CN113925892A - 中药芪参益气制剂治疗胃出血的用途 - Google Patents
中药芪参益气制剂治疗胃出血的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及中药芪参益气制剂治疗胃出血的用途,所述中药芪参益气制剂是由黄芪、丹参、三七、降香4味中药原料药制成的中药组合物,其中,所述胃出血,是胃微血管出血,所述胃出血,是双抗药物引起的,所述双抗药物,是指阿司匹林联合另一种抗血小板药物,双抗药物的使用是心脑血管疾病一级和二级预防的基础疗法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及中药制剂的新用途,具体涉及中药芪参益气制剂的第二用途,即阻断阿司匹林和氯吡格雷引起的胃出血。
技术背景
心脑血管疾病发病率高、致死致残率高,是严重威胁我国民众健康的重大疾病。阿司匹林(aspirin,ASA)联合氯吡格雷(clopidogrel,CLP)组成的双联抗血小板药物是各国指南推荐的心脑血管疾病一级和二级预防的基础疗法。
美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会(ACC/AHA)以及欧洲心脏病学会指南推荐,对于无出血风险过大等禁忌证的急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者,应使用ASA联合一种P2Y12受体抑制剂的双联抗血小板治疗12个月或更久。但是,ASA可以增加胃肠道大出血风险约为70%。对于既往有消化道出血病史的患者,CLP引起消化道再次出血事件的发生率为100%。ASA和CLP二者联合应用与单用比较,消化道出血风险升高2-3倍。抗血小板药物引起的消化道出血成为临床上亟待解决的新问题。
以往的研究认为ASA主要通过破坏胃黏膜黏液-HCO3 -疏水屏障、直接损伤胃黏膜上皮细胞和抑制胃黏膜细胞环氧合酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)活性等引起胃肠道损伤;CLP主要通过直接诱导胃黏膜上皮细胞损伤、破坏胃黏膜上皮细胞紧密连接以及抑制生长因子等引起胃肠道损伤。关于双抗引发的胃出血,多关注于胃黏膜上皮层损伤,缺少对血管屏障损伤这一出血的病理基础的研究。近期的研究结果提示ASA能诱导血管内皮细胞的凋亡,ASA阻断血管内皮细胞的COX-2,影响了血管内皮细胞损伤后的修复。然而,ASA对胃黏膜微血管屏障产生了哪些影响,尚不清晰。CLP可以调节磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(hosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)通路,而PI3K/Akt通路可能引发内皮细胞凋亡,但是,CLP对血管内皮细胞的直接影响,也尚未见报道。
质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitors,PPIs)是目前预防双抗所致胃肠道损伤的首选药物。PPIs可以通过减少胃酸分泌保护双抗引起的胃损伤。但是,PPIs可能会导致腹痛、腹胀、食欲减退、腹泻等不良反应,甚至增加心血管不良事件。其可能机制是PPIs通过抑制二甲基精氨酸氨基水解酶(Dimethylarginine dimethyl amino hydrolase,DDAH)的活性,进而造成非对称二甲基精氨酸(asymmetric dimethylarginine,ADMA)增多,抑制一氧化氮合酶(Nitric Oxide synthase,NOS),从而使一氧化氮产生减少,影响血管的舒张功能,增加心肌梗死的风险。也有研究认为PPIs可影响心血管系统的血液动力学或导致维生素B12等营养成分吸收障碍,增加了心血管不良事件。长期应用PPIs还可能会导致高胃泌素血症、低镁血症、骨质疏松、骨折、小肠细菌过度增殖、获得性肺炎等。临床上缺少防治双抗引起的胃出血的有效方法。
血管屏障损伤是出血的病理基础。血管屏障由血管内皮细胞、内皮细胞间连接、基底膜、外周细胞组成。其中,血管内皮细胞间缝隙连接蛋白和血管基底膜在维持血管屏障方面扮演了重要的角色。内皮细胞间缝隙链接蛋白包括紧密连接蛋白和黏附连接蛋白。紧密连接蛋白包含封闭蛋白(Claudin)、闭锁蛋白(Occludin)、连接粘附分子(junctionadhesion molecule,JAMs)和闭锁小带蛋白(zonula occludens-1,ZO-1)等;黏附连接蛋白包括血管内皮钙粘蛋白(vascular endothelial cadherin,VE-Cadherin)等。血管基底膜主要由IV型胶原蛋白(Collagen IV)、层粘连蛋白(Laminin)、巢蛋白和基底膜蛋白聚糖,其中Collagen IV和Laminin是其主要结构成分。
ATP在维持血管内皮细胞缝隙连接的完整性方面,发挥了重要的作用。ATP与血管内皮细胞的骨架蛋白,即球状肌动蛋白(globular actin,G-actin)具有高亲和力,可将单一的细胞骨架G-actin组装成纤维状肌动蛋白(fibros actin,F-actin),连接血管内皮细胞内的紧密连接蛋白ZO-1和粘连蛋白α-catenin和β-catenin。ZO-1支撑了血管内皮细胞间的紧密连接蛋白Claudin-5、Occludin、JAM-1;α-catenin和β-catenin支撑了血管内皮细胞VE-cadherin,维持了血管内皮细胞间缝隙连接完整,防治微血管渗出。当能量代谢异常,ATP产生减少或消耗过多,ATP降解为ADP或AMP时,F-actin就解聚为G-actin,使细胞骨架变短或断裂,从而导致血管内皮细胞间的紧密连接蛋白和黏附连接蛋白的低表达和排列紊乱,导致血管内的大分子成分漏出血管外。血管内皮细胞间缝隙链接的开放,还暴露了血管基底膜,导致各种损伤血管基底膜的因素直接损伤血管基底膜。血管内皮细胞缝隙链接开放、基底膜损伤,血管内血浆白蛋白和血细胞等可漏出到血管外,引起出血。
能量代谢异常,ATP减少,引发的微血管缝隙链接开放,以及血管基底膜损伤引发的出血,属于中医的气不固摄的范畴。气的繁体字为氣,包括了气(天之气,氧气)和米(地之气,水谷精微)。氧气和水谷精微,经过三羧酸循环,产生的NADH和FAD2,经过线粒体呼吸链的电子传递,在ATP合酶的作用下,将蓄积的腺苷与ADP组装成ATP。气是产生ATP的原料。ATP通过组装F-actin,通过血管内皮的紧密连接蛋白和黏附连接蛋白,维持了血管内皮细胞的缝隙连接,维持了血管屏障结构。气防治微血管渗漏和出血的作用,称为气能固摄。ATP产生减少或消耗过多,中医称为产气不足或耗气过多,就可引起血管屏障损伤,引发渗出和出血,中医称气虚不固摄。补气固摄是中医治疗气不固摄出血的基本治法。
芪参益气滴丸(QiShenYiQi Pills,QSYQ)是由黄芪、丹参、三七、降香4味中药组成的补气活血中药复方,于2003年由国家食品药品监督管理局批准临床用于气虚血瘀型冠心病心绞痛的治疗药物(国药准字Z20030139),于2018年纳入国家基本药物目录。以往的研究已经证实QSYQ能够改善大鼠的心肌能量代谢,改善缺血再灌注引起的心肌F-actin的排列紊乱、心肌肌丝断裂;减轻心脏压力负荷引起的大鼠心肌肥厚,有明显的补气活血作用。
芪参益气滴丸的有关用途也描述在以下中国专利中:
本发明对由黄芪、丹参、三七、降香4味中药制备的芪参益气滴丸进行分析研究,意外的发现,其具有抑制胃出血的作用。
发明内容
本发明提供一种由黄芪、丹参、三七、降香4味中药原料药制成的中药组合物在制备预防和治疗胃出血的药物中的应用。
其中,所述胃出血,是胃微血管出血。
其中,所述胃出血,是双抗药物引起的。所述双抗药物,是指阿司匹林(aspirin,ASA)联合另一种抗血小板药物。双抗药物的使用是心脑血管疾病一级和二级预防的基础疗法。
所述另一种抗血小板药物选自:双嘧达莫,西洛他唑,奥扎格雷,氯吡格雷,噻氯吡啶,普拉格雷,阿昔单抗,替罗非班,水蛭素,吲哚布芬,前列环素。
最常使用的双抗药物是阿司匹林(aspirin,ASA)联合氯吡格雷。
本发明所述的中药组合物,其配方组成如下:黄芪30-90g、丹参20-52g、三七3-17g、降香油20-60g。
优选的,其配方如下:黄芪40-66g、丹参20-45g、三七6-12g、降香油30-47g。
本发明所述的中药组合物,在实验过程中采用四味药材的中药提取物给药或采用以该中药提取物为药物活性成分制备成的成品药物给药,所述成品药物,根据患者需求可以是任何一种可服用的药物制剂形式,如:片剂,胶囊,颗粒,口服液,丸剂,滴丸剂等,优选的是滴丸剂,在制备成滴丸剂时,所述成品药物称为:芪参益气滴丸,该滴丸是天士力制药集团股份有限公司生产,市场上有成品药物销售。
本发明的芪参益气滴丸制备方法为:取丹参、三七药材,用水煎煮,滤过,滤液浓缩后用乙醇沉淀,上清液回收乙醇,浓缩成浸膏,即丹参三七浸膏;另取黄芪,水煎煮,滤过,滤液浓缩后用乙醇沉淀,上清液回收乙醇,浓缩成浸膏,即黄芪浸膏;取降香,加水回流提取,收集降香挥发油;将以上丹参三七浸膏,黄芪浸膏,及降香挥发油和滴丸辅料混合均匀后,按照制剂学常规技术,制成滴丸剂。
其制备可以参考CN1861111A(申请号为200510013503.3),或参考《中国药典》2015年版第一增补本12页芪参益气滴丸的制备方法,具体如下:
黄芪1800g、丹参900g、三七180g、降香油12g,丹参、三七,加水煎煮2次,每次2小时,滤过,滤液浓缩至相对密度为1.13-1.23(80℃),加入乙醇,使醇浓度达到70%,静置,滤过,滤液回收乙醇,并浓缩成稠膏;黄芪加水煎煮二次,第一次2小时,第二次1小时,滤过,滤液浓缩至相对密度为1.05-1.20(75℃),加入乙醇使含醇量达60%,静置,滤过,滤液回收乙醇,浓缩至相对密度为1.18-1.30(60℃),加入乙醇使含醇量达80%,静置,滤过,滤液回收乙醇,并浓缩成稠膏,合并上述两稠膏,加入适量聚乙二醇-6000,加热熔融,加入降香油,混匀,制成滴丸1050g。
其他剂型可以根据制剂学常规技术制备而成,其活性部分均为由黄芪、丹参、三七、降香4味中药原料药制成的中药提取物。
本发明属于已知药物的新用途,其是通过药理药效实验获知的,有关药理药效实验如下:
一、实验动物、设备
1、实验动物
体重190-210g的雄性Sprague–Dawley(SD)大鼠购于北京大学医学部实验动物中心,许可证号:SCXK(京)2006-0001。大鼠饲养于温度22±2℃,湿度40±5%,12小时光照/黑暗交替的清洁级动物实验室,自由饮食、饮水。动物于实验前12小时禁食,自由饮水。实验操作规程按北京大学动物研究委员会指南执行,实验方案获北京大学医学部实验动物伦理委员会批准(LA2019079)。
2实验仪器设备
(1)芪参益气滴丸(批准文号:国药准字Z20030139):产品批号:161208,天士力制药集团股份有限公司,天津,中国;
(2)阿司匹林:Catalog No:BJ44261,Bayer HealthCare Co.,Ltd,Beijing,中国;
(3)氯吡格雷:Catalog No:8A719,Sanofi Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd,Hangzhou,中国;
(4)伊文思蓝:Sigma Chemical Company,St Louis,Mo,美国;
(5)磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered solution,PBS):中杉金桥生物技术有限公司,北京,中国;
(6)10×TBST:NaCl粉末86g,pH 7.5的Tris溶液200ml,吐温20溶液10ml,用三蒸水定容至1L并混匀,常温保存。使用前将10×TBST用三蒸水稀释成1×TBST;
(7)10×电泳液:Tris粉末30.3g,甘氨酸144.14g,SDS粉末10g,用三蒸水定容至1L并混匀,常温保存。使用前将10×电泳液用三蒸水稀释成1×电泳液;
(8)10×电转液:Tris粉末30.3g,甘氨酸144.14g,用三蒸水定容至1L并混匀,常温保存。使用前将10×电转液用三蒸水稀释成1×电泳液;
(9)Cocktail蛋白酶抑制剂:Catalog No:M250,Cell Signaling Technology,Danvers,MA,美国;
(10)RIPA裂解液:Catalog No:C1053,普利莱公司,北京,中国;
(11)二奎琳甲酸(Bicinchoninic acid,BCA)蛋白定量液:Catalog No:P1511,普利莱公司,北京,中国;
(12)DAB免疫组化试剂盒:中杉金桥生物技术有限公司,北京,中国;
(13)戊巴比妥钠盐:Sigma Chemical Company,St Louis,MO,美国;
(14)抗JAM-1(Catalog No:SC25629)和ZO-1(Catalog No:SC10804)抗体:SantaCruz Biotechnology,Santa Cruz,美国;
(15)抗Claudin-5(Catalog No:35-2500),Occludin(Catalog No:33-1500)的抗体:Invitrogen,Camarillo,CA,美国;
(16)抗Vwf(AB7356)抗体:Millipore,Temecula,CA,美国;
(17)抗Src、phospho-Src(p-Src)、GAPDH一抗:Cell Signaling Technology,Beverly,MA,美国;
(18)抗ATP5D一抗:Abcam,Cambridge,英国;
(19)抗ATP synthase subunit alpha(ATP-α)、ATP synthase subunit beta(ATP-β)一抗:Thermo Fisher Scientific,Waltham,美国;
(20)免疫荧光染色所用的二抗:DyLightTM 488Labeled山羊抗兔IgG(Catalog No:072-03-15-06);DyLightTM 549Labeled山羊抗鼠IgG(Catalog No:072-04-18-03):KPLGaithersburg,MD,美国;
(21)Western blot所用的二抗:马抗鼠IgG(Catalog No:7076)和羊抗兔IgG(Catalog No:7074):Cell Signaling Technology,Danvers,MA,美国;
(22)ATP、ADP、AMP ELISA试剂盒:北京安迪华泰科技有限公司,北京,中国;
(23)线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ活性ELISA试剂盒:Abcam Cambridge,英国;
其他普通化学试剂均为分析纯试剂,购自中国化学药品公司。
二、试验分组、给药及检测指标
1、分组和给药
芪参益气滴丸,使用前用生理盐水(Normal saline,NS)溶解,现用现配,浓度0.16g/ml;阿司匹林、氯吡格雷,使用前用生理盐水溶解,现用现配,浓度:阿司匹林,2.1mg/ml,氯吡格雷,1.575mg/ml。
实验动物SD大鼠随机分为4组,每日灌喂给药1次,连续给药四周,QSYQ的给药剂量参考本实验室之前的研究所使用的剂量,具体分组如下:
正常对照组(NS):每日灌胃等体积的NS,连续四周;
芪参益气滴丸本地组(QSYQ):每日灌胃等体积的QSYQ,给药量为0.8g/kg/d,连续四周;
双抗联用组(ASA+CLP):每日灌胃等体积的ASA(10.5mg/kg/d),CLP(7.875mg/kg/d),连续四周;
芪参益气滴丸+双抗联用组(QSYQ+ASA+CLP):每日灌胃等体积的QSYQ(0.8g/kg/d),ASA(10.5mg/kg/d),CLP(7.875mg/kg/d),连续四周;
2检测指标:
1)胃出血情况及血红蛋白含量测定
胃出血:给药4周后,大鼠麻醉后于腹主动脉采血,随后立即取出胃组织,沿胃大弯从食管剪开至十二指肠近端。将胃内侧面展开,生理盐水轻轻冲洗,而后固定于平板上,用体视显微镜观察胃出血情况并拍照。
胃组织中血红蛋白含量测定:大鼠麻醉后,生理盐水快速灌流15分钟,取出胃组织,按上述方法剪开后,生理盐水轻轻冲洗,滤纸擦干,于RIPA裂解液中匀浆,按试剂盒说明进行血红蛋白含量的测定。
2)伊文思蓝渗出
给药四周后,将溶解于生理盐水的伊文思蓝染料(0.75%,30ml/kg)经股静脉缓慢推注至大鼠体内。1小时后,心脏滴注生理盐水(右心耳流出液体为无色停止滴注),随即取胃组织剪开内侧面,生理盐水轻轻冲洗,滤纸擦干,称重,固定观察并拍照。将胃组织加入含10ml 50%三氯乙酸EP管中,匀浆,离心(4℃,15000r,30min)取上清,加95%乙醇稀释至4倍体积,配置伊文思蓝标准品,用多功能酶标仪检测伊文思蓝含量(发射光680nm,激发光620nm)。用每克胃组织中含有的伊文思蓝微克数表示伊文思蓝含量。
3)胃组织苏木素-伊红染色
给药4周后,取出胃组织,置于4%的多聚甲醛溶液固定24小时(容积比=30:1)后,用刀片从胃体部切下,保证胃上缘齐平。经70%、80%、95%、100%酒精逐级脱水、二甲苯透明后,浸蜡,包埋,制备组织石蜡切片。使用全自动石蜡切片机连续切片,切片厚度为5μm。切片脱蜡至水,行苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色,用生物光学显微镜在20倍物镜下随机选取5个视野进行观察和拍照。
4)胃组织免疫荧光染色
取石蜡切片,经二甲苯、100%、95%、80%、70%酒精逐级脱蜡,用0.01mol/L枸橼酸钠溶液在600W微波炉内进行抗原修复,10min,室温下冷却,之后将切片浸泡在加了吐温的磷酸盐缓冲液中(phosphate buffered solution plus tween,PBST),在37℃恒温恒湿箱孵育30min,然后用PBS洗片(每次5min,连续3次),胃蛋白酶溶液消化15min,此后用PBS溶液洗3次,每次5min。切片用羊血清室温封闭30min后,滴加用小鼠来源的抗Claudin-5/Occludin/Collagen IV/Laminin抗体(1:50,Invitrogen,Camarillo,CA,美国)+兔来源的抗Vwf抗体(1:100,Millipore,Temecula,CA,USA)溶液,4℃过夜;第二天室温下复温60min,用PBS缓冲液洗片(每次5min,连续3次),此后滴加二抗,山羊抗兔IgG和山羊抗鼠IgG(KPL,USA),37℃恒温恒湿避光孵育2h,然后用hoechest 33342标记细胞核,室温下避光孵育15min,甘油封片,用激光共聚焦显微镜(TCS SP5,Leica,Mannheim,德国)下用40倍物镜选观察并摄图。
5)蛋白质印迹分析
动物取材:将实验动物麻醉取血后取胃,在冰上迅速将胃剪开,生理盐水轻轻冲洗,转移至EP管,立即投入液氮中。待所有组织取材完毕后,将组织置于-80℃冰箱中保存。
胃组织蛋白的提取:将胃组织从-80℃冰箱中取出,在冰上缓慢复温。按100:1的比例(组织:裂解液)加入1×RIPA裂解液(普利莱公司,北京,中国)与Cocktail蛋白酶抑制剂(Cell signaling technology,Beverly,MA,美国);充分混匀,按10:1(0.1g:1ml)的比例,在胃组织中加入含蛋白酶抑制剂的1×RIPA裂解液在EP管内混合并匀浆。上述过程均在冰上操作;将上述EP管匀浆完毕后用冷冻离心机,4℃,13500r离心30min,取上清;部分上清液进行蛋白定量,其余上清液按照4:1的比例与5×loading Buffer(普利莱公司,北京,中国)混合,沸水中煮15min,放入-20℃冰箱保存。
胃组织蛋白定量:取大鼠胃组织100mg,分别加入含Cocktail蛋白酶抑制剂的1×RIPA裂解液(组织:RIPA裂解液比例为1:100),超声裂解,4℃,13500r离心30分钟,取上清,按照上清体积,加入5×上样缓冲液,在沸水中煮沸15分钟,放入-80℃保存;另取部分上清用BCA蛋白定量液进行蛋白定量,用酶标仪在560nm处测定吸光度值,根据标准曲线计算出蛋白浓度。
Western Blot:在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶孔中加入等量的各组蛋白,浓缩胶80V,分离胶120V恒压电泳分离,将分离好的蛋白条带通过2h的250mA恒流电转,转移至聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜(Millipore,Bedford,MA,美国)上。室温封闭1h后,分别加入如下一抗:claudin-5,occludin,JAM-1(1:1,000,Invitrogen Corporation,Camarillo,CA,美国),VE-cadherin,collagen IV,laminin,MMP-2,MMP-9,ATP-5D(1:1,000,Abcam,Cambridge,英国),ATP-α,ATP-β(1:1,000,BD,State of New Jersey,美国),Bax,Bcl-2,Caspase-3,Caspase-9,Cleaved caspase-3,Cleaved caspase-9,RhoA,ROCK,p-MLC,Sirt-1和NDUFA10(1:1,000,Cell Signaling Technology,Beverly,MA,美国),4℃孵育过夜。GAPDH(1:5000)作为全蛋白内参。次日用TBST洗去一抗,加入辣根过氧化物酶标记的二抗(CellSignaling Technology,Beverly,MA,美国),室温孵育1h。用TBST洗去二抗,加ECL发光液显色,显影。用Quantity One image analyzer软件(Bio-Rad,Richmond,CA,美国)进行光密度分析。结果以与NS的相对值来表示。
6)胃组织ATP、ADP、AMP活性检测
取大鼠胃组织,称重后剪碎,按照100mg/mL的比例加入1×PBS(0.01mol/L,pH7.4),冰浴组织匀浆后,4℃离心(13500r,40min),取上清。应用ATP、ADP、AMP的ELISA试剂盒,并按照说明书检测其含量。在标准品孔中加入标准品50μL,样本孔中加入待测样本50μL。37℃恒温箱温育30min。洗涤液洗板4次后加入酶标工作液50μL。37℃恒温箱再次温育30min。洗涤液洗板4次后依次加入显色剂A液50μL,显色剂B液50μL,37℃避光显色15min后加终止液50μL,终止反应。用450nm波长测量各孔的吸光值(OD值),标准曲线法计算胃组织中ATP、ADP、AMP含量,并进行统计。
7)胃组织线粒体复合物活性检测
取大鼠胃组织,称重后剪碎,按照100mg/mL的比例加入1×PBS(0.01mol/L,pH7.4),冰浴匀浆组织后,4℃离心(13500r,40min),取上清;按照ELISA试剂盒线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ说明书检测胃组织中线粒体复合物的活性。
8)胃组织MMP-2、MMP-9活性检测
取大鼠胃组织,称重后剪碎,按照100mg/mL的比例加入1×PBS(0.01mol/L,pH7.4),冰浴超声裂解组织后,4℃离心(13500r,40min),取上清;按照ELISA试剂盒说明书检测胃组织中MMP-2、MMP-9的活性。
三、统计分析
所有数据结果用平均值±标准误表示。使用GraphPad Prism 8.0统计软件,One-way ANOVA的方法对数据进行统计,组间比较用Bonferroni矫正,设P<0.05。
四、结果
1 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠胃出血,结果见图1。
结果显示:图1A,NS组和QSYQ组胃基本无出血,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组胃出血情况严重,而QSYQ显著地抑制了ASA+CLP联用可引起的大鼠胃出血。类似地,表1和图1B显示生理盐水灌流后胃组织中血红蛋白的含量,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组血红蛋白含量显著升高,而QSYQ显著地抑制了ASA+CLP联用引起的大鼠胃组织中血红蛋白的含量。
表1:各组对大鼠胃组织中血红蛋白的含量的影响
组别 | 数目 | 血红蛋白含量(mg/g总蛋白) |
NS | 6 | 196.31±4.19 |
QSYQ | 6 | 187.82±5.35 |
ASA+CLP | 6 | 358.11±6.65<sup>*</sup> |
QSYQ+ASA+QSYQ | 6 | 222.25±8.13<sup>#</sup> |
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
2 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠胃组织伊文思蓝渗出增加
结果见图2。
结果显示:与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组伊文思蓝渗出显著增加,而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制伊文思蓝渗出。
表2各组伊文思蓝渗出量统计
组别 | 数目 | 伊文思蓝渗出量(μg/g组织) |
NS | 6 | 5.43±0.27 |
QSYQ | 6 | 5.18±0.12 |
ASA+CLP | 6 | 14.08±0.69<sup>*</sup> |
QSYQ+ASA+QSYQ | 6 | 6.95±0.35<sup>#</sup> |
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
3 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠胃粘膜下微血管的损伤
血管断裂是出血的病理基础,因此,本实验用光学显微镜观察了各组大鼠胃粘膜下胃血管的完整性。结果见图3。
结果显示,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组大鼠胃粘膜下的微血管壁出现明显损伤(箭头指示处),而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以抑制这种损伤。
4 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠胃粘膜下微血管内皮细胞间缝隙连接蛋白的不连续和低表达
血管内皮细胞间紧密连接蛋白Claudin-5和Occludin是维持血管壁完整性的重要结构,于是本实验首先观察了它们的连续性。结果见图4。
结果显示:与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组细胞间连接蛋白表达明显降低(箭头指示处),而QSYQ抑制了ASA+CLP联用引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中紧密连接蛋白Claudin-5,Occludin,JAM-1,以及黏附连接蛋白VE-cadherin的低表达。
表3各组连接蛋白定量统计
组别 | 数目 | Claudin-5/GAPDH | Occludin/GAPDH | VE-Cadherin/GAPDH | JAM-1/GAPDH |
NS | 6 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 |
QSYQ | 6 | 0.86±0.05 | 0.89±0.06 | 1.36±0.09 | 1.01±0.05 |
ASA+CLP | 6 | 0.50±0.03<sup>*</sup> | 0.71±0.04<sup>*</sup> | 0.47±0.04<sup>*</sup> | 0.54±0.03<sup>*</sup> |
QSYQ+ASA+QSYQ | 6 | 0.93±0.56<sup>#</sup> | 1.02±0.05<sup>#</sup> | 1.46±0.09<sup>#</sup> | 0.99±0.04<sup>#</sup> |
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
5 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白ATP、ADP、AMP含量变化
ATP含量降低会导致细胞骨架的断裂,引起血管内皮细胞间连接断裂,因此本实验测量了各组大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中ATP、ADP、AMP含量。结果见图5和表4。
结果显示,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组ATP含量显著降低,而ADP和AMP含量显著升高,QSYQ抑制ASA+CLP联用引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中ATP含量的降低、抑制了ADP和AMP含量的升高。
表4各组ATP、ADP、AMP含量统计
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
6 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中ATP合酶的活性及其亚基表达的降低
由于ATP产出依赖于线粒体复合物V,即ATP合酶的功能,本实验进一步用ELISA方法检测了ATP合酶的活性。结果见图6和表5,其中:
图6A显示,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组ATP合酶活性显著降低,而QSYQ可以抑制ASA+CLP联用引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中ATP合酶活性的降低。
图6B显示ATP合酶的三个亚基ATP-α,ATP-β和ATP-5D的蛋白免疫印迹结果,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组ATP-β和ATP-5D表达明显降低,而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制这种降低。而ATP-α无明显变化。双抗可以通过降低ATP合酶亚基ATP-β和ATP-5D的低表达,影响ATP合酶的活性,使ATP产生减少,导致细胞骨架断裂和血管内皮细胞间缝隙连接打开,而QSYQ能够抑制上述变化。
表5各组ATP合酶活性及亚基蛋白定量统计
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
7 QSYQ抑制双抗引起的大鼠提取蛋白中RhoA/ROCK信号通路的活化
RhoA/ROCK-1/p-MLC信号通路能抑制ATP-5D表达和ATP产生。结果见图7和表6。
结果显示,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组RhoA,ROCK-1和p-MLC的表达显著升高,而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制这种升高。该结果提示双抗激活了RhoA/ROCK-1/p-MLC信号通路,抑制了ATP合酶的活性和ATP的产生,而QSYQ能抑制这种变化。
表6各组RhoA/ROCK通路相关蛋白定量统计
组别 | 数目 | RhoA/GAPDH | ROCK-1/GAPDH | P-MLC/GAPDH | MLC/GAPDH |
NS | 6 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 |
QSYQ | 6 | 1.09±0.04 | 1.07±0.14 | 1.15±0.02 | 1.29±0.05 |
ASA+CLP | 6 | 1.51±0.03<sup>*</sup> | 1.65±0.03<sup>*</sup> | 1.32±0.02<sup>*</sup> | 1.25±0.06 |
QSYQ+ASA+QSYQ | 6 | 0.92±0.03<sup>#</sup> | 0.80±0.11<sup>#</sup> | 0.91±0.04<sup>#</sup> | 1.37±0.11 |
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
8 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中线粒体复合物I的活性降低
线粒体呼吸链除ATP合酶外,还有复合物I、II、III、IV。于是本实验用ELISA方法检测了胃组织内线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ的活性(线粒体复合物III的试剂盒无法获得)。结果图8和表7。
结果显示,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP同样降低了线粒体复合物Ⅰ的活性,而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制这种降低。另外,线粒体复合物Ⅱ、Ⅳ的活性无明显改变。
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
9 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠提取蛋白中Sirt-1和NDUFA10的低表达
去乙酰化酶Sirt-1对于线粒体复合物I的亚基——NDUFA 10的活性具有调节作用。结果见图9和表8。
结果显示,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组Sirt-1和NDUFA 10的含量显著降低。这个结果可能解释了ASA+CLP组线粒体复合物I活性降低的原因。QSYQ的主要成分之一DLA被证实能够与Sirt-1直接结合,并激活Sirt-1,增加NDUFA10表达,进而改善线粒体复合物I的活性。与上述研究一致,本实验发现QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制双抗引起的Sirt-1和NDUFA10的降低。
表8各组Sirt-1通路相关蛋白定量统计
组别 | 数目 | Sirt-1/GAPDH | NDUFA10/GAPDH |
NS | 6 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 |
QSYQ | 6 | 1.13±0.06 | 1.14±0.02 |
ASA+CLP | 6 | 0.58±0.02<sup>*</sup> | 0.78±0.03<sup>*</sup> |
QSYQ+ASA+QSYQ | 6 | 1.15±0.05<sup>#</sup> | 1.23±0.03<sup>#</sup> |
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
10 QSYQ抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃提取蛋白中MDA和8-OHdG的含量增加
线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ功能的异常会导致呼吸链中的电子溢出,与氧气结合,产生负氧阴离子等过氧化物,造成氧化应激损伤。MDA和8-OHdG是可以反应组织内氧化应激水平的两种化合物。结果见图10和表9。
结果显示,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组MDA和8-OHdG含量显著升高,而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制这种升高。这个结果表明双抗可能通过破坏呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的活性造成氧化应激损伤,而QSYQ可以改善双抗引起的氧化应激损伤。
表9各组MDA、8-OHdG含量统计
组别 | 数目 | MDA(nmol/g组织) | 8-OHdG(ng/g组织) |
NS | 6 | 9.35±0.56 | 0.15±0.01 |
QSYQ | 6 | 8.94±0.45 | 0.14±0.01 |
ASA+CLP | 6 | 17.59±0.88<sup>*</sup> | 0.38±0.04<sup>*</sup> |
QSYQ+ASA+QSYQ | 6 | 9.46±0.81<sup>#</sup> | 0.16±0.01<sup>#</sup> |
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
11 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠提取蛋白中凋亡相关蛋白的变化
氧化应激损伤可通过激活Bax/Caspase-9/Caspase-3通路引发细胞凋亡。结果见图11和表10。
结果显示,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组Bax/Bcl-2,Caspase-3/Cleaved caspase-3,Caspase-9/Cleaved caspase-9比值明显升高,而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制这种升高。这表明QSYQ可以抑制双抗引起的凋亡。
表10各组凋亡相关蛋白定量统计
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
12 QSYQ改善双抗引起的大鼠胃血管基底膜Collagen IV和Laminin的不连续,及胃提取蛋白中Collagen IV和Laminin的低表达除了血管内皮细胞间连接,基底膜也是血管屏障的重要结构之一。结果见图12。其中:
图12A是各组基底膜重要组成蛋白Collagen IV和Laminin的免疫荧光染色代表图,第一行是Collagen IV染色结果,第二行是Laminin染色结果。与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组血管壁基底膜重要组成蛋白Collagen IV和Laminin的表达不连续(箭头指示处),而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制其断裂。
图12B和表11是对应的Collagen IV和Laminin的蛋白免疫印迹检测结果,也证实了免疫荧光的结果,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组Collagen IV和Laminin的含量显著降低,而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以抑制这种降低。
表11各组基底膜蛋白定量统计
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
13 QSYQ抑制了双抗引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中MMP2/9含量及活性升高
MMP-2/9能够破坏血管连接和基底膜,导致出血。因此本实验检测了MMP-2/9的含量及活性。结果见图13,其中:
图13A是基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白免疫印迹检测结果,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组MMP-2和MMP-9含量显著升高,而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制这种升高。
图13B显示基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2和MMP-9活性的ELISA检测结果,与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组MMP-2和MMP-9活性显著升高,而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制这种升高。
表12各组MMP-2/9含量及活性统计
注:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组。
讨论
本研究证实了由ASA和CLP组成的双联抗血小板药物能够引起大鼠胃出血、胃组织内血红蛋白含量升高、伊文思蓝渗出加剧;双抗可引起大鼠胃黏膜下层微血管内皮细胞间连接Occludin、Claudin-5、JAM-1和VE-Cadherin低表达;胃组织提取蛋白中线粒体复合物I、V活性降低,ATP-β、ATP-5D低表达,ATP/ADP、ATP/AMP比值降低,氧化应激损伤加重,RhoA/ROCK通路活化,Sirt-1低表达;基底膜Collagen IV和laminin不连续、低表达,MMP-2/9含量及活性升高。芪参益气滴丸能显著地抑制双抗引起上述变化。
ASA和CLP组成的双联抗血小板黏附治疗是心脑血管疾病的二级预防,特别是冠心病介入后指南推荐的临床用药。然而,双抗所引起的胃出血,限制了双抗的长期使用。以往的研究证实了ASA可穿透胃上皮细胞的磷脂膜,降低上皮表面疏水性;ASA会迅速地去乙酰化为水杨酸盐,引起胃上皮细胞屏障损伤;ASA抑制COX酶,导致前列腺素E2缺乏,胃酸分泌增加。以往的研究还证实了ASA和CLP联用,可引起服用者的胃黏膜血流量减少;可以降低脑梗塞患者的MDA水平,升高超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶水平;可降低中风患者的P-选择素、肿瘤坏死因子相关激活蛋白和MMP-9血清水平。近期的研究发现,ASA可诱导线粒体氧化磷酸化的解偶联,导致细胞间紧密连接减少和上皮屏障的破坏。然而,以往的研究缺少对双抗如何引起胃微血管损伤的关注。
本研究的重要发现是证实了ASA和CLP联用可以引发大鼠胃黏膜下层微血管屏障损伤。以往的研究证实过双抗可以引起胃出血,但是,有关出血的原因,多集中在双抗引起的胃上皮细胞方面。而本研究用伊文思蓝渗出检测的方法证实了双抗可以引起胃的微血管渗出增加;用胃黏膜大体观察、胃组织内血红蛋白含量、胃黏膜下微血管观察的方法,证实了双抗引起了胃微血管壁损伤是胃出血的病理基础,证实了芪参益气滴丸可以抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管损伤,减轻胃微血管渗出和出血。芪参益气滴丸是由黄芪、丹参、三七、降香组成的补气活血复方中药制剂,2003年被国家食品药品管理局批准为治疗气虚血瘀型冠心病心绞痛的药物。大样本的临床研究显示,芪参益气滴丸在心肌梗死二级预防方面与ASA相当,但是,出血风险低于ASA。临床研究还证实过QSYQ可以减轻冠心病介入的再灌注损伤,可以改善慢性心衰患者的心功能,被纳入了冠心病、心肌梗死、冠心病介入损伤、慢性心衰等的诊疗共识和指南,是临床治疗心血管疾病的常用药物。我们以往的研究证实过由黄芪的主要成分黄芪甲苷、丹参的主要水溶性成分丹参总酚酸、三七的主要成分三七总皂苷等配伍的组方可以抑制颈动脉血栓4.5小时rtPA溶栓后的小鼠脑微血管渗出和出血。本研究进一步证实了芪参益气滴丸可以抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管损伤、胃组织提取蛋白中血红蛋白的含量增加、胃微血管渗出和出血。本研究的结果为芪参益气滴丸在临床上用来防治双抗引发的胃出血方面的应用,提供了重要的证据。
本研究的另一个重要的发现是双抗可以引起大鼠胃微血管紧密连接蛋白和缝隙连接蛋白的低表达,芪参益气滴丸可以抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管紧密连接蛋白和缝隙连接蛋白的低表达。胃的微血管屏障由血管内皮细胞、基底膜、周细胞组成,其中,血管内皮细胞在维持微血管通透性方面发挥了重要作用。血管内皮细胞的缝隙连接由细胞连接蛋白和细胞骨架蛋白连接组成,是介导血管内皮细胞间的血浆白蛋白和水的转运途径。紧密连接蛋白包含Claudin、Occludin、JAMs等,这三种蛋白各自形成同源二聚体后,相互嵌合,并与细胞浆中的ZO-1连接。而后,ZO-1与细胞骨架蛋白F-actin进一步连接。粘附连接的构成主要是通过VE-Cadherin形成同源二聚体后,借由细胞浆中的粘连蛋白α-catenin和β-catenin进而与F-actin连接。微血管的紧密连接蛋白和粘附连接蛋白的低表达,引发微血管缝隙链接开放,不仅可引起微血管渗出增加,还使微血管基底膜暴露,增加基底膜损伤的机会。以往研究已经证实过ASA可通过MAPK通路抑制胃黏膜上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白claudin-7表达,破坏胃黏膜上皮细胞紧密连接,从而升高胃黏膜通透性;CLP通过调节胃黏膜上皮细胞细胞外信号ERK通路,抑制紧密连接蛋白ZO-1表达,破坏胃黏膜上皮细胞屏障的完整性。但是,这样的结果还不足以解释双抗引起出血的原因。本研究在证实了双抗可引起大鼠胃渗出和出血的基础上,用免疫荧光染色法证实了双抗抑制了大鼠胃微血管内皮细胞间的紧密连接蛋白Occludin、Claudin-5的断裂,抑制大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中的紧密连接蛋白Occludin、Claudin-5、JAM-1和黏附连接蛋白VE-cadherin的表达。芪参益气滴丸可抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管缝隙连接蛋白的损伤,该作用不仅阐明了QSYQ抑制双抗引起的胃微血管渗出的机理,还使胃微血管的基底膜减少暴露和损伤。
胃微血管渗出和出血,属于气不固摄的范畴。氣由氧气和水谷精微构成,在线粒体内,经过三羧酸循环产生的NADH,在线粒体复合物I的作用下,将氢离子经由辅酶Q10,传递给线粒体复合物III;经由三羧酸循环产生的FADH2,经由复合物II的作用,也经由辅酶Q10,将氢离子传递给线粒体复合物III;线粒体复合物III,再经由细胞色素C,将氢离子传递给复合物IV,电子溢出后,与氧气结合产生水;氢离子传递过程中蓄积的势能,在线粒体复合物V,即ATP合酶,含ATP-α、ATP-β、ATP-δ(ATP-5D)等亚基的作用下,与ADP结合产生ATP。ATP将G-actin单体聚合成为F-actin,后者维持了血管内皮细胞的形态,还通过与ZO-1、与α-、β-catenin的连接,支撑了血管内皮细胞间的紧密连接和黏附连接。而ATP产生减少或消耗过多时,ATP降解为ADP时,F-actin就解聚为G-actin,使细胞骨架变短或断裂,从而导致血管内皮细胞的紧密连接和黏附连接蛋白的低表达和排列紊乱,使血管内皮缝隙开放,引发微血管渗出和基底膜暴露。由气虚引起的微血管渗出,是气不固摄的一种表现。血管基底膜损伤导致的出血,是气不固摄的另一种表现。以往的研究仅证实过小剂量阿司匹林可以防止毛细血管细胞凋亡;氯吡格雷能激活p38MAPK通路,诱导胃上皮细胞凋亡。但是,双抗是否影响了线粒体复合物Ⅰ和Ⅴ异常,过量地产生过氧化物,减少了ATP产生,引发了气虚不固摄;芪参益气滴丸能否改善胃组织线粒体呼吸链,抑制氧化应激损伤,增加ATP含量,发挥了补气固摄作用是本研究感兴趣的重要问题。
本研究有意义的结果是证实了双抗可引起大鼠胃组织线粒体复合物Ⅰ及其亚基NDUFA10的低表达,Sirt-1低表达,MDA和8-OHdG增多,凋亡相关蛋白异常;芪参益气滴丸可以抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃组织线粒体复合物Ⅰ及其亚基NDUFA10的低表达,Sirt-1低表达,MDA和8-OHdG增多。NDUFA10是线粒体的15个亚单位之一。Sirt-1是去乙酰化酶家族的一种,可以去除相关基因的乙酰化。我们以往的研究证实过缺血再灌注可引起大鼠心肌提取蛋白中的Sirt-1的低表达,NDUFA10低表达,线粒体复合物Ⅰ低表达,MDA含量增加,心肌凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl-2比值增加,Caspase3/9增加,诱导心肌细胞凋亡。芪参益气滴丸的主要成分丹参素可以抑制缺血再灌注引起的大鼠心肌提取蛋白中的Sirt-1的低表达,NDUFA10低表达,线粒体复合物Ⅰ低表达,MDA含量增加,心肌凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl-2比值增加,剪切的Caspase3/9增加,诱导心肌细胞凋亡。本研究证实了双抗可以引起大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中Sirt-1的低表达,线粒体复合物Ⅰ及其亚基NDUFA10的低表达,MDA和8-OHdG增多,Bax/Bcl-2比值增加,剪切的Caspase3/9增加。芪参益气滴丸抑制了双抗引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中Sirt-1的低表达,线粒体复合物Ⅰ及其亚基NDUFA10的低表达,抑制MDA和8-OHdG增多,抑制Bax/Bcl-2比值增加和剪切的Caspase3/9增加的凋亡。这些结果提示芪参益气滴丸可抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管和胃黏膜的氧化应激损伤。
本研究另一项有意义的结果是证实了双抗可以引起大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中线粒体复合物Ⅴ及其亚基ATP-β和ATP5D的表达降低,使ATP含量减少。线粒体复合物Ⅴ,即ATP合酶将蓄积的腺苷与ADP结合产生ATP。ATP合酶有α、β、δ三个亚单位,直接影响ATP合酶的活性。以往的研究没有关注过双抗对线粒体呼吸链的复合物Ⅴ及其亚基的影响。本研究发现了双抗可以引起ATP合酶的活性降低,ATP-β和ATP5D低表达。结合双抗可以引起大鼠胃微血管的紧密连接蛋白Occludin、Claudin-5的断裂,胃提取蛋白中的紧密连接蛋白Occludin、Claudin-5、JAM-1和黏附连接蛋白VE-cadherin的低表达,胃微血管渗出增加的结果,可以认为,双抗引发的气不固摄是导致胃微血管渗出的原因。本研究获得的芪参益气滴丸可以改善线粒体呼吸链,抑制氧化应激损伤,升高ATP含量,抑制大鼠胃微血管的紧密连接蛋白Occludin、Claudin-5的断裂,胃提取蛋白中的紧密连接蛋白Occludin、Claudin-5、JAM-1和黏附连接蛋白VE-cadherin的低表达的结果,阐明了芪参益气滴丸改善双抗引起的胃微血管通透性异常的机理,揭示了芪参益气滴丸补气固摄的科学内涵。
本研究更重要的发现是观察到了双抗可以引起大鼠胃微血管基底膜的CollagenIV和Laminin断裂,MMP2/9的活性和表达升高,芪参益气滴丸可以抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管基底膜的Collagen IV和Laminin的断裂,抑制MMP2/9的活性和表达升高。血管基底膜也是构成血管屏障的主要结构,位于血管内皮细胞之外,由Collagen IV、Laminin、Nidogen和Prelecan等构成。其中,尤为重要的是Collagen IV和Laminin,它们含量丰富,是构成基底膜网状结构的主要成分。以往关于双抗对血管基底膜的作用的研究较少,本研究用免疫荧光和双光子显微镜观察到了双抗可以引起大鼠胃黏膜下微血管基底膜Collagen IV和Laminin断裂,胃提取蛋白中的Collagen IV和Laminin表达降低。胃微血管内皮细胞缝隙连接蛋白的低表达和不连续是胃微血管渗出和基底膜暴露的病理基础,微血管基底膜损伤是胃出血的病理基础。本研究找到了双抗引起胃出血的直接证据,并证实了芪参益气滴丸可抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管基底膜Collagen IV和Laminin断裂和表达降低,为芪参益气滴丸抑制双抗引起的胃出血提供了客观依据。MMP2/9是降解胶原的酶,是引起血管基底膜损伤的主要因素之一。本研究用ELISA法检测了大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中MMP2/9的活性,用western blot法检测了大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中MMP2/9的表达,都证实了芪参益气滴丸可以抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中MMP2/9的活性和表达升高。该结果解释了芪参益气滴丸抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管基底膜损伤和胃出血的机理。
本研究还有一个重要结果是发现了双抗可以引起大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中RhoA、ROCK、P-MLC的高表达。芪参益气滴丸可以抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中RhoA、ROCK、P-MLC的高表达。RhoA是小G蛋白家族的主要成分,ROCK是其下游,RhoA/ROCK活化后,可以引起MLC的磷酸化,使细胞骨架皱缩,增加血管内皮细胞的缝隙开放。我们以往的研究还证实过,ROCK1的活化,可以抑制线粒体呼吸链中ATP5D的表达,是影响ATP产生的原因之一。芪参益气滴丸的主要成分R1、Rb1都可抑制缺血再灌注引起的大鼠心肌组织提取蛋白中ROCK的活化,上调ATP5D的表达。但是,双抗对RhoA、ROCK、P-MLC的影响,尚不清晰。本研究发现双抗可以引起RhoA、ROCK、P-MLC的高表达,芪参益气滴丸可以抑制双抗引起的RhoA、ROCK、P-MLC的高表达。该结果进一步揭示了芪参益气滴丸改善双抗引起的ATP5D低表达的机理,也为芪参益气滴丸抑制双抗引起的微血管渗出提供了另一个证据。
本研究结果提示阿司匹林和氯吡格雷联用可引起大鼠胃微血管渗出和出血。双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管渗出与其抑制Sirt-1的表达,引起线粒体呼吸链Ⅰ及其亚基NDUFA10的低表达,诱导了氧化应激损伤相关;也与其活化胃组织的RhoA/ROCK/MLC,抑制ATP亚基的表达,抑制ATP合酶的活性,抑制ATP产生相关的血管内皮细胞间紧密连接Occludin、Claudin-5、JAM-1和黏附连接蛋白VE-Cadherin的表达相关。双抗升高MMP-2/9的表达和活性,引起大鼠胃微血管基底膜Collagen IV和Laminin的断裂和低表达,是其引起胃出血的原因。
本研究证实了芪参益气滴丸能够抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃微血管渗出和出血。其抑制微血管渗出的作用,与其抑制Sirt-1的低表达、抑制线粒体呼吸链Ⅰ及其亚基NDUFA10的低表达,抑制氧化应激损伤相关;也与其抑制大鼠胃组织RhoA/ROCK/MLC的活化,抑制ATP亚基的低表达,抑制ATP合酶的活性降低,抑制ATP产生相关的血管内皮细胞间紧密连接Occludin、Claudin-5、JAM-1和黏附连接蛋白VE-Cadherin的低表达相关。芪参益气滴丸抑制双抗引起的大鼠胃出血的作用,与其抑制MMP-2/9的表达和活性,抑制胃微血管基底膜Collagen IV和Laminin的断裂和低表达相关。
附图说明
图1 QSYQ对双抗引起的出血的影响。其中:A为胃出血大体情况代表图,B为生理盐水灌流后胃组织内血红蛋白含量。*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图2 QSYQ对双抗引起的伊文思蓝渗出的影响。其中:A为胃伊文思蓝渗出情况代表图,B为伊文思蓝渗出量统计结果。*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图3各组大鼠胃组织HE染色图,其中a:bar=100μm,b:bar=50μm,n=3。
图4 QSYQ对双抗引起的细胞间连接蛋白表达降低的影响。与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组细胞间连接蛋白表达明显降低(箭头指示处),而QSYQ抑制了ASA+CLP联用引起的大鼠胃组织提取蛋白中紧密连接蛋白的降低。为Claudin-5的荧光染色代表图,B为Occludin的荧光染色代表图。a:bar=25μm,b:bar=5μm,n=3。C为细胞间连接蛋白Claudin-5,Occludin,VE-Cadherin和JAM-1的蛋白免疫印迹检测结果。*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图5是用ELISA方法检测胃组织内ATP、ADP、AMP含量的结果,其中:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图6 QSYQ对双抗引起的ATP合酶表达降低的影响。其中:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图7 QSYQ对双抗引起的RhoA/ROCK信号通路变化的影响。其中:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图8 QSYQ对双抗引起的线粒体复合物活性的影响。其中:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图9 QSYQ对双抗引起的Sirt-1信号通路变化的影响。其中:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图10 QSYQ对双抗引起的MDA和8-OHdG变化的影响。其中:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图11 QSYQ对双抗引起的凋亡相关分子变化的影响。其中:*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图12 QSYQ对双抗引起的基底膜蛋白表达降低的影响。与NS组相比,ASA+CLP组血管壁基底膜重要组成蛋白Collagen IV和Laminin的表达不连续(箭头指示处),而QSYQ与ASA+CLP联用可以显著抑制其断裂。其中:A是各组基底膜重要组成蛋白Collagen IV和Laminin的免疫荧光染色代表图,其中绿色代表血管标记物VWF,蓝色代表细胞核,第一行红色代表Collagen IV,第二行红色代表Laminin。B是对应的Collagen IV和Laminin的蛋白免疫印迹检测结果,*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
图13 QSYQ对双抗引起的基质金属蛋白酶含量及活性升高的影响。其中:A为基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白免疫印迹检测结果,B为基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2和MMP-9活性的ELISA检测结果。*p<0.05vs.NS组,#p<0.05vs.ASA+CLP组,n=6。
具体实施方式
下面详细描述本发明的实施例,所述实施例的示例在附图中示出。下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的,仅用于解释本发明,而不能解释为对本发明的限制。
实施例1-9
1、组成:见13
表13:实施例1-9的组成
2、制备方法,以实施例1为例:
1)称取黄芪86.5g、丹参21.3g、三七3.5g、降香20.6g、辅料聚乙二醇-600030g。
2)将经粉碎的丹参、三七,水煎煮2次,每次加7倍量水,每次2小时,合并煎煮液,滤过,滤液浓缩至900ml,加入95%乙醇,使醇浓度达到70%,静置12~24小时,滤过,回收乙醇,浓缩成相对密度为1.32~1.38(50~60℃)的浸膏;
3)将经粉碎的黄芪,加水煎煮2次,每次加6倍量水,依次提取2小时、1小时,合并滤液,浓缩至1500ml左右时,加95%乙醇使醇浓度为60%,静置12~24小时,滤过,滤液回收乙醇,浓缩至400ml左右时,加95%乙醇使醇浓度为80%,静置12~24小时,滤过,滤液回收乙醇,浓缩成相对密度为1.32~1.38(50~60℃)的浸膏;
4)取降香,加5倍量水,回流提取5小时,收集挥发油;
5)取上述丹参三七浸膏、黄芪浸膏及聚乙二醇-6000,水浴溶化,化匀后,加入降香挥发油,混匀,移至滴丸机中,制成1000粒滴丸。或
5)取上述丹参三七浸膏、黄芪浸膏及聚乙二醇-6000,水浴溶化,化匀后,加入降香挥发油,混匀,制备成其他剂型。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型,本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其等同物限定。
Claims (10)
1.一种由黄芪、丹参、三七、降香4味中药原料药制成的中药组合物在制备预防和治疗胃出血的药物中的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其中,所述胃出血,是胃微血管出血。
3.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其中,所述胃出血,是双抗药物引起的。
4.根据权利要求3所述的应用,其中,所述双抗药物,是指阿司匹林联合另一种抗血小板药物,双抗药物的使用是心脑血管疾病一级和二级预防的基础疗法。
5.根据权利要求4所述的应用,其中,所述另一种抗血小板药物选自:双嘧达莫,西洛他唑,奥扎格雷,氯吡格雷,噻氯吡啶,普拉格雷,阿昔单抗,替罗非班,水蛭素,吲哚布芬,前列环素。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其中,所述双抗药物是阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷。
7.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其中,所述的中药组合物,其配方组成如下:黄芪30-90g、丹参20-52g、三七3-17g、降香油20-60g。
8.根据权利要求7所述的应用,其中,所述的中药组合物,其配方组成如下:黄芪40-66g、丹参20-45g、三七6-12g、降香油30-47g。
9.根据权利要求1所述的应用,所述的中药组合物,可以是任何一种可服用的药物制剂形式,选自:片剂,胶囊,颗粒,口服液,丸剂,滴丸剂。
10.根据权利要求1所述的应用,所述的中药组合物是滴丸剂,称为芪参益气滴丸。
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CN1745768A (zh) * | 2004-09-07 | 2006-03-15 | 天津天士力制药股份有限公司 | 一种含黄芪的药物在制备治疗阿司匹林抵抗药物中的应用 |
US20070053999A1 (en) * | 2003-09-23 | 2007-03-08 | Feng Wei | Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases |
CN103385920A (zh) * | 2012-05-07 | 2013-11-13 | 天士力制药集团股份有限公司 | 芪参益气滴丸新用途 |
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US20070053999A1 (en) * | 2003-09-23 | 2007-03-08 | Feng Wei | Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases |
CN1745768A (zh) * | 2004-09-07 | 2006-03-15 | 天津天士力制药股份有限公司 | 一种含黄芪的药物在制备治疗阿司匹林抵抗药物中的应用 |
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