CN114040981A - 通过不含化学助剂的生物质的蒸汽裂解获得的粉状底物及其用途 - Google Patents
通过不含化学助剂的生物质的蒸汽裂解获得的粉状底物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114040981A CN114040981A CN202080037654.5A CN202080037654A CN114040981A CN 114040981 A CN114040981 A CN 114040981A CN 202080037654 A CN202080037654 A CN 202080037654A CN 114040981 A CN114040981 A CN 114040981A
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
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- C12P1/00—Preparation of compounds or compositions, not provided for in groups C12P3/00 - C12P39/00, by using microorganisms or enzymes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract
本发明涉及通过生物质的蒸汽裂化获得的能量底物。更具体地,本发明涉及干粉形式且不含任何化学添加剂的蒸汽裂解的生物质,其制备方法及其作为绿色化学和生物技术方法如酶解和发酵的底物的用途。
Description
本发明涉及通过生物质的蒸汽裂化获得的能量底物。更具体地,本发明涉及干粉形式且不含任何化学添加剂的蒸汽裂解的生物质,其制备方法及其作为绿色化学和生物技术方法如酶解和发酵的底物的用途。
技术领域
生物技术方法或绿色化学方法使用源自植物食品原料的碳底物,其集中生产且成本高。底物的LCA(生命周期分析),以及食物竞争和原材料的价格,是对这些生物来源产品的发展和总体上的生物经济的阻碍。使用“第二代”(2G)木质纤维素生物质(木材、农业废物、农业和农用工业的联产品)将有可能减少环境影响(化石CO2排放、肥料、植物病害控制剂(phytosanitaries)),以及食品领域中的使用竞争和价格竞争。
自2006年以来,已经启动了许多关于该主题的项目(全球120个)。原理是生物质的水蒸气爆炸。大部分加入化学助剂如硫酸或碱性氨。全部使用“湿”方法,即生物质以40%至70%的水的比率润湿。一旦进行了爆炸,则将材料脱毒或直接使用,加入水解糖聚合物的酶,然后同时或随后加入微生物,以便将释放的糖转化成目标分子。
蒸汽裂解与水热预处理(也称为水性分馏、溶剂分解、水热裂解或水热处理)的不同之处在于后者在于在高温和高压下使用水以促进木质纤维素底物的崩解和分离。
因此,用于转化木质纤维素生物质的工业规模方法是罕见的,其具有大规模的技术现实性且经济上可行,并且具有无风险的良好环境记录。如今,乙醇是仅有的一种尝试以木质纤维素为基础的生物技术商品。
背景技术
文献WO2013/018034A1涉及生产用于生长蘑菇的底物的方法。底物的生产可以通过使用各种处理方法,特别是蒸汽爆炸的方法进行。在蒸汽爆炸法的使用过程中,木质纤维素材料进行粉碎并随后置于反应器中,该反应器借助蒸汽将生物质加热到160℃至230℃的温度。反应器达到12-28个大气压的压力,然后立即将该大气压降低至大气压力,产生蒸汽爆炸。
文献WO2013/105034描述了处理木质纤维素生物质以获得液体组合物的方法。生物质处理的特征在于浸泡步骤以获得固体馏分和液体馏分。随后,分离一部分液体馏分,而另一部分(固体馏分和一部分液体馏分)在固体馏分上经历蒸汽爆炸步骤以再次获得固体和液体馏分。最后,将新获得的液体馏分与在第一步骤中获得的固体馏分混合。
文献WO2013/152771涉及处理木质纤维素生物质以生产生物燃料如乙醇、丁醇、氢气、甲醇和生物气的方法。该方法使用的技术基于机械蒸汽爆炸的特性通过机械绝热分解并在压力下进行。
文献FR 2997094A1和WO2014/060673A1分别描述了:由木质纤维素生物质生产乙醇的方法,称为“第二代”;和由木质纤维素生物质生产醇的方法,称为“第二代”。这些方法包括各种步骤,即:在反应器中通过蒸汽爆炸进行预处理,随后是预处理的底物的酶促水解步骤,然后是溶解的糖的乙醇发酵步骤,然后从发酵流出物中提取乙醇或醇,并且使包含乙醇或醇的内部水性流在预处理反应器上游或在预处理反应器中再循环。
文献WO2014/204519A1和WO2013/191897A1描述了使用蒸汽爆炸方法处理生物质,作为气化或燃烧之前的预处理。
最后,文献EP 3054050A描述了木质纤维素原料的连续处理方法,以生产具有65%至85%的第一目标范围内的湿度含量的脱水木质纤维素原料。其描述了一种方法,该方法可以包括在2.8至5.3的烈度因子(severity factor)下的蒸汽爆炸的步骤。
现有技术的缺点
大多数方法受到技术和经济问题的阻碍:以使用成本使用化学助剂(酸性或碱性);考虑到使用生物助剂(酶、微生物),这些例如用于通过增加烈度的预处理,和用于pH的中和。此外,所述助剂加重了糖的化学分解,导致产率的损失和在生物技术方法或绿色化学中使用的微生物和酶的抑制剂的产生,其需要过量消耗,或从最终产物中分离污染物。此外,即使在不存在助剂的情况下,通过浸渍稀释生物质导致热处理的能量成本增加和较低的底物滴定度,其稀释在纯化过程(如萃取或蒸馏)中是昂贵的。最后,这些方法在专用于购买专业设备(CAPEX)的资本支出(有形和无形)和运行费用(OPEX)方面是昂贵的。
此外,现有技术提出的解决方案涉及烈度因子不是已建立的参数的情况。然而,烈度因子是重要的,因为其使得可以获得不同的化合物,这取决于其强度。此外,现有技术的解决方案提出了对于初始生物质具有高湿度水平的不连续进行的方法。时至今日,还不存在用于高附加值应用的生物质制备方法,其从工业和经济的角度来看是可行的。
发明内容
本发明提供了不含添加的酸或碱性化合物的碳底物,其是“即用型(ready-to-use)”的,用于在生物技术方法、化学方法或绿色化学方法中实施。该底物通过干燥木质纤维素生物质的连续蒸汽裂解方法制备,并且不添加任何化学助剂。
目的还在于通过从生产中除去中间产物(粉末或“粒料(granulettes)”,即平均压缩密度的丸粒)来降低生产成本,例如与初级使用(黑色粒料)并行,并且将其用作水解底物(用于绿色化学的糖)或用于水解和发酵的底物(用于生物技术的糖)。
因此,本发明涉及通过不含任何化学助剂的木质纤维素生物质的连续蒸汽裂解而获得的化学反应的粉状碳底物,包含这种底物的组合物及其用途。
本发明的优点
该方法对于诸如能量的商品是经济上可行的,并且因此对于较高附加值的产品则更是切实可行的。获得的碳基底是稳定的。
经济方面是必要的,连续且干燥的操作使得可以减小待设备件的尺寸(连续流)和其待处理的体积(干流),并因此减小CAPEX;技术化学助剂的缺乏限制了由于劣化造成的损失,并且在购买成本和中和费用方面以及在待处理的污染方面(OPEX)的成本较低;这也保护设备免受腐蚀(CAPEX)。进入的生物质仅经历热和机械改性,因此未进行佐剂化。因此,其保持了它的“天然”初级质量;此外,与在热处理中使用湿化学方法(40%至70%的湿度)时相比,生产较为廉价。最后,其源于可行且稳健安装的工业方法,这允许以能够规模经济的体积获得通过蒸汽裂化制备的生物质,并因此使OPEX和CAPEX减少。
用于生产本发明的粉状底物的方法的另一个优点是其不产生流出物,因为其不包括任何化学处理(特别是酸性的)。底物是稳定的,这允许其储存和运输。尽管没有酸性或碱性预处理,但其可被酶促水解50%至70%。最后,该产品是廉价的,不需要使用水或流出物,其源自于廉价的商品,并且可用于生产高附加值产品。
根据本发明的粉状碳底物有利地用于生产糖和副产品,如木质素。
粉末形式的蒸汽裂化的生物质可以通过化学释放用于糖(例如木糖),并且预处理的纤维素部分可以通过纤维素分解酶水解以形成简单的糖;这些糖可随后在生物技术和绿色化学领域中通过化学或通过生物转化/发酵转化为更高附加值的分子。
具体实施方式
本发明的第一个目的涉及化学或生物化学反应的粉状碳底物,其通过木质纤维素生物质在5%至27%的湿度水平下的连续蒸汽裂解而获得,并且没有任何化学助剂。
在优选的实施方式中,应用3至5的烈度因子进行蒸汽裂化。
在本发明的含义内,“化学反应”是指除了常规的化学转化之外的任何反应,包括生化反应如发酵、酶促水解、生物技术方法。化学反应的概念不包括燃烧反应。
在本发明的含义内,“粉状底物”是指粉末形式或丸粒形式的底物,或具有低压缩度的丸粒,也称为“粒料”。所述粒料对应于压缩粉末的形式,以使所述粉末为丸粒的形式,但其通过浸泡而快速释放粉末(微丸化)。可以在产品包装过程中采用这种形式,以便于其处理,但是其特征在于从底物被溶液浸渍(酶促、酸性等)的时刻起便具有粉末的特征。
通过蒸汽裂化获得的生物质粉末包含至少50%的横截面小于0.5毫米的粉状化合物,和至少10%的长度超过1毫米的纤维状化合物。
丸粒为圆柱形。其长度可限定为:99.9%的丸粒小于5cm,99.0%的丸粒小于4cm,并且不到10%的丸粒小于1cm。此外,至少99.0%的丸粒的直径大于或等于所选择的直径,即例如6mm、8mm或10mm。最后,其堆积密度(使用体积为5升的丸粒的圆筒,通过从20cm的高度落下而轻敲3次)为600g/l至700g/l。
粒料的尺寸与所述丸粒的尺寸相当,但密度小于600g/l,通常为300-600g/l。
所述粉状底物特别适合于实施生物化学反应,例如酶促水解、发酵或任何其他化学或生物化学反应。
底物以粉末形式存在的事实意味着其是干燥形式,优选处于5%至27%的湿度下。该特征将其与用于生化反应的其他形式的生物质(其为液体形式)区分开来。实际上,现有技术的生物质在处理之前被浸渍,特别是用化学助剂浸渍,并且在蒸汽裂化之后在液体环境中处理,以便消除所述助剂。即使以液体或湿形式存在可能适用于生物化学应用,但这对于保存必然会发酵的生物质而言是有问题的。
因此,本发明的底物具有干燥的优点,这是通过借助蒸汽裂解而无需预先浸渍的制备方法,即由具有优选5-27%的湿度水平的生物质(直接地或任选地在干燥之后)制备的。此外,该方法不涉及添加化学助剂(或添加剂),产生清洁的底物。
在本发明的含义内,“化学助剂”是指可停留在蒸汽裂化产物或流出物中的任何化合物或任何溶液。就其用途而言,所述助剂在蒸汽裂化产物中产生杂质,并在被排出的流出物中产生污染物。这种类型的化学助剂例如是酸、碱、有机溶剂或有机分子、盐等。诸如石灰、二氧化碳和可再生的二氧化碳的解离形式等产品不被认为是化学助剂,因为它们对于预期用途和环境是惰性的。
烈度因子取决于压力、温度和处理持续时间。在优选的实施方式中,烈度因子为3至5。在本发明的具体实施方式中,烈度因子对应于几分钟(通常为5至30分钟)的处理。
本发明的第二个目的涉及包含如上所述的粉状底物和至少一种酶的“即用型”干燥组合物。
所述干燥组合物可保存和运输;其是稳定的。
一旦生物质被使用者浸渍,则酶允许生物质的水解。实际上,干燥环境中的酶(粉末形式的生物质)是无活性的,并且其活化通过润湿(实际上是浸泡)组合物来引发。
可以与这种组合物中的生物质相关联的酶可以例如选自纤维素酶、β-葡糖苷酶、半纤维素酶等。
本发明的第三个目的涉及包含如上所述的粉状底物和至少一种微生物的“即用型”干燥组合物。
所述干燥组合物可保存和运输;其是稳定的。
一旦生物质被使用者浸渍,则微生物允许生物质的发酵。实际上,微生物在干燥环境中没有活性(粉末形式的生物质),并且其代谢通过润湿(实际上是浸泡)组合物而活化。
与底物相关联的微生物可以是不同类型的,特别是微生物生物质或微藻。微生物生物质可含有细菌、酵母、真菌或任何其他类型的细胞。
在具体实施方式中,本发明涉及包含粉状底物、至少一种酶和至少一种微生物的“即用型”干燥组合物。
本发明的第三个目的涉及如上所述的底物作为化学反应的载体的用途。
在具体实施方式中,底物用作微生物培养的生产载体。
使用底物的情况是为了向构成生物质的微生物提供其繁殖所需的营养物。在合适的条件(湿度、温度等)下将生物质样品与底物混合足以使微生物生长。
本发明的第四个目的涉及由木质纤维素生物质获得糖的方法,所述方法在于使粉状碳底物进行酶促水解,或培养包含粉状底物和酶的“即用型”干燥组合物。
从生物质获得的底物可以进行酶促水解以提供高附加值的糖,例如木糖、葡萄糖等。
酶促反应和发酵反应还产生必须能够被利用的副产品,例如含有具有显著LCV的木质素和纤维的水解或发酵残余物,树脂或萜烯衍生物,酚类化合物(香豆酸、阿魏酸),富含糠醛(聚合单体)、乙酸和甲酸的缩合物等。可溶性或不溶性木质素副产品可用作材料(树脂、粘合剂、原料)。
本发明的第五个目的涉及从木质纤维素生物质获得目标分子的方法,所述方法在于:(i)对粉状碳底物进行发酵,或(ii)培养包含粉状底物和至少一种微生物的“即用型”干燥组合物,或(iii)对粉状底物进行(常规)化学转化方法。
可以获得的目标分子旨在例如用于生物能量(生物燃料油、生物气等,例如生物乙醇、生物甲醇、生物甲烷等)或生物塑料(生物材料、生物复合材料)或生物产品(蛋白质、溶剂、任何其他化学分子等)领域。
本发明的底物可用于针对以下人员的多种应用中:制造商,其寻求生产生物乙醇、生物丁醇以及异丁烯和法呢烯,从而制造液体生物燃料(尤其是面向轻型或重型车辆的生物燃料油如BP、SHELL,面向航空工业的生物燃料油如TOTAL);生物技术人员,其希望将2G糖(纤维素葡萄糖和木糖)发酵为工业基础合成子(结构单元)、生物塑料或生物产品(甲烷、甲醇、甲酸、甲醛、乙醇、乙烯、乙酸、草酸、乙醛、丙醇、丙二醇、丙酮、丙酸、乳酸、马来酸、苹果酸、富马酸、琥珀酸、丁醇、丁二醇、异丁烯、丁酸、羟基丁酸、戊酸、戊二酸、癸酸、己酸、辛酸、氨基酸等);微生物生产者(开发或衍生品),其计划生产非食品来源的微生物生物质(富含蛋白质或油类的酵母,或无光的异养微藻)。
第六个目的涉及通过木质纤维素生物质的蒸汽裂解连续制备如上所述的化学反应的粉状底物的方法,其特征在于,所述方法在以下情况下进行:
-在5%至27%的湿度水平下,并且
-没有化学助剂。
在优选的实施方式中,该方法允许制备除了燃烧之外的化学反应的粉状底物。
实施例
实施例1:能够获得粉状碳底物的蒸汽裂化方法的实施
通过实施以下步骤,可以由木材实现本发明的粉状碳底物的生产:
-获得木材尺寸为0.5mm至14mm且湿度水平为5%至27%的木屑;
-将每分钟预定体积的获得的所述木屑连续地引入加压反应器中,所述反应器进料有基本上饱和的水蒸气,其压力为10至25巴,并且其温度为180℃至220℃;
-将引入到所述反应器中的木屑暴露于所述水蒸气,持续足以实现5分钟至30分钟的蒸汽裂化的时间段,选择所述暴露时间段的值和所述基本上饱和的蒸气的温度值使得烈度因子为3至5,优选地3.5至4;
-通过通向基本上处于大气压下的通道中的多个开口从所述反应器中每分钟连续提取相同预定体积的木屑,以便在所述通道中引起从所述反应器中提取的所述木屑的爆炸性解压;
-分离蒸汽裂化的粉末和从所述反应器提取的残余蒸汽,所述蒸汽裂化的木粉在分离之后获得,形成所述粉状底物。
Claims (12)
1.化学或生物化学反应的粉状碳底物,其中,应用3至5的烈度因子,在没有任何化学助剂的情况下,通过木质纤维素生物质在5%至27%的湿度水平下的连续蒸汽裂解获得所述粉状碳底物。
2.“即用型”干燥组合物,其包含如权利要求1所述的粉状底物和至少一种酶。
3.“即用型”干燥组合物,其包含如权利要求1所述的粉状底物和至少一种微生物。
4.“即用型”干燥组合物,其包含如权利要求1所述的粉状底物,以及至少一种酶和至少一种微生物。
5.如权利要求2至4中任一项所述的组合物,其中所述微生物是微生物生物质。
6.如权利要求2至4中任一项所述的组合物,其中所述微生物是微藻。
7.如权利要求1所述的底物作为化学反应的载体的用途。
8.如权利要求1所述的底物作为微生物培养的生产载体的用途。
9.由木质纤维素生物质获得糖的方法,所述方法在于:(i)使权利要求1所述的粉状碳底物进行酶促水解,或(ii)培养权利要求3至6中任一项所述的组合物。
10.生产目标分子的方法,所述方法在于:(i)使权利要求1中所述的粉状碳底物进行发酵,或(ii)培养权利要求3至6中任一项所述的组合物,或(iii)常规化学转化方法。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述目标分子旨在用于生物能或生物塑料或生物产品领域。
12.通过木质纤维素生物质的蒸汽裂解连续制备如权利要求1所述的除了燃烧之外的化学反应的粉状底物的方法,其特征在于,所述方法在以下情况下进行:
-在5%至27%的湿度水平下,并且
-没有化学助剂。
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FR1904681A FR3095649B1 (fr) | 2019-05-03 | 2019-05-03 | Substrat pulvérulent obtenu par vapocraquage d’une biomasse sans auxiliaire chimique et ses utilisations |
PCT/FR2020/050729 WO2020225504A2 (fr) | 2019-05-03 | 2020-04-30 | Substrat pulverulent obtenu par vapocraquage d'une biomasse sans auxiliaire chimique et ses utilisations |
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FR3134109A1 (fr) * | 2022-04-05 | 2023-10-06 | Europeenne De Biomasse | Procede d’optimisation de la production de levoglucosenone lors de vapocraquage de biomasse lignocellulosique |
FR3134811A1 (fr) * | 2022-04-22 | 2023-10-27 | Europeenne De Biomasse | Procede d’optimisation de la production de furfural lors de vapocraquage de biomasse lignocellulosique |
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US20120006320A1 (en) * | 2009-08-24 | 2012-01-12 | Abengoa Bioenergy New Technologies, Inc. | Method for producing ethanol and co-products from cellulosic biomass |
WO2013018034A1 (en) * | 2011-08-01 | 2013-02-07 | Uab "Eko Invest" | The new production method of the substrate for the growing of champignons and other cultivated mushrooms |
WO2013105034A1 (en) * | 2012-01-10 | 2013-07-18 | Beta Renewables S.P.A. | Controlling the xylose ratio of pretreated biomass |
WO2013152771A1 (en) * | 2012-04-11 | 2013-10-17 | C.F. Nielsen A/S | Method for processing a biomass containing lignocellulose |
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CN110643642A (zh) * | 2018-06-27 | 2020-01-03 | 国家农业研究院 | 处理木质纤维素生物质的方法 |
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FR3095649A1 (fr) | 2020-11-06 |
FR3095649B1 (fr) | 2022-09-16 |
EP3962988A2 (fr) | 2022-03-09 |
WO2020225504A3 (fr) | 2020-12-03 |
KR20220018487A (ko) | 2022-02-15 |
WO2020225504A2 (fr) | 2020-11-12 |
BR112021022071A2 (pt) | 2021-12-28 |
AU2020267899A1 (en) | 2021-12-02 |
JP2022531024A (ja) | 2022-07-05 |
CA3138869A1 (fr) | 2020-11-12 |
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