CN114030247B - 一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，包括声学黑洞板、阻尼层、第一多孔材料层、中间共振薄板、第二多孔材料层与穿孔板，所述穿孔板为设有边框的敞口盒状体，所述声学黑洞板与所述穿孔板的边框固定连接构成空腔体，所述空腔体中由左至右依次紧贴安置所述阻尼层、所述第一多孔材料层、所述中间共振薄板以及所述第二多孔材料层；本发明综合利用了声学黑洞结构的能量聚集效应、多层阻抗失配设计技术、中间共振薄板及穿孔板共振吸声原理，既可以降低传统板结构的振动和声辐射，又可以减轻结构质量，实现结构的轻质化。相较于传统复合吸隔声板结构，在相同隔声量的情况下面密度可减轻20％，可用于隔声壁板及隔声罩等工程应用领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种吸隔声复合板结构，具体涉及一种基于声学黑洞结构的频率可调吸隔声轻质复合板，属于减振降噪技术领域。
背景技术
动力机械设备在现代社会的生产生活中扮演了重要角色，在其运转时不可避免的产生了噪音治理的问题，解决这一问题常用的较为经济化的做法就是在噪声传递路径中设置吸隔声板结构。吸隔声板结构较为常规的做法是在双层甚至多层板之间填充吸隔声材料，从而制成复合结构，传统50mm厚度的多层复合结构隔声量为30～35dB。
声学黑洞结构为截面的厚度遵循幂指函数h(x)＝εxm+h0的变厚度结构，主要通过弯曲波的波速在变厚度介质中的传播特性，实现弯曲波在局部区域聚集，在声学黑洞的区域布置阻尼材料，可以吸收声学黑洞中心区域的波动能量，从而实现减小结构的振动以达到减振降噪的效果。
申请号201610343734.9，名称为：双层板声学黑洞减振降噪及结构的发明专利，通过两块声学黑洞板对叠布置，在声学黑洞区域添加阻尼材料及吸声材料来实现结构的减振降噪，但该专利受结构截断频率的影响，在低于截断频率频段的减振降噪效果较差，且由于吸声效果不足，反射噪声与声源叠加会降低结构降噪效果，在实际工程中较难应用。
申请号201410173130.5，名称为：复合吸隔声板及其制作方法的发明专利，通过两块聚合微粒板在侧面凹陷处对应胶合，形成复合吸隔声板，但该专利结构总厚度大大增加，在应用时也往往受限于空间尺寸条件，难以推广应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服上述现有技术存在的问题和缺陷，提供一种基于声学黑洞的频率可调吸隔声轻质复合板。
本发明利用了声学黑洞结构的能量聚集效应、多层阻抗失配设计技术、中间共振薄板及穿孔板共振吸声原理，既可以通过改变声学黑洞板，中间共振薄板，穿孔板的参数调节主要作用频段，又可以降低传统板结构的振动和声辐射，相较于厚度相同的传统复合吸隔声板结构，在相同隔声量的情况下面密度可减轻20％。
为了达到上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案予以实现。
一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，包括声学黑洞板1、阻尼层2、第一多孔材料层3、中间共振薄板4、第二多孔材料层5与穿孔板6，其中所述穿孔板6为设有边框的敞口盒状体，所述声学黑洞板1与所述穿孔板6的边框固定连接构成空腔体，空腔中由左至右依次紧贴安置所述阻尼层2、所述第一多孔材料层3、所述中间共振薄板4以及所述第二多孔材料层5；所述声学黑洞板1的材质为钢、铝、树脂、石膏或陶瓷，所述声学黑洞板1朝向空腔的一面上设置有若干声学黑洞区域1a，所述阻尼层2与所述声学黑洞板1相向的一面上设置有与所述声学黑洞区域1a相对应匹配的阻尼凸起区域2a，所述声学黑洞区域1a的截面厚度h(x)变化符合h(x)＝εxm+h0的函数形式，式中h(x)为x处声学黑洞结构的厚度，ε为最小截面值，式中，r为声学黑洞半径，h为板厚，h0为声学黑洞结构的截断厚度，h0为0.2～0.5mm，幂指数m为大于等于2的正有理数。
进一步优选，所述阻尼层2的材质为高分子聚合物或沥青，其厚度为声学黑洞板1厚度h(x)的1.2～1.5倍。
进一步优选，所述第一多孔材料层3和所述第二多孔材料层5均为多孔泡沫材料或多孔纤维材料；其厚度为声学黑洞板1厚度h(x)的5～20倍。
进一步优选，所述中间共振薄板4的材质为钢板、铝板或胶合板；其厚度为声学黑洞板1厚度h(x)的0.1～0.3倍。
进一步优选，所述穿孔板6的材质为钢板或铝板，其穿孔孔径为2～5mm，穿孔率为20％。
进一步优选，所述复合板的面密度不超过25kg/m2，总厚度不超过55mm，所述声学黑洞板1与所述阻尼层2的总厚度不小于10mm。
进一步优选，所述的声学黑洞板1与所述穿孔板6的固定连接为钢性连接。
进一步优选，所述的阻尼层2为粘贴铺设在与所述声学黑洞板1相向的一面上。
进一步优选，所述的中间共振薄板4为自由安置在第一多孔材料层3和所述第二多孔材料层5之间。
进一步优选，所述中间共振薄板4吸声的共振频率计算公式为式中M0为中间共振薄板4的面密度，L为中间共振薄板4与声学黑洞板1的间距，ρ为空气密度，c为声速，k为与结构构型及安装条件相关的刚度因素，简化计算公式为/>
进一步优选，所述穿孔板6吸声的共振频率为式中P为穿孔板穿6开孔率，L为穿孔板6与中间共振薄板4的间距，t为穿孔板6板厚，d为穿孔板孔6的直径，c为声速。
本发明的基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板的优点和有益效果：
1、采用了具有声学黑洞的多层复合板件，综合利用了声学黑洞结构的能量聚集效应、多层阻抗失配设计技术、中间共振薄板及穿孔板共振吸声原理。通过吸声隔声相配合的方式，有效地实现了结构的隔声效果，适用于隔声壁板及动力设备隔声罩等应用场合，易于推广应用。
2、与传统的吸隔声板相比，在相同隔声量的情况下，面密度可降低20％，厚度小于55mm。
3、通过声学黑洞板与多层复合吸隔声结构相结合的方式，提高了单一结构隔声效果的作用频段，与单一声学黑洞板相比，提升了结构吸声效果且在100-5000Hz频段内的隔声效果均有不同程度提升。
4、通过改变声学黑洞板、中间共振薄板、穿孔板的材料、尺寸参数可调节结构的作用频段，具有十分广泛应用范围及现实意义。
5、结构由光面的声学黑洞板与穿孔板封装而成，外观平整美观且便于运输、存放与安装。
附图说明
图1为本发明的结构构造示意图；
图2为本发明声学黑洞板的声学黑洞区域的平面布置示意图；
图3为本发明的实施例的声学黑洞板结构A-A剖面示意图；
图4为本发明的实施例的声学黑洞板与阻尼层局部细节图；
图5为本发明的实施例的声学黑洞板弯曲波传播示意图。
其中：1.声学黑洞板，2.阻尼层，3.第一多孔材料层，4.中间共振薄板，5.第二多孔材料层，6.穿孔板，1a.声学黑洞区域，2a.阻尼凸起区域。
具体实施方式
下面结合本发明的附图，对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。
如附图1-图5所示，为本发明的一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，由声学黑洞板1、阻尼层2、第一多孔材料层3、中间共振薄板4、第二多孔材料层5与穿孔板6构成，其中所述穿孔板6为设有边框的敞口盒状体，所述声学黑洞板1与所述穿孔板6的边框固定连接构成空腔体，空腔中由左至右依次紧贴安置所述阻尼层2、所述第一多孔材料层3、所述中间共振薄板4以及所述第二多孔材料层5。所述声学黑洞板1的材质为钢、铝、树脂、石膏或陶瓷，所述声学黑洞板1朝向空腔的一面上设置有若干声学黑洞区域1a，所述阻尼层2与所述声学黑洞板1相向的一面上设置有与所述声学黑洞区域1a相对应匹配的阻尼凸起区域2a，所述声学黑洞区域1a的截面厚度h(x)变化符合h(x)＝εxm+h0的函数形式，式中h(x)为x处声学黑洞结构的厚度，ε为最小截面值，式中，r为声学黑洞半径，h为板厚，h0为声学黑洞结构的截断厚度，h0为0.2～0.5mm，幂指数m为大于等于2的正有理数。
其中，所述阻尼层2的材质为高分子聚合物或沥青，其厚度为声学黑洞板1厚度h(x)的1.2～1.5倍。
所述第一多孔材料层3和所述第二多孔材料层5均为多孔泡沫材料或多孔纤维材料；其厚度为声学黑洞板1厚度h(x)的5～20倍。
所述中间共振薄板4的材质为钢板、铝板或胶合板；其厚度为声学黑洞板1厚度h(x)的0.1～0.3倍。
所述穿孔板6的材质为钢板或铝板，其穿孔孔径为2～5mm，穿孔率为20％。
所述复合板的面密度不超过25kg/m2，总厚度不超过55mm，所述声学黑洞板1与所述阻尼层2的总厚度不小于10mm。
所述的声学黑洞板1与所述穿孔板6的固定连接为钢性连接。
所述的阻尼层2为粘贴铺设在与所述声学黑洞板1相向的一面上。
所述的中间共振薄板4为自由安置在第一多孔材料层3和所述第二多孔材料层5之间。
所述中间共振薄板4吸声的共振频率计算公式为式中M0为中间共振薄板4的面密度，L为中间共振薄板4与声学黑洞板1的间距，ρ为空气密度，c为声速，k为与结构构型及安装条件相关的刚度因素，简化计算公式为/>
所述穿孔板6吸声的共振频率为式中P为穿孔板穿6开孔率，L为穿孔板6与中间共振薄板4的间距，t为穿孔板6板厚，d为穿孔板孔6的直径，c为声速。
具体实施中，针对声源的频率特性及结构的尺寸特性，对频率可调的频段进行划分：分别为100～315Hz频段，315～800Hz频段，800-5000Hz频段。针对不同声源的声学环境，可通过调整结构参数来实现不同频段隔声的频率可调。
在100～315Hz频段，可通过增大或减小中间共振薄板4的质量M0及中间共振薄板4与声学黑洞板1的间距L，使隔声峰值向低频或高频移动。
在315Hz～800Hz频段，可通过增大声学黑洞结构的截断厚度h0或减小黑洞截面最大半径r使声学黑洞板1的作用起始频率向高频移动，参数调节相反则作用起始频率向低频移动。
在800～5000Hz频段，可通过增大穿孔板6穿孔率P或减小穿孔板6与中间共振薄板4的间距L，穿孔板6的板厚t，孔的直径d使隔声峰值向高频移动，参数调节相反则隔声峰值向低频移动。
实施例1
所述声学黑洞板1与中间共振薄板4分别为1000*1000*1.5mm和990*990*0.3mm的碳钢板，穿孔板6为厚度1mm的铝穿孔板两次折边而成，穿孔板6平面尺寸为1000*1000mm，第一道折边平面尺寸为1000*50mm，第二道折边平面尺寸为1000*10mm。穿孔板6的孔径为8mm，穿孔率为10％。所述第一多孔材料层3为厚度25mm的岩棉，岩棉容重为65kg/m3。所述第二多孔材料层5为厚度25mm的玻璃棉，玻璃棉容重为30kg/m3。所述阻尼层2为厚度2mm的树脂基阻尼胶，均匀铺设在声学黑洞板1的声学黑洞区域1a一侧，阻尼层2与声学黑洞板1紧密贴合。
实施例2
所述声学黑洞板1为1000*1000*4mm的树脂材料板，中间共振薄板4为和990*990*0.8mm的碳钢板，穿孔板6为厚度2.5mm的铝穿孔板两次折边而成，穿孔板6平面尺寸为1000*1000mm，第一道折边平面尺寸为1000*50mm，第二道折边平面尺寸为1000*10mm。穿孔板6的孔径为4mm，穿孔率为15％。所述第一多孔材料层3为厚度20mm的聚氨酯泡沫，其容重为30kg/m3。所述第二多孔材料层5为厚度20mm的熔喷纤维，熔喷纤维容重为25kg/m3。所述阻尼层2为厚度5mm的沥青，均匀铺设在声学黑洞板1的声学黑洞区域1a一侧，阻尼层2与声学黑洞板1紧密贴合。
所述声学黑洞板1的声学黑洞截面图中，实施例1的截面曲线满足h(x)＝0.00013x2+0.2(单位mm)，实施例2的截面曲线满足h(x)＝0.00038x2+0.2(单位mm)，黑洞结构的第一截止频率分别为366Hz、452Hz，即声学黑洞结构分别在频率大于366Hz和452Hz时起作用。
所述中间共振薄板4的共振频率分别为248Hz、175Hz，即中间共振薄板4的共振吸声峰值分别在248Hz、175Hz。
所述穿孔板6吸声的共振频率分别为1257Hz、1602Hz，即穿孔板6得共振吸声峰值在1257Hz、1602Hz。
所述第二多孔材料层5与第一多孔材料层3的多孔材料铺设时密实无缝隙，中间共振薄板4自由布置。
所述声学黑洞板1铺设阻尼层2一侧与第二多孔材料层5正对，声学黑洞板1与穿孔板6的折边通过铆接的方式连接，声学黑洞板1与穿孔板6的折边无明显缝隙。
按照GB/T 19889.3-2005《声学建筑和建筑构件隔声测量第3部分：建筑构件空气声隔声的实验室测量》，进行隔声性能测试，实施例结构在1/3倍频程下的隔声量如表1、表2所示。
表1实施例1在100-5000Hz频段范围内隔声量
表2实施例2在100-5000Hz频段范围内隔声量
测试结果表明：与传统复合吸隔声结构的50mm厚度、实现减重20％且隔声量提升3dB。
在谐波共振导致隔声效果较差的160Hz～300Hz频段，中间共振薄板4在248Hz、175Hz的共振吸声明显缓和了隔声低谷；在高于声学黑洞板1的第一截止频率366Hz、452Hz时，结构隔声效果提升明显，尤其在高于500Hz频段时，隔声量曲线明显高于单值评价参考值曲线；在穿孔板6共振吸声的峰值1257Hz、1602Hz处，隔声量也有明显提升。印证了对该结构的参数调节，可以有效地针对不同声源环境，在特定频段实现频率可调的结构设计。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，对于本领域的技术人员来说其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，其特征在于：包括声学黑洞板(1)、阻尼层(2)、第一多孔材料层(3)、中间共振薄板(4)、第二多孔材料层(5)与穿孔板(6)，其中所述穿孔板(6)为设有边框的敞口盒状体，所述声学黑洞板(1)与所述穿孔板(6)的边框固定连接构成空腔体，空腔中由左至右依次紧贴安置所述阻尼层(2)、所述第一多孔材料层(3)、所述中间共振薄板(4)以及所述第二多孔材料层(5)；所述声学黑洞板(1)的材质为钢、铝、树脂、石膏或陶瓷，所述声学黑洞板(1)朝向空腔的一面上设置有若干声学黑洞区域(1a)，所述阻尼层(2)与所述声学黑洞板(1)相向的一面上设置有与所述声学黑洞区域(1a)相对应匹配的阻尼凸起区域(2a)，所述声学黑洞区域(1a)的截面厚度h(x)变化符合h(x)＝εxm+h0的函数形式，式中h(x)为x处声学黑洞结构的厚度，ε为最小截面值，式中，r为声学黑洞半径，h为板厚，h0为声学黑洞结构的截断厚度，h0为0.2～0.5mm，幂指数m为大于等于2的正有理数；所述中间共振薄板(4)的材质为钢板、铝板或胶合板；其厚度为声学黑洞板(1)厚度h(x)的0.1～0.3倍。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，其特征在于：所述阻尼层(2)的材质为高分子聚合物或沥青，所述阻尼层(2)的厚度为声学黑洞板(1)厚度h(x)的1.2～1.5倍。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，其特征在于：所述第一多孔材料层(3)和所述第二多孔材料层(5)均为多孔泡沫材料或多孔纤维材料；其厚度为声学黑洞板(1)厚度h(x)的5～20倍。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，其特征在于：所述穿孔板(6)的材质为钢板或铝板，所述穿孔板(6)上的穿孔孔径为2～5mm，穿孔率为20％。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，其特征在于：所述复合板的面密度不超过25kg/m2，总厚度不超过55mm，所述声学黑洞板(1)与所述阻尼层(2)的总厚度不小于10mm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，其特征在于：所述的声学黑洞板(1)与所述穿孔板(6)的固定连接为钢性连接；所述的阻尼层(2)为粘贴铺设在与所述声学黑洞板(1)相向的一面上。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，其特征在于：所述的中间共振薄板(4)为自由安置在第一多孔材料层(3)和所述第二多孔材料层(5)之间。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，其特征在于：所述中间共振薄板(4)吸声的共振频率计算公式为式中M0为中间共振薄板(4)的面密度，L为中间共振薄板(4)与声学黑洞板(1)的间距，ρ为空气密度，c为声速，k为与结构构型及安装条件相关的刚度因素，简化计算公式为/>
9.根据权利要求4所述的一种基于声学黑洞的吸隔声轻质复合板，其特征在于：所述穿孔板(6)吸声的共振频率为式中P为穿孔板(6)穿孔率，L为穿孔板(6)与中间共振薄板(4)的间距，t为穿孔板(6)板厚，d为穿孔板(6)孔的直径，c为声速。/>
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| CN210639979U (zh) * | 2019-08-02 | 2020-05-29 | 全球能源互联网研究院有限公司 | 一种吸隔声复合件和一种变压器 |
| CN112623168A (zh) * | 2020-11-19 | 2021-04-09 | 西北工业大学 | 一种具有空间弯折复合去耦机理的大型水下平台降噪覆盖层 |
| CN112478119A (zh) * | 2020-11-27 | 2021-03-12 | 江苏科技大学 | 一种基于声学黑洞的复合减振支撑架及其设计方法 |
| CN112581928A (zh) * | 2020-12-15 | 2021-03-30 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | 一种降噪用的声学黑洞周期夹芯梁结构 |
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