CN114014684A - 一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及建筑材料技术领域,公开了一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料及其制备方法,该具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料经混磨、造粒、裹粉、烧结工艺步骤制成,包括内核、过渡层和外壳三部分,各部分矿物组成均为堇青石、尖晶石和少量玻璃相,同时孔隙率和孔径沿内核、过渡层和外壳方向依次梯度减小。采用本发明制备的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料具有高比强度、低吸水的优良特点,其堆积密度<750kg/m3,抗压强度>8MPa,吸水率<1.5%。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及建筑材料技术领域,具体涉及一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料及其制备方法。
背景技术
轻集料混凝土具有轻质高强、隔热保温、减震吸声等诸多优良性能,在超高层建筑、大跨度桥梁和自保温墙体等建筑结构中具有广泛应用。目前,制约高强度等级(≥LWC50)轻集料混凝土力学强度的关键因素是轻集料的自身强度。为保证轻集料充分烧胀并具有较低体积密度,普通轻集料内部和表面产生了大量连通孔隙,这些连通孔不仅增加了吸水率,而且降低了力学强度。如何提高单位质量轻集料的强度(比强度)并尽可能降低吸水率,是轻集料混凝土发展亟待解决的技术问题。
影响轻集料强度和吸水率的主要因素是轻集料的物相组成和孔结构。在轻集料内部引入高强度矿相,如尖晶石可以提升强度;而引入低热膨胀矿相,如堇青石则可以减少轻集料生产冷却时微裂纹的产生,并提升强度,降低吸水率。在轻集料表面引入孔径较小的封闭球形孔可以抑制水分吸入,降低吸水率;而在轻集料内部引入孔径较大的球形孔则可以降低体积密度,提升比强度。因此,可以在轻集料内部引入堇青石、尖晶石等矿物的同时,调整内部孔隙大小使其沿半径方向呈梯度分布,从而制备具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,这对提升轻集料比强度和降低吸水率,推动高强轻集料混凝土的发展有重要意义。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在问题和不足,本发明提供了一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料及其制备方法,主要解决普通轻集料比强度低、吸水率高的问题。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,包括内核、过渡层和外壳,内核、过渡层和外壳物相组成均为堇青石、尖晶石和少量玻璃相;且内核、过渡层和外壳的孔隙率和孔径依次梯度减小;
内核、过渡层和外壳的孔隙率分别为70~60%、60~40%和40~30%,孔径分别为2.0~1.0mm、1.0~0.5mm和0.5~0.01mm,厚度分别为4.0~6.0mm、2.0~4.0mm和0.5~2.0mm;
内核、过渡层和外壳的原料均由以下质量分数的组分组成:铬铁渣45~54%,粉煤灰29~36%,铝矾土7~9%,助熔剂0~5%,碳粉0~5%;且内核、过渡层和外壳的原料中助熔剂含量逐渐递减。
进一步地,铬铁渣是由埋弧电炉于1700℃冶炼铬铁合金产生的熔渣,然后经冷却、破碎、筛分、跳汰选和磁选选别铬铁金属后形成的固体废渣;铬铁渣中SiO2含量为33~37质量份,Al2O3含量为20~24质量份,MgO含量为25~29质量份,CaO含量为0~4质量份,Fe2O3含量为5~9质量份;且铬铁渣细度为0~0.075mm。
进一步地,粉煤灰中SiO2含量为40~60质量份,Al2O3含量为20~30质量份,CaO含量为0~10质量份,Fe2O3含量为5~10质量份,烧失量0~15质量份;且粉煤灰细度为0~0.075mm。
进一步地,铝矾土和碳粉均为天然矿物原料,且原料细度均为0~0.075mm。
进一步地,助熔剂是Na2SiO3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、K2CO3、KHCO3中的一种或多种混合物;且助熔剂均采用化学纯试剂或工业试剂。
为实现上述技术效果,本发明还提供了一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)混磨:将内核、外壳原料分别混合研磨,得到内核、外壳的生料粉;
2)造粒:将内核生料粉造粒,制成微球;
3)裹粉:将过渡层和外壳的生料粉均匀包裹在微球表面,外壳厚度控制为0.4-1mm,得到生料球;
4)烧结:将生料球高温烧结,制得具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料。
为实现上述技术效果,本发明还提供了另一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)混磨:将内核、过渡层和外壳原料分别混合研磨,得到内核、过渡层和外壳的生料粉;
2)造粒:将内核生料粉造粒,制成微球;
3)裹粉:依次将过渡层和外壳的生料粉均匀包裹在微球表面,得到生料球;
4)烧结:将生料球高温烧结,制得具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料。
进一步地,步骤2)中造粒包括:将混合研磨后的内核生料粉在包衣机中以转速40r/min的速度制成直径2~5mm的微球。
进一步地,步骤4)中烧结包括:将生料球升温至600~800℃预烧10~30min,然后在1200~1300℃烧结10~30min,最后将生料球随炉冷却至室温。
进一步地,步骤3)中裹粉包括:将步骤2)中微球在转速20r/min速度下,依次将过渡层和外壳生料粉均匀包裹在微球表面,每层厚度控制为0.2~0.5mm。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
1.本发明基于SiO2-Al2O3-MgO三元相图指导,控制原料主要化学组成在堇青石理论组成点附近(SiO2含量46~59质量份,Al2O3含量29~41质量份,MgO含量12~16质量份),通过高温烧结制备出了矿物组成为堇青石和尖晶石的轻集料,其中堇青石具有较低热膨胀系数,尖晶石具有较高硬度,二者协同作用提升了轻集料骨架强度。
2.本发明根据铝硅酸盐熔体的高温粘度模型和轻集料的烧胀理论,在不影响原料主要化学组成和轻集料矿物组成的前提下,通过添加不同含量的碱性氧化物(Na2O+K2O)作为助熔剂,从而改变内核、过渡层和外壳的高温粘度和烧胀性能,使轻集料内部孔隙大小沿半径方向呈现梯度分布,从而提升了轻集料比强度,降低了吸水率,制备的轻集料堆积密度<750kg/m3,抗压强度>8MPa,吸水率<1.5%。
3.碳粉与铬铁渣中的氧化铁发生还原反应,产生CO2可以使轻集料内部成孔,而且其他原料自身分解或相互反应形成的晶相也能产生部分孔隙结构;高碳铬铁渣中含有部分未反应完全的铬铁原矿,经过碳还原后形成低价铁或单质铁,Fe2+离子半径和Mg2+比较相近,会固溶进入铬铁渣中镁橄榄石中形成固溶体,促进镁橄榄石的分解产生液相,进一步改善内核、过渡层和外壳的高温粘度和烧胀性能,而且也有利于堇青石的低温生成,同时部分铁也会固溶到尖晶石中,形成铁尖晶石。
4.本发明采用混磨、造粒、裹粉、烧结工艺步骤,实现了具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料的生产制备,轻集料内部孔隙沿内核、过渡层和外壳方向呈现梯度分布,内核孔隙率最高、孔径最大,可有效降低轻集料体积密度;过渡层孔隙率、孔径适中,且连续变化,可以有效缓解轻集料内部应力集中现象,提升比强度;外壳孔隙率最低、孔径最小,可以有效阻止外部水分浸入,降低吸水率。
附图说明
图1为实施例2中的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料内部横截面XCT图;
图2为实施例2中的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料内部SEM图;
图3为实施例2中的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料的XRD图谱;
图4为实施例3中的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料内部横截面XCT图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚明白,下面结合实施例和附图,对本发明作进一步的详细说明,本发明的示意性实施方式及其说明仅用于解释本发明,并不作为对本发明的限定。
实施例1:
一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,从内到外包括内核、过渡层和外壳;内核、过渡层和外壳物相组成均为堇青石、尖晶石和少量玻璃相;内核、过渡层和外壳的孔隙率分别为70~60%、60~40%和40~30%,孔径分别为2.0~1.0mm、1.0~0.5mm和0.5~0.01mm,厚度分别为4.0~6.0mm、2.0~4.0mm和0.5~2.0mm。
内核、过渡层和外壳的主要原料组成均为:铬铁渣45~54%,粉煤灰29~36%,铝矾土7~9%,助熔剂0~5%,碳粉0~5%;且内核、过渡层和外壳的原料中助熔剂含量依次递减。
具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料内部矿物组成为堇青石和尖晶石的轻集料,其中堇青石具有较低热膨胀系数,尖晶石具有较高硬度,二者协同作用提升了轻集料强度。
具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料内部孔隙沿内核、过渡层和外壳方向呈现梯度分布,内核孔隙率最高、孔径最大,可有效降低轻集料体积密度;过渡层孔隙率、孔径适中,且连续变化,可以有效缓解轻集料内部应力集中现象,提升比强度;外壳孔隙率最低、孔径最小,可以有效阻止外部水分浸入,降低吸水率。
实施例2:
一种高性能核壳轻集料,包括内核、过渡层和外壳;
内核原料组成为:铬铁渣51.7%,粉煤灰31.7%,铝矾土10.6%,碳粉3%,化学纯碳酸钠3%;
过渡层原料组成为:铬铁渣52.8%,粉煤灰32.4%,铝矾土10.8%,碳粉3%,化学纯碳酸钠1%;
外壳原料组成为:铬铁渣53.4%,粉煤灰32.7%,铝矾土10.9%,碳粉3%。
制备上述高性能核壳轻集料的方法,具体包括:
1)混磨:将内核、过渡层和外壳原料分别放入行星式球磨机中,然后在200~300r/min下混合研磨3~8min,得到内核、过渡层和外壳的生料粉;
2)造粒:将混合研磨后的内核生料粉在包衣机中以转速40r/min的速度制成直径2mm的微球;
3)裹粉:将步骤2)中微球在转速20r/min速度下,依次将过渡层和外壳生料粉均匀包裹在微球表面,每层裹粉厚度控制为0.5mm,过渡层总厚度控制为1.5mm,外壳总厚度控制为0.5mm;
4)烧结:将生料球升温至600℃预烧30min,然后在1250℃烧结30min,最后将生料球随炉冷却至室温,制得具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料。
依据《轻集料及其试验方法》(GB/T 17431.2-2010)对制备具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料物理力学性能进行测试。
经测试,本实施例中的内核、过渡层和外壳的孔隙率分别为68.4%、42.8%和33.2%,平均孔径分别为1.81mm、0.96mm和0.22mm,厚度分别为5.2mm、2.8mm和0.8mm;本实施例制备的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料堆积密度为702.0kg/m3,表观密度1290.0kg/m3,1h吸水率为1.2%,抗压强度为9.8MPa。
本实施例中获得的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,对其内部孔结构进行XCT分析,得到横截面的XCT照片如图1所示,内部孔径由内到外以此梯度减小,经图像处理分析:内核平均孔径为1.81mm,厚度为5.2mm;过渡区平均孔径为0.96mm,厚度为2.8mm;外壳平均孔径为0.22mm,厚度为0.8mm。同时选取具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料内部样品进行扫描电镜分析和XRD分析,获得的SEM图和XRD图谱分别如图2、图3所示,可以发现具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料内部晶相组成主要为相互交织生长的六方柱状堇青石和颗粒状的尖晶石,微结构致密。
实施例3:
一种高性能核壳轻集料,包括内核、过渡层和外壳;内核原料组成为:铬铁渣51.7%,粉煤灰31.7%,铝矾土10.6%,碳粉3%,化学纯碳酸钠3%;
外壳原料组成为:铬铁渣53.4%,粉煤灰32.7%,铝矾土10.9%,碳粉3%。
制备上述高性能核壳轻集料的方法,具体包括:
1)混磨:将内核、外壳原料分别放入行星式球磨机中,然后在200~300r/min下混合研磨3~8min,得到内核、外壳的生料粉;
2)造粒:将混合研磨后的内核生料粉在包衣机中以转速40r/min的速度制成直径2mm的微球;
3)裹粉:将步骤2)中微球在转速20r/min速度下,将外壳生料粉均匀包裹在微球表面,裹粉厚度控制为2mm;
4)烧结:将生料球升温至600℃预烧30min,然后在1250℃烧结30min,最后将生料球随炉冷却至室温,制得具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料。
在本实施例中,虽然没有单独进行过渡层的裹粉,二是直接在内核的表面裹上2mm厚的外壳生料粉,过渡层的形成是由烧结过程中在助熔剂的作用下,内核和外壳接触部分液相相互扩散渗透得到的,孔径依然介于内核和外壳之间。
本实施例中获得的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,对其内部孔结构进行XCT分析,得到横截面的XCT照片如图4所示,内部孔径由内到外以此梯度减小,经图像处理分析:本实施例中的内核平均孔径为1.76mm,厚度为4.8mm;过渡区平均孔径为0.67mm,厚度为2.4mm;外壳平均孔径为0.21mm,厚度为0.6mm。
如上即为本发明的实施例。上述实施例以及实施例中的具体参数仅是为了清楚表述发明验证过程,并非用以限制本发明的专利保护范围,本发明的专利保护范围仍然以其权利要求书为准,凡是运用本发明的说明书及附图内容所作的等同结构变化,同理均应包含在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,其特征在于:包括内核、过渡层和外壳,内核、过渡层和外壳物相组成均为堇青石、尖晶石和少量玻璃相;且内核、过渡层和外壳的孔隙率和孔径依次梯度减小;
所述内核、过渡层和外壳的孔隙率分别为70~60%、60~40%和40~30%,孔径分别为2.0~1.0mm、1.0~0.5mm和0.5~0.01mm,厚度分别为4.0~6.0mm、2.0~4.0mm和0.5~2.0mm;
所述内核、过渡层和外壳的原料均由以下质量分数的组分组成:铬铁渣45~54%,粉煤灰29~36%,铝矾土7~9%,助熔剂0~5%,碳粉0~5%;且所述内核、过渡层和外壳的原料中助熔剂含量逐渐递减。
2.根据权利要求1所述的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,其特征在于,铬铁渣是由埋弧电炉于1700℃冶炼铬铁合金产生的熔渣,然后经冷却、破碎、筛分、跳汰选和磁选选别铬铁金属后形成的固体废渣;铬铁渣中SiO2含量为33~37质量份,Al2O3含量为20~24质量份,MgO含量为25~29质量份,CaO含量为0~4质量份,Fe2O3含量为5~9质量份;且铬铁渣细度为0~0.075mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,其特征在于,所述粉煤灰中SiO2含量为40~60质量份,Al2O3含量为20~30质量份,CaO含量为0~10质量份,Fe2O3含量为5~10质量份,烧失量0~15质量份;且粉煤灰细度为0~0.075mm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,其特征在于,所述铝矾土和碳粉均为天然原料,且原料细度均为0~0.075mm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,其特征在于,所述助熔剂是Na2SiO3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、K2CO3、KHCO3中的一种或多种混合物;且助熔剂均采用化学纯试剂或工业试剂。
6.一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料的制备方法,该方法用于制备权利要求1至5任一项所述的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)混磨:将内核、外壳原料分别混合研磨,得到内核、外壳的生料粉;
2)造粒:将内核生料粉造粒,制成微球;
3)裹粉:将过渡层和外壳的生料粉均匀包裹在微球表面,外壳厚度控制为0.4-1mm,得到生料球;
4)烧结:将生料球高温烧结,制得具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料。
7.一种具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料的制备方法,该方法用于制备权利要求1至5任一项所述的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)混磨:将内核、过渡层和外壳原料分别混合研磨,得到内核、过渡层和外壳的生料粉;
2)造粒:将内核生料粉造粒,制成微球;
3)裹粉:依次将过渡层和外壳的生料粉均匀包裹在微球表面,得到生料球;
4)烧结:将生料球高温烧结,制得具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中造粒包括:将混合研磨后的内核生料粉在包衣机中以转速40r/min的速度制成直径2~5mm的微球。
9.根据权利要求6或7所述的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4)中烧结包括:将生料球升温至600~800℃预烧10~30min,然后在1200~1300℃烧结10~30min,最后将生料球随炉冷却至室温。
10.根据权利要求7所述的具有梯度孔结构的高性能轻集料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中裹粉包括:将步骤2)中微球在转速20r/min速度下,依次将过渡层和外壳生料粉均匀包裹在微球表面,每层厚度控制为0.2~0.5mm。
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