CN113921832A - Microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission, a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing sheath-core composite nano-fiber with a mixture of polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate as a sheath layer and a mixture of polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate as a core layer, then carrying out pre-oxidation treatment, then carrying out carbonization treatment, and finally carrying out hydrophobic treatment on the outer surface of a product obtained by carbonization treatment; the finally prepared material is nano carbon fiber with a hollow structure, the inner surface of the nano carbon fiber has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the nano carbon fiber has hydrophobicity, and micropores communicated with the inner surface and the outer surface are distributed on the nano carbon fiber; the finally prepared material can be used for preparing a microporous layer of a membrane electrode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The invention solves the problems of cell flooding, serious mass transfer polarization and the like caused by low water management level of the membrane electrode material of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the prior art, and can separate and transmit product water and reactant gas in the membrane electrode.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of new materials for sustainable energy, and relates to a microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The pollution of the environment caused by the use of petroleum and thermal power energy seriously threatens the survival of human beings, so the development and the use of green energy become a reluctant mission. Among them, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are clean energy sources that can be continuously developed. The PEMFC principle is briefly described as follows: generating fuel (H) at the anode2) Electrochemical oxidation of (3); the generated protons are transmitted to the cathode through the proton exchange membrane; at the cathode O2Electrochemical reduction occurs and combines with protons to produce water; the electrons generated in the process flow in the external circuit to form a current. There are multiple processes occurring simultaneously throughout the system: including not only the above-mentioned oxidation and reduction reactions carried out separately in the two half-cells, but also H formed from the cathodic oxidant2O removal, diffusion and transport of the reaction gases. The performance of the battery is limited by the progress of these processes.
A Membrane Electrode (MEA) is a core component of PEMFC, and as shown in fig. 1, the membrane electrode is constructed of a proton exchange membrane at the center, electrocatalyst layers (CL) at both sides of the membrane, and a Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) composed of carbon paper and a microporous layer (MPL) compounded therewith. During the operation of the PEMFC, a reaction gas (H)2，O2) Diffused from the outer flow channel to the catalyst layer through the gas diffusion layer; and the water generated by the cathode redox reaction is discharged from the catalyst layer to the outer flow channel through the gas diffusion layer. Therefore, the reaction gas and the water occupy the flow channel mutually. If the water generated by the reaction cannot be drained in time, flooding can be caused to the cell, namely, the catalyst is submerged by the flooding and cannot be contacted with the reaction gas, so that the reaction cannot be carried out, and the cell fails.
In the MEA, the reaction gas (H)2，O2) And the product water transmission channel is realized by a porous structure formed between the constituent materials of each layer, and research and practice prove that the gas diffusion layer which is jointly constructed by adding the microporous layer between the catalyst layer and the carbon paper support layer can more effectively manage the product water and the reaction gas in the membrane electrode than the single carbon paper support layer serving as the gas diffusion layer. Because the carbon fiber paper used as the conventional gas diffusion layer is made of 7-1 diameter0 micron carbon fiber, whereas conventional catalysts consist of commercial Pt/C catalysts in which the carrier carbon black has a particle size of 40 nanometers on average, with Pt particles ranging in size from 3 to 5 nanometers. Obviously, the difference between the shapes and the sizes of the materials of the catalytic layer and the gas diffusion layer is large, the contact between the two interfaces is poor, the interface gap is large, not only is the contact resistance large and can be a water accumulation area, but also the catalyst can be sunk into the hollow space of the carbon paper to cause waste.
The current microporous layer material mainly comprises carbon black particles subjected to polytetrafluoroethylene hydrophobic treatment, generally conductive carbon black, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), deionized water, isopropanol and the like are mixed, uniformly dispersed MPL slurry is obtained after ultrasonic stirring, then the MPL slurry is deposited on the surface of an SL substrate (carbon paper) through a spraying method, a scraper coating method, a screen printing method and the like, and then sintering is carried out, and a solvent is removed, so that the traditional particle stacking type MPL is obtained. However, during the preparation of commercial carbon black particle-packed MPL, part of the MPL slurry penetrates into the SL substrate, which can hinder water and gas transport, and in addition, the close packing of the carbon black particles reduces the pore volume, increasing mass transfer resistance and polarization; on the other hand, the hydrophobic agent treatment of the carbon black particles lowers the conductivity thereof, which is disadvantageous for the improvement of the battery performance. Studies have shown that there is an optimum range for the loading of polytetrafluoroethylene when the microporous layer is subjected to a hydrophobic treatment.
In view of this, researchers have adopted carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, porous carbon nanofibers as the microporous layer, and have shown superior performance to conventional carbon black microporous layers. Since these fiber-type MPLs are composed of fibers, they do not penetrate into the SL substrate, and the gas barrier effect can be reduced. Document 1(Fabrication of a carbon nanofiber sheet as a micro-porous layer for a proton exchange membrane cell, Journal of power sources 2010,195(24), 8189-. The MPL has a three-dimensional pore structure, good electrical conductivity, higher gas permeability, and a gas permeability 2 times that of the particle-packed MPL. PEMFCs containing MPL in a fiber arrangement have superior performance, and the maximum power density of the fuel cell is higher than that of a conventional fuel cell (i.e., a fuel cell in which the microporous layer material is carbon black).
Document 2 (performance of porous carbon nanofiber as a microporous layer of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, chemical development, 2020, volume 39, stage 10, 3995-.
However, the above-mentioned microporous layer still has the problem that the reaction gas and the product water share the three-dimensional network transmission channel built by the fiber, especially at high current density, the amount of generated water is large, and the required reaction gas is much, thereby causing mutual restriction of transmission of the two, and mass transfer polarization is increased due to insufficient supply of the reaction gas, and output voltage and power density are reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem that reaction gas and product water in a microporous layer of a membrane electrode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell in the prior art share a three-dimensional network transmission channel built by fibers, and provides a new idea for separating and transmitting the reaction gas and the liquid product water. The invention has more scientific water management level than the traditional microporous layer material, and has the advantage of reducing mass transfer polarization.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission, which is a nano carbon fiber with a hollow structure; the inner surface of the nano carbon fiber has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the nano carbon fiber has hydrophobicity, and micropores communicating the inner surface and the outer surface are distributed on the nano carbon fiber.
The size of the channel space built between the carbon nanofibers is far larger than that of a fiber hollow structure, the channel between the carbon nanofibers has small gas transmission resistance, gas tends to flow away from the channel between the hydrophobic carbon nanofibers on the outside, the inner surface of the carbon nanofibers has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the carbon nanofibers has hydrophobicity, and the hydrophilic-hydrophobic difference between the inner surface and the outer surface enables more water to enter the hollow part, so that the water is transmitted in the hollow way through the hydrophilic inner surface of the carbon nanofibers, the channel between the hydrophobic carbon nanofibers on the outside is used as a transmission path of reaction gas, the schematic diagram of the carbon nanofiber structure and the water transmitted in the hollow part is shown in figure 2, so that the purposes of separating and transmitting the reaction gas and liquid product water in the membrane electrode can be realized (the separation and transmission of the water and the gas are relative, the water and the gas can not be absolutely and completely separated, compared with the original single channel, water and gas have own preferential channel transmission), the invention has more scientific water management level than the traditional microporous layer material, and can reduce mass transfer polarization, thereby improving the performance of the battery.
As a preferred technical scheme:
the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is characterized in that the average outer diameter of the nano carbon fiber is 100-1000 nm, the hollowness (i.e. the percentage of the hollow part of the fiber section in the whole cross-sectional area of the fiber) of the nano carbon fiber is 20-60%, and the specific surface area (test method is BET method) of the nano carbon fiber is 150-250 m2/g。
The microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission has the average pore diameter (the test method is a BET method) of 10-100 nanometers.
The invention also provides a method for preparing the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission, which comprises the steps of firstly preparing sheath-core composite nanofibers with a mixture of polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate as a skin layer and a mixture of polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate as a core layer, then carrying out pre-oxidation treatment on the sheath-core composite nanofibers, then carrying out carbonization treatment on the products of the pre-oxidation treatment until the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer and the skin layer is completely pyrolyzed, converting the butyl titanate in the core layer into titanium dioxide to be deposited on the inner surface of the fibers in situ, converting the polyacrylonitrile in the skin layer into carbon, and finally carrying out hydrophobic treatment on the outer surface of the products obtained by the carbonization treatment to obtain the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission; in the preparation process, the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer is completely pyrolyzed to form a hollow structure, the polymethyl methacrylate in the skin layer is completely pyrolyzed to form micropores, holes formed on the fiber wall are random due to the continuous random distribution of the polymethyl methacrylate components from the hollow part to the outer surface, and the pore-forming agent polymethyl methacrylate is removed through carbonization treatment, at least one part of the micropores is penetrated from the surface to the hollow part, so that at least one part of micropores penetrated from the surface to the hollow part is obtained, and the micropores are determined by the random distribution of the phase state; in the preparation process, the inner surface of the carbon nanofiber is endowed with hydrophilicity by the generation of titanium dioxide, and the outer surface of the carbon nanofiber is endowed with hydrophobicity by hydrophobic treatment.
As a preferred technical scheme:
the preparation method of the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission comprises the following steps: firstly, dissolving polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate in dimethyl formamide together to form a skin layer solution, simultaneously dissolving polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate in dimethyl formamide together to form a core layer solution, and then carrying out coaxial electrostatic spinning on the skin layer solution and the core layer solution to obtain the skin-core composite nanofiber.
In the preparation method of the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission, the total solid content (i.e. the sum of the mass contents of all solutes) in the sheath layer solution is 15-30%, and the mass ratio of polyacrylonitrile to polymethyl methacrylate in the sheath layer solution is 60: 40-90: 10 (because polyacrylonitrile is used as a continuous phase matrix in the fiber, at least 50% of polyacrylonitrile and 60% of polyacrylonitrile are more appropriate, the pore-forming agent polymethyl methacrylate can be ensured to be separated in the matrix, a bicontinuous structure is avoided, polymethyl methacrylate is a pore-forming agent and should be dispersed in the polyacrylonitrile in an isolated manner, and the content of 10% or more is required in consideration of a certain amount of pore volume requirement); the total solid content (namely the sum of the mass contents of all solutes) in the core layer solution is 15-30%, the mass ratio of the butyl titanate and the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer solution is 1: 99-8: 92 (the butyl titanate is added into the polymer as a small molecule to influence the spinning performance, the addition amount is not more than 8 wt%, otherwise, the spinning is difficult to carry out); the mass ratio of the skin layer solution to the core layer solution is 80-50: 20-50.
The preparation method of the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is characterized in that the hydrophobic treatment adopts polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion; the loading capacity of the polytetrafluoroethylene on the surface of the carbon nanofiber after the hydrophobic treatment is 2 wt% -20 wt%, the loading capacity of the polytetrafluoroethylene is not suitable to be too large, and otherwise, the conductivity of the microporous layer material is influenced; the specific process of the hydrophobic treatment comprises the following steps: firstly, deionized water, isopropanol or methanol is adopted to adjust the concentration of the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion liquid to 10 wt% -40 wt% (the solution concentration is determined according to the load of polytetrafluoroethylene on the surface of the carbon nanofibers, low concentration is used when the load is low, and high concentration is used when the load is high), then the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion liquid is sprayed on the outer surface of a product obtained by carbonization treatment (in the process, because the contact angle of the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion liquid and the carbon nanofibers is large, micropores and hollows cannot be infiltrated, the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion liquid and the carbon nanofibers are difficult to enter), and finally the solvent is removed by heat treatment (heat treatment at 350 ℃ for 1 hour).
The invention also provides a proton exchange membrane fuel cell microporous layer formed by spraying a uniform slurry containing a microporous layer material onto carbon paper, the microporous layer material being a water/gas separation transport microporous layer material as described in any of the above.
The invention also provides a membrane electrode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which comprises the microporous layer of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
The invention also provides a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which comprises the membrane electrode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Has the advantages that:
(1) the invention provides a new idea for separating and transmitting reaction gas and liquid product water based on material innovation, which is not reported in the prior literature; the implementation of the invention is hopeful to better solve the problem of water management in the membrane electrode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
(2) compared with the traditional carbon black particle material, the fibrous material as the microporous layer can construct a more loose three-dimensional structure, thereby reducing the resistance of mass transfer; then the hydrophilic and hydrophobic specific binding with the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow fiber further improves the mass transfer and the water management level;
(3) the nano-fiber shape of the microporous layer is closer to the shape of the carbon paper supporting layer, and compared with the shape of carbon black and the carbon paper, the nano-fiber shape of the microporous layer can construct a finer interface structure, reduce the internal resistance of the membrane electrode and reduce the retention space of water;
(4) the porous hollow carbon nanofiber used as a microporous layer material creates a multi-level pore channel construction, not only utilizes network channels among fibers, but also utilizes fiber hollows and micropores in the fibers, and has a multi-level mass transfer channel.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the composition of a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) of a PEM fuel cell to which the present invention is applied;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the hollow porous filamentous nanocarbon structure of the present invention with water transported through the hollow interior;
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of the morphology structure of the hollow porous filamentous nanocarbon prepared by the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the preparation process of the hollow porous filamentous nanocarbon according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing voltage-current density curves of a single cell comprising a membrane electrode-1 and a single cell comprising a membrane electrode-2 (reactant: H)2/O2Cathode/anode catalyst loading: 0.5mg cm-2/0.25mg cm-2Nafion 212 membrane, 100% RH, temperature: room temperature), wherein MPL-H-PCNF represents using hollow porous carbon nanofiber as a microporous layer material, and MPL-CB represents using carbon black as a microporous layer material;
FIG. 6 shows the voltage-current density curves (reactions) of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-9 and the single cell containing the membrane electrode-10An object: h2/O2Cathode/anode catalyst loading: 0.5mg cm-2/0.25mg cm-2Nafion 212 membrane, 100% RH, temperature: room temperature), wherein MPL-H-PCNF represents the use of hollow porous carbon nanofibers as the microporous layer material, and MPL-CB represents the use of carbon black as the microporous layer material.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Further, it should be understood that various changes or modifications of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art after reading the teaching of the present invention, and such equivalents may fall within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
Description of sources of experimental materials: carbon paper TGP-H-060 was manufactured by Toray, nano carbon black particles (Vulcan XC-72) was manufactured by Cabot corporation, Nafion 212 membrane and membrane solution DE520(Nafion mass fraction of 5%) was manufactured by Du-Pont corporation, and catalyst Pt/C with noble metal Pt mass fraction of 20% was manufactured by Johnson Matthey corporation. Polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion (mass fraction: 60%), dimethylformamide and methanol were all available from the national pharmaceutical group chemical reagents, Inc. Carbon fiber precursor raw materials Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pore-forming material Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are commercially available conventional chemical raw materials.
Single cell performance test of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (proton exchange membrane fuel cell includes single cell, also includes electric pile formed by combining multiple single cells (series or parallel), research and experiment test is generally testing single cell): the single cell was tested using the Guangdong institute of electrical and electronic technology GE/FC1-100 cell activation system. At room temperature, H2And O2The intake air flow rates of (A) are 100mL/min and 200mL/min, respectively. The humidification humidity of the reaction gases was 100% RH. The monocells are respectively activated by constant current under the conditions of small current, medium current and large current, and the activation can enable the catalyst to work normally. After the activation is stable, a gradual current discharge mode is adopted for testing.
Example 1
A preparation method of a microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is shown in figure 4, and comprises the following specific steps:
(1) preparing a skin layer solution and a core layer solution;
dissolving polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate in dimethylformamide together to form a skin layer solution; the total solid content in the cortex solution is 15%, and the mass ratio of polyacrylonitrile to polymethyl methacrylate in the cortex solution is 70: 30;
dissolving polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate in dimethyl formamide together to form a core layer solution, wherein the total solid content in the core layer solution is 20%, and the mass ratio of the butyl titanate to the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer solution is 6: 94;
(2) carrying out coaxial electrostatic spinning on the skin layer solution and the core layer solution according to the mass ratio of 50:50, using a conventional coaxial electrostatic spinning nozzle, and enabling the specification of a needle head to be as follows: the diameter of an inner spray head is 14mm, the diameter of an outer spray head is 18mm, the spinning voltage is 18kV, the distance of a receiving screen is 18cm, the injection speeds of a core layer solution and a skin layer solution are 0.3mL/h and 0.5mL/h respectively, spinning is carried out at room temperature, and the humidity is controlled to be 30% RH, so that the skin-core composite nanofiber is obtained;
(3) heating the sheath-core composite nanofiber prepared in the step (2) from room temperature to 280 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min in an air atmosphere, keeping the temperature for 45min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a preoxidized product; placing the product subjected to pre-oxidation treatment in a high-temperature carbonization furnace, heating to 1200 ℃ from room temperature at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, keeping the temperature for 60min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a carbonized product;
(4) adjusting the concentration of the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion to 35 wt% by adopting methanol, then spraying the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion on the outer surface of the carbonized product prepared in the step (3), and finally carrying out heat treatment at 350 ℃ for 1 hour to remove the solvent to obtain a water/gas separation and transmission microporous layer material; wherein the loading of the polytetrafluoroethylene on the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is 15 wt%.
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is nano carbon fiber with a hollow structure, and the morphology and the structure of the microporous layer material are shown schematicallyAs shown in fig. 3; the inner surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophobicity, and micropores communicating the inner surface with the outer surface are distributed on the carbon nanofiber; the average outer diameter of the carbon nanofibers is 450 nanometers, and the hollowness of the carbon nanofibers is 55 percent; the average pore diameter of the micropores is 46 nanometers, and the specific surface area of the carbon nanofibers is 235m2/g。
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is used as a microporous layer material to assemble a membrane electrode (the assembly process of the membrane electrode is basically the same as that of a document (the performance of porous carbon nanofiber as a microporous layer of a single proton exchange membrane cell, 2020, volume 39, phase 10, 3995-4000.), the difference is only the microporous layer material), the composition schematic diagram of the membrane electrode is shown in figure 1, and the finally obtained membrane electrode is marked as a membrane electrode-1.
Referring to the membrane electrode-1 to assemble the membrane electrode-2, the assembly process of the membrane electrode-2 is substantially the same as that of the membrane electrode-1 except that the microporous layer material is a microporous layer material, and the preparation process of the microporous layer material corresponding to the membrane electrode-2 is substantially the same as that of the step (4) of this example, except that the spray-coated object is carbon black nanoparticles (Vulcan XC-72, Cabot corporation), not a carbonized-treated product prepared in this example.
The performance of the single cell is tested by respectively installing the membrane electrode-1 and the membrane electrode-2 into a single cell test system, and the results show that: the power generation power of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-1 is higher than that of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-2 under the same current density, and as shown in figure 5, the maximum power density of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-1 reaches 168.2mW/cm2While the maximum power density of a single cell containing the membrane electrode-2 only reaches 113.6mW/cm2。
Comparative example 1
A method of making a microporous layer material, substantially as in example 1, except that: (a) only preparing a skin layer solution and not preparing a core layer solution in the step (1); (b) in the step (2), single-shaft electrostatic spinning is adopted, and the specification of the needle head is as follows: the diameter of the spray head is 18mm, and the injection speed is 0.5 mL/h.
Referring to the assembly of the membrane electrode-1 to the membrane electrode-3, the assembly process of the membrane electrode-3 is basically the membrane electrode-1 except that the microporous layer material is the microporous layer material prepared in comparative example 1.
The performance of the single cell is tested by installing the membrane electrode-3 into a single cell testing system under the same testing conditions as example 1, and the results show that: the maximum power density of a single cell containing the membrane electrode-3 reaches 128.3mW/cm2And the material is far lower than that of a single cell containing the membrane electrode-1, because the microporous layer material is only porous carbon fiber and has no hollow structure, and the transmission and separation of water and gas cannot be realized.
Example 2
A preparation method of a microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission comprises the following specific steps:
(1) preparing a skin layer solution and a core layer solution;
dissolving polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate in dimethyl formamide together to form a cortex solution, wherein the total solid content in the cortex solution is 15%, and the mass ratio of polyacrylonitrile to polymethyl methacrylate in the cortex solution is 70: 30;
dissolving polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate in dimethyl formamide together to form a core layer solution, wherein the total solid content in the core layer solution is 20%, and the mass ratio of the butyl titanate to the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer solution is 5: 95;
(2) carrying out coaxial electrostatic spinning on the skin layer solution and the core layer solution according to the mass ratio of 70:30, using a conventional coaxial electrostatic spinning nozzle, and enabling the specification of a needle head to be as follows: the diameter of an inner spray head is 14mm, the diameter of an outer spray head is 18mm, the spinning voltage is 18kV, the distance of a receiving screen is 18cm, the injection speeds of a core layer solution and a skin layer solution are 0.3mL/h and 0.5mL/h respectively, spinning is carried out at room temperature, and the humidity is controlled to be 30% RH, so that the skin-core composite nanofiber is obtained;
(3) heating the sheath-core composite nanofiber prepared in the step (2) from room temperature to 280 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min in an air atmosphere, keeping the temperature for 45min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a preoxidized product; placing the product subjected to pre-oxidation treatment in a high-temperature carbonization furnace, heating to 1200 ℃ from room temperature at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, keeping the temperature for 60min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a carbonized product;
(4) adjusting the concentration of the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion to 30 wt% by adopting methanol, then spraying the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion on the outer surface of the carbonized product prepared in the step (3), and finally carrying out heat treatment at 350 ℃ for 1 hour to remove the solvent to obtain a water/gas separation and transmission microporous layer material; wherein the loading capacity of the polytetrafluoroethylene on the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is 10 wt%;
the prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is carbon nanofibers with a hollow structure; the inner surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophobicity, and micropores communicating the inner surface with the outer surface are distributed on the carbon nanofiber; the average outer diameter of the carbon nanofibers is 500 nanometers, and the hollowness of the carbon nanofibers is 30 percent; the average pore diameter of the micropores is 50 nm, and the specific surface area of the carbon nanofibers is 212m2/g。
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is used as a microporous layer material to assemble a membrane electrode (the assembly process of the membrane electrode is basically the same as that of a document (the performance of porous carbon nanofiber as a microporous layer of a single proton exchange membrane battery, 2020, volume 39, phase 10, 3995-4000.), the difference is only the microporous layer material), and the finally obtained membrane electrode is marked as a membrane electrode-4.
Referring to the membrane electrode-4, the membrane electrode-5 was assembled, and the assembly process of the membrane electrode-5 was substantially the same as that of the membrane electrode-4 except that the microporous layer material was used, and the microporous layer material corresponding to the membrane electrode-5 was prepared substantially in the same manner as that of the step (4) of this example, except that the target to be sprayed was carbon black nanoparticles (Vulcan XC-72, Cabot corporation), instead of the carbonized product prepared in this example.
The performance of the single cell is tested by respectively installing the membrane electrode-4 and the membrane electrode-5 into a single cell test system, and the results show that: the power generation power of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-4 is higher than that of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-5 under the same current density, and the maximum power density of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-4 reaches 148.2mW/cm2While the maximum power density of a single cell containing the membrane electrode-5 only reaches 104.6mW/cm2。
Comparative example 2
A method of making a microporous layer material, substantially as in example 2, except that: (a) only preparing a skin layer solution and not preparing a core layer solution in the step (1); (b) in the step (2), single-shaft electrostatic spinning is adopted, and the specification of the needle head is as follows: the diameter of the spray head is 18mm, and the injection speed is 0.5 mL/h.
Referring to membrane electrode-4 assembly membrane electrode-6, the assembly process of membrane electrode-6 is basically membrane electrode-4 except that the microporous layer material is the microporous layer material prepared in comparative example 2.
The performance of the single cell is tested by installing the membrane electrode-6 into a single cell testing system under the same testing conditions as example 2, and the results show that: the maximum power density of a single cell containing the membrane electrode-6 reaches 117.2mW/cm2Is far lower than a single cell containing the membrane electrode-4, because the microporous layer material of the membrane electrode-6 is only porous carbon fiber, has no hollow structure and can not realize the transmission and separation of water and gas.
Comparing comparative examples 1 and 2 with examples 1 and 2, it can be seen that the membrane electrode prepared by the method of the present invention, which has hydrophilic/hydrophobic specificity on the inner/outer surface and is prepared by hollow porous carbon nanofibers (H-PCNF) with through holes on the surface to be hollow, exhibits lower mass transfer polarization and higher power density, and the maximum power density of the membrane electrode can be increased by 30 to 50% compared with the membrane electrode using the conventional carbon black microporous layer. The comparison can show the advantages of the invention and obtain better technical effect.
Example 3
A preparation method of a microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission comprises the following specific steps:
(1) preparing a skin layer solution and a core layer solution;
dissolving polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate in dimethyl formamide together to form a skin layer solution, wherein the total solid content in the skin layer solution is 15%, and the mass ratio of polyacrylonitrile to polymethyl methacrylate in the skin layer solution is 80: 20;
dissolving polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate in dimethyl formamide together to form a core layer solution, wherein the total solid content in the core layer solution is 20%, and the mass ratio of the butyl titanate to the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer solution is 3: 97;
(2) carrying out coaxial electrostatic spinning on the skin layer solution and the core layer solution according to the mass ratio of 70:30, using a conventional coaxial electrostatic spinning nozzle, and enabling the specification of a needle head to be as follows: the diameter of an inner spray head is 14mm, the diameter of an outer spray head is 18mm, the spinning voltage is 18kV, the distance of a receiving screen is 18cm, the injection speeds of a core layer solution and a skin layer solution are 0.3mL/h and 0.5mL/h respectively, spinning is carried out at room temperature, and the humidity is controlled to be 30% RH, so that the skin-core composite nanofiber is obtained;
(3) heating the sheath-core composite nanofiber prepared in the step (2) from room temperature to 280 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min in the air atmosphere, keeping the temperature for 45min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a pre-oxidized product; placing the product subjected to pre-oxidation treatment in a high-temperature carbonization furnace, heating to 1200 ℃ from room temperature at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, keeping the temperature for 60min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a carbonized product;
(4) adjusting the concentration of the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion to 20 wt% by adopting methanol, then spraying the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion on the outer surface of the carbonized product prepared in the step (3), and finally carrying out heat treatment at 350 ℃ for 1 hour to remove the solvent to obtain a water/gas separation and transmission microporous layer material; wherein the loading of polytetrafluoroethylene on the microporous layer material of the water/gas separation transport is 5 wt%.
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is carbon nanofibers with a hollow structure; the inner surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophobicity, and micropores communicating the inner surface with the outer surface are distributed on the carbon nanofiber; the average outer diameter of the carbon nanofibers is 380 nanometers, and the hollowness of the carbon nanofibers is 32 percent; the average pore diameter of the micropores is 43 nanometers, and the specific surface area of the carbon nanofibers is 207m2/g。
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is used as a microporous layer material to assemble a membrane electrode (the assembly process of the membrane electrode is basically the same as that of a document (the performance of porous carbon nanofiber as a microporous layer of a single proton exchange membrane battery, 2020, volume 39, phase 10, 3995-4000.), the difference is only the microporous layer material), and the finally obtained membrane electrode is marked as a membrane electrode-7.
Referring to the membrane electrode-7, the membrane electrode-8 was assembled, and the assembly process of the membrane electrode-8 was substantially the same as that of the membrane electrode-7 except that the microporous layer material was used, and the microporous layer material corresponding to the membrane electrode-8 was prepared substantially in the same manner as that of the step (4) of this example, except that the spray-coated target was carbon black nanoparticles (Vulcan XC-72, Cabot corporation), instead of the carbonized-treated product prepared in this example.
The performance of the single cell is tested by respectively installing the membrane electrode-7 and the membrane electrode-8 into a single cell test system, and the results show that: the power generation power of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-7 is higher than that of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-8 under the same current density, and the maximum power density of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-7 reaches 108.8mW/cm2While the maximum power density of a single cell containing the membrane electrode-8 only reaches 78.6mW/cm2。
Example 4
A preparation method of a microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission comprises the following specific steps:
(1) preparing a skin layer solution and a core layer solution;
dissolving polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate in dimethyl formamide together to form a cortex solution, wherein the total solid content in the cortex solution is 16%, and the mass ratio of polyacrylonitrile to polymethyl methacrylate in the cortex solution is 90: 10;
dissolving polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate in dimethyl formamide together to form a core layer solution, wherein the total solid content in the core layer solution is 18%, and the mass ratio of the butyl titanate to the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer solution is 3: 97;
(2) carrying out coaxial electrostatic spinning on the skin layer solution and the core layer solution according to the mass ratio of 75:25, using a conventional coaxial electrostatic spinning nozzle, and enabling the specification of a needle head to be as follows: the diameter of an inner spray head is 14mm, the diameter of an outer spray head is 18mm, the spinning voltage is 18kV, the distance of a receiving screen is 18cm, the injection speeds of a core layer solution and a skin layer solution are 0.3mL/h and 0.5mL/h respectively, spinning is carried out at room temperature, and the humidity is controlled to be 30% RH, so that the skin-core composite nanofiber is obtained;
(3) heating the sheath-core composite nanofiber prepared in the step (2) from room temperature to 280 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min in an air atmosphere, keeping the temperature for 45min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a preoxidized product; placing the product subjected to pre-oxidation treatment in a high-temperature carbonization furnace, heating to 1200 ℃ from room temperature at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, keeping the temperature for 60min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a carbonized product;
(4) adjusting the concentration of the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion to 12 wt% by adopting methanol, then spraying the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion on the outer surface of the carbonized product prepared in the step (3), and finally carrying out heat treatment at 350 ℃ for 1 hour to remove the solvent to obtain a water/gas separation and transmission microporous layer material; wherein the loading of polytetrafluoroethylene on the microporous layer material of the water/gas separation transport is 2 wt%.
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is carbon nanofibers with a hollow structure; the inner surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophobicity, and micropores communicating the inner surface with the outer surface are distributed on the carbon nanofiber; the average outer diameter of the nano carbon fiber is 405 nanometers, and the hollowness of the nano carbon fiber is 24 percent; the average pore diameter of the micropores is 65 nanometers, and the specific surface area of the carbon nanofibers is 183m2/g。
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is used as a microporous layer material to assemble a membrane electrode (the assembly process of the membrane electrode is basically the same as that of a document (the performance of porous carbon nanofiber as a microporous layer of a single proton exchange membrane battery, 2020, volume 39, phase 10, 3995-4000.), the difference is only the microporous layer material), and the finally obtained membrane electrode is marked as a membrane electrode-9.
Referring to the membrane electrode-9 assembly membrane electrode-10, the assembly process of the membrane electrode-10 is basically the membrane electrode-9, except for the microporous layer material, the preparation process of the microporous layer material corresponding to the membrane electrode-10 is basically the same as the step (4) of this example, except that the sprayed object is the nano carbon black particles (Vulcan XC-72, Cabot corporation), not the carbonized product prepared in this example.
Respectively mounting the membrane electrode-9 and the membrane electrode-10 into a single cell test system for testingThe performance of the single cell shows that: the power generation power of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-9 is higher than that of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-10 under the same current density, and as shown in figure 6, the maximum power density of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-9 reaches 70mW/cm2While the maximum power density of a single cell containing the membrane electrode-10 only reaches 53.6mW/cm2。
Example 5
A preparation method of a microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission comprises the following specific steps:
(1) preparing a skin layer solution and a core layer solution;
dissolving polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate in dimethyl formamide together to form a skin layer solution, wherein the total solid content in the skin layer solution is 30%, and the mass ratio of polyacrylonitrile to polymethyl methacrylate in the skin layer solution is 60: 40;
dissolving polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate in dimethyl formamide together to form a core layer solution, wherein the total solid content in the core layer solution is 15%, and the mass ratio of the butyl titanate to the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer solution is 1: 99;
(2) carrying out coaxial electrostatic spinning on the skin layer solution and the core layer solution according to the mass ratio of 75:25, using a conventional coaxial electrostatic spinning nozzle, and enabling the specification of a needle head to be as follows: the diameter of an inner spray head is 14mm, the diameter of an outer spray head is 18mm, the spinning voltage is 18kV, the distance of a receiving screen is 18cm, the injection speeds of a core layer solution and a skin layer solution are 0.3mL/h and 0.5mL/h respectively, spinning is carried out at room temperature, and the humidity is controlled to be 30% RH, so that the skin-core composite nanofiber is obtained;
(3) heating the sheath-core composite nanofiber prepared in the step (2) from room temperature to 280 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min in an air atmosphere, keeping the temperature for 45min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a preoxidized product; placing the product subjected to pre-oxidation treatment in a high-temperature carbonization furnace, heating to 1200 ℃ from room temperature at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, keeping the temperature for 60min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a carbonized product;
(4) adjusting the concentration of the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion to 10 wt% by adopting water, then spraying the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion on the outer surface of the carbonized product prepared in the step (3), and finally carrying out heat treatment at 350 ℃ for 1 hour to remove the solvent to obtain the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission, wherein the loading amount of the polytetrafluoroethylene on the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is 2 wt%.
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is carbon nanofibers with a hollow structure; the inner surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophobicity, and micropores communicating the inner surface with the outer surface are distributed on the carbon nanofiber; the average outer diameter of the nano carbon fiber is 680 nanometers, and the hollowness of the nano carbon fiber is 23 percent; the average pore diameter of the micropores is 73 nm, and the specific surface area of the carbon nanofibers is 168m2/g。
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is used as a microporous layer material to assemble a membrane electrode (the assembly process of the membrane electrode is basically the same as that of a document (the performance of porous carbon nanofiber as a microporous layer of a single proton exchange membrane battery, 2020, volume 39, phase 10, 3995-4000.), the difference is only the microporous layer material), and the finally obtained membrane electrode is marked as a membrane electrode-11.
Referring to the membrane electrode-11 assembly membrane electrode-12, the membrane electrode-12 assembly process is substantially the same as the membrane electrode-11 except that the microporous layer material is used as the microporous layer material, and the microporous layer material corresponding to the membrane electrode-12 is prepared substantially in the same manner as the step (4) of this example, except that the sprayed target is carbon black nanoparticles (Vulcan XC-72, Cabot corporation), not the carbonized product prepared in this example.
The performance of the single cell was tested by mounting the membrane electrode-11 and the membrane electrode-12 into a single cell test system, respectively, and the results showed that: the power generation power of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-11 is higher than that of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-12 under the same current density, and the maximum power density of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-11 reaches 63.8W/cm2While the maximum power density of a single cell containing the membrane electrode-12 only reaches 48.9W/cm2。
Example 6
A preparation method of a microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission comprises the following specific steps:
(1) preparing a skin layer solution and a core layer solution;
dissolving polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate in dimethyl formamide together to form a skin layer solution, wherein the total solid content in the skin layer solution is 30%, and the mass ratio of polyacrylonitrile to polymethyl methacrylate in the skin layer solution is 80: 20;
dissolving polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate in dimethyl formamide together to form a core layer solution, wherein the total solid content in the core layer solution is 30%, and the mass ratio of the butyl titanate to the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer solution is 8: 92;
(2) carrying out coaxial electrostatic spinning on the skin layer solution and the core layer solution according to the mass ratio of 70:30, using a conventional coaxial electrostatic spinning nozzle, and enabling the specification of a needle head to be as follows: the diameter of an inner spray head is 14mm, the diameter of an outer spray head is 18mm, the spinning voltage is 18kV, the distance of a receiving screen is 18cm, the injection speeds of a core layer solution and a skin layer solution are 0.3mL/h and 0.5mL/h respectively, spinning is carried out at room temperature, and the humidity is controlled to be 30% RH, so that the skin-core composite nanofiber is obtained;
(3) heating the sheath-core composite nanofiber prepared in the step (2) from room temperature to 280 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min in an air atmosphere, keeping the temperature for 45min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a preoxidized product; placing the product subjected to pre-oxidation treatment in a high-temperature carbonization furnace, heating to 1200 ℃ from room temperature at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min under the protection of nitrogen, keeping the temperature for 60min, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a carbonized product;
(4) adjusting the concentration of the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion to 40 wt% by using isopropanol, then spraying the mixture on the outer surface of the carbonized product prepared in the step (3), and finally carrying out heat treatment at 350 ℃ for 1 hour to remove the solvent to obtain a water/gas separation and transmission microporous layer material; wherein the loading of the polytetrafluoroethylene on the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is 20 wt%.
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is carbon nanofibers with a hollow structure; the inner surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the carbon nanofiber has hydrophobicity, and micropores communicating the inner surface with the outer surface are distributed on the carbon nanofiber; sodium (A)The average outer diameter of the carbon nanofibers is 455 nanometers, and the hollowness of the carbon nanofibers is 33 percent; the average pore diameter of the micropores is 65 nm, and the specific surface area of the filamentous nanocarbon is 228m2/g。
The prepared microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is used as a microporous layer material to assemble a membrane electrode (the assembly process of the membrane electrode is basically the same as that of a document (the performance of porous carbon nanofiber as a microporous layer of a single proton exchange membrane battery, 2020, volume 39, phase 10, 3995-4000.), the difference is only the microporous layer material), and the finally obtained membrane electrode is marked as a membrane electrode-13.
Referring to the membrane electrode-13 assembly membrane electrode-14, the membrane electrode-14 assembly process is basically the membrane electrode-13, and the difference is only in the microporous layer material, and the microporous layer material corresponding to the membrane electrode-14 is prepared substantially in the same manner as in the step (4) of this example, except that the sprayed object is the nano carbon black particles (Vulcan XC-72, Cabot corporation), not the carbonized product prepared in this example.
The performance of the single cell was tested by mounting the membrane electrode-13 and the membrane electrode-14 into a single cell test system, respectively, and the results showed that: the power generation power of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-13 is higher than that of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-14 under the same current density, and the maximum power density of the single cell containing the membrane electrode-13 reaches 153.6W/cm2While the maximum power density of a single cell containing the membrane electrode-14 only reaches 102.6W/cm2。
Claims (10)
1. The microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission is characterized by being carbon nanofibers with hollow structures; the inner surface of the nano carbon fiber has hydrophilicity, the outer surface of the nano carbon fiber has hydrophobicity, and micropores communicating the inner surface and the outer surface are distributed on the nano carbon fiber.
2. The microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission according to claim 1, wherein the nano carbon fibers have an average outer diameter of 100 to 1000 nm, a degree of hollowness of 20 to 60%, and a specific surface area of 150 to E250m2/g。
3. The water/gas separating and transporting microporous layer material according to claim 1, wherein the average pore diameter of the micropores is 10-100 nm.
4. The method for preparing the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by firstly preparing sheath-core composite nanofibers of which the sheath layer is a mixture of polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate and the core layer is a mixture of polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate, then carrying out pre-oxidation treatment on the sheath-core composite nanofibers, then carrying out carbonization treatment on the products of the pre-oxidation treatment until the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer and the sheath layer is completely pyrolyzed, converting the butyl titanate in the core layer into titanium dioxide to be deposited on the inner surface of the fibers in situ, converting the polyacrylonitrile in the sheath layer into carbon, and finally carrying out hydrophobic treatment on the outer surface of the products obtained by the carbonization treatment to obtain the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission.
5. The preparation method of the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission according to claim 4, wherein the sheath-core composite nanofiber is prepared by the following steps: firstly, dissolving polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate in dimethyl formamide together to form a skin layer solution, simultaneously dissolving polymethyl methacrylate and butyl titanate in dimethyl formamide together to form a core layer solution, and then carrying out coaxial electrostatic spinning on the skin layer solution and the core layer solution to obtain the skin-core composite nanofiber.
6. The preparation method of the material of the microporous layer for water/gas separation and transmission according to claim 5, wherein the total solid content in the skin layer solution is 15-30%, and the mass ratio of polyacrylonitrile to polymethyl methacrylate in the skin layer solution is 60: 40-90: 10; the total solid content in the core layer solution is 15% -30%, and the mass ratio of the butyl titanate to the polymethyl methacrylate in the core layer solution is 1: 99-8: 92; the mass ratio of the skin layer solution to the core layer solution is 80-50: 20-50.
7. The method for preparing the microporous layer material for water/gas separation and transmission according to claim 4, wherein the hydrophobic treatment is polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion; the loading capacity of the polytetrafluoroethylene on the surface of the carbon nanofiber after the hydrophobic treatment is 2-20 wt%; the specific process of the hydrophobic treatment comprises the following steps: firstly, deionized water, isopropanol or methanol is adopted to adjust the concentration of the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion liquid to 10 wt% -40 wt%, then the polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion liquid is sprayed on the outer surface of a product obtained by carbonization treatment, and finally the solvent is removed by heat treatment.
8. A proton exchange membrane fuel cell microporous layer formed by spraying a uniform slurry containing a microporous layer material onto a carbon paper, wherein the microporous layer material is the water/gas separation transport microporous layer material according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
9. A membrane electrode assembly for a pem fuel cell comprising the microporous layer of claim 8.
10. A pem fuel cell comprising a pem fuel cell membrane electrode of claim 9.
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