kV.
The 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA (CSS-42L) has the characteristics of ultrahigh strength, high alloying, strong hardenability and poor weldability. If a high speed, high voltage (15mm/s-40mm/s, welding acceleration voltage 120kV-150kV) is used according to a conventional electron beam welding method, where a thickness of 5mm-15mm is welded, the actual welding results in a large number of weld cracks in the joint. According to a linear energy formula q, I is an electron beam welding beam current, U is an accelerating voltage, and V is a welding speed; the research results show that the welding of the material needs increased welding line energy to effectively control the generation of welding cracks.
The technical scheme of the invention adopts the technical measures of low-speed and low-pressure welding, the essence of low-speed and low-pressure is to increase the heat input in the welding process, and the preheating process which should be carried out before welding is put into the welding process, so that the preheating process and the welding process exist in the welding process, and the preheating process is equivalently included in the welding process, thus, an independent preheating process can be reduced, and the welding production efficiency of parts is improved. In the course of research, the welding was carried out by electron beam preheating before welding, and high-speed (40mm/s) and high-pressure (150kV) welding techniques were used, but a large number of weld cracks were generated in the welded joint regardless of penetration of the welded parts of the material.
According to the technical scheme, the welding speed is 2-6 mm/s, the welding acceleration voltage is 70-100 kV, under the condition, the matching relation of the welding beam current can be formed simultaneously, according to the line energy relation q being UI/v, under the determination of the acceleration voltage U and the welding speed v, the welding beam current I and the line energy q are in a direct proportion relation, and according to the welding thickness and the welding quality requirements, the welding beam current I has the minimum value and the maximum value, namely the size of a welding window of the welding beam current I in welding terminology.
The results obtained by research show that no matter whether the welded material is completely welded or not, no welding crack is found in the welded joint through detection of the matching relation, the welding stress of the welding material plate which is not completely welded in the actual operation process is larger than that of the welding material plate which is completely welded, the welding crack is more easily generated, and the welding crack is not found in the actual technical measures.
The research process of the above welding parameter selection is shown as follows:
the test plate to be welded is 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA, and the test results are as follows:
high speed high pressure welding
The acceleration voltage was 150kV, the welding speed was 15mm/s, and the results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, wherein the left side is the front side and the right side is the back side. Welding results of fig. 1: the test panel was welded through and was checked for cracks by X-ray. Welding results of fig. 2: the test panel was not welded through and was cracked by X-ray inspection.
The accelerating voltage is 150kV, the welding speed is 40mm/s, and the results are shown in figures 3 and 4, wherein the left side of the figure is the front side, the middle side is the back side, and the right side is the cross section of the welding seam. Welding results of fig. 3: the test panel was welded through and was checked for cracks by X-ray. Welding results of fig. 4: the test panel was not welded through and was cracked by X-ray inspection.
Secondly, low-speed and low-pressure welding process:
the acceleration voltage is 90kV, the welding speed is 4mm/s, and the results are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, wherein the left side of the figure is the front side, the middle side is the back side, and the right side is the cross section of the welding seam. Welding results of fig. 3: the test panel was welded through and was checked for cracks by X-ray. Welding results of fig. 4: the test panel was not welded through and was cracked by X-ray inspection.
Drawings
FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show the results of high-speed and high-pressure welding of 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA to-be-welded test plates
FIGS. 3 and 4 show the results of another high-speed high-pressure welding of 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA to-be-welded test plates
FIGS. 5 and 6 show the results of a low-speed high-pressure welding test performed on 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA to-be-welded test plates
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an assembly structure of a welding material plate in the technical solution of the present invention
FIG. 8 is a photograph of a pre-weld assembly of solder plates
FIG. 9 is a photograph of the welded flitch
FIG. 10 is a photograph of a welded section of a weld plate
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further detailed in the following by combining the drawings and the embodiment:
the ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel for the embodiment is 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA, and the electron beam welding method comprises the following steps:
the ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel to be welded is 5-15 mm in thickness, the tensile strength of the steel to be welded is not lower than 1770MPa, the yield strength of the steel to be welded is not lower than 1350MPa, and the Rockwell HRC hardness of the steel is 48-52;
firstly, residual magnetism detection is carried out on the welding material plate 1 to be welded, and a magnetometer is adopted to check the welding material plate 1 to be welded piece by pieceThe magnetic flux density of the welding position and the magnetic flux density of the part should be not more than 3 x 10-4T; if it is larger than 3X 10-4T, demagnetization is needed until the magnetic flux density of the part meets the requirement;
polishing and derusting the surface to be welded of the welding material plate 1 and the area 20mm near the surface, and then dipping the non-woven fabric into acetone to wipe the surface to be welded and the area near the surface;
step two, placing two welding material plates 1 on a vacuum chamber platform of the electron beam welding equipment for fixing by adopting an I-shaped flat plate butt joint mode, placing the two welding material plates 1 on a base plate 5, and respectively arranging an arc striking block 3 and an arc receiving block 4 at two sides of a to-be-welded joint 2, as shown in figures 7 and 8;
step three, closing the vacuum chamber and vacuumizing until the vacuum pressure reaches 5 multiplied by 10-2When Pa, starting to add high pressure, and aligning the position track of the to-be-welded seam 2 for electron beam welding;
when the alignment of the seam to be welded 2 is required to be completed according to a welding program, firstly, the preheat welding is carried out, and the welding process parameters are as follows: the welding speed is 2mm/s-6mm/s, the welding acceleration voltage is 70kV-100kV, and the welding beam current is 2mA-10 mA;
after the preheating welding is finished, the next welding is carried out according to a welding program, and the welding technological parameters are as follows: the welding speed is 2mm/s-6mm/s, the welding accelerating voltage is 70kV-100kV, and the welding beam current is 5mA-30 mA;
and step four, after welding is finished, the vacuum chamber of the electron beam welding machine is kept in vacuum for 10min-20min, and then gas is discharged and discharged.
And (3) wearing heat-insulating gloves to take the welded parts when the parts are discharged from the furnace.
No welding crack is found on the welding test plate through X-ray detection, and the welding seam and the cross section are shown as 9 and 10.
Claims (4)
1. The electron beam welding method for the ultrahigh-strength gear bearing steel is 15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2WA third-generation gear steel, and is characterized in that: the welding method comprises the following steps:
polishing and derusting the surfaces to be welded and the 20mm surrounding area of two welding material plates (1) to be welded with the specification thickness of 5mm-15mm, and then wiping the surfaces to be welded and the surrounding area by using non-woven fabric dipped with acetone;
placing two welding material plates (1) on a vacuum chamber platform of electron beam welding equipment for fixing by adopting an I-shaped flat plate butt joint mode;
step three, vacuumizing the vacuum chamber until the vacuum pressure reaches 5 multiplied by 10-2After Pa, the position track of the seam (2) to be welded is found and electron beam welding is carried out, and the welding process parameters are as follows: the welding speed is 2mm/s-6mm/s, the welding accelerating voltage is 70kV-100kV, the welding focusing current is 1200mA-1600mA, and the beam current of the electron beam is 5mA-30 mA;
and step four, after welding is finished, keeping the vacuum chamber in vacuum for 10-20 min, and then discharging the gas from the furnace.
2. The electron beam welding method of ultra-high strength gear bearing steel of claim 1, wherein: in the second step, the two welding material plates (1) are placed on a base plate (5), and arc striking blocks (3) and arc closing blocks (4) are respectively arranged on two sides of the to-be-welded joint (2).
3. The electron beam welding method of ultra-high strength gear bearing steel of claim 1, wherein: before welding, the welding material plate (1) is demagnetized, and the remanence flux density of the welding material plate (1) is less than 3 multiplied by 10-4T。
4. The electron beam welding method of ultra-high strength gear bearing steel of claim 1, wherein: and in the second step, the to-be-welded joint (2) between the two butted welding material plates (1) is less than 0.10 mm.
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