CN113903942A - Fuel cell thermal management system giving consideration to cold start and humidity regulation and control method - Google Patents
Fuel cell thermal management system giving consideration to cold start and humidity regulation and control method Download PDFInfo
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- CN113903942A CN113903942A CN202111108421.2A CN202111108421A CN113903942A CN 113903942 A CN113903942 A CN 113903942A CN 202111108421 A CN202111108421 A CN 202111108421A CN 113903942 A CN113903942 A CN 113903942A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04111—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants using a compressor turbine assembly
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04126—Humidifying
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
- H01M8/04365—Temperature; Ambient temperature of other components of a fuel cell or fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04828—Humidity; Water content
- H01M8/04835—Humidity; Water content of fuel cell reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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Abstract
A fuel cell heat management system giving consideration to cold start and humidity regulation and control and a control method thereof are disclosed, which comprises a fuel cell stack, an air supply unit, a cooling liquid circulation unit and a fuel cell controller, wherein the fuel cell stack, the air supply unit and the cooling liquid circulation unit are electrically connected with the fuel cell controller, an air loop and a cooling loop of the air supply unit and the cooling liquid circulation unit are respectively communicated with an air inlet and an air outlet and a liquid inlet and an liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack, the cooling loop is also communicated with a solid adsorption type heat reservoir in the air loop, the fuel cell stack is heated by utilizing the adsorption heat released by solid adsorption materials in the solid adsorption type heat reservoir when adsorbing water in the air, the cold start of the fuel cell is realized, the air humidity at the cathode inlet of the fuel cell is flexibly regulated and controlled so as to control the water content of a membrane electrode in a reasonable range, the fuel cell has the advantages of high heat storage density, strong environmental adaptability and high energy utilization rate, and improves the endurance mileage of the fuel cell.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fuel cells, and relates to a fuel cell thermal management system giving consideration to cold start and humidity regulation and a control method.
Background
The large-scale commercialization of fuel cell vehicles, which is one of the solutions for the motorization of vehicles, also has problems of high cost, poor mileage, weak hydrogen infrastructure, and the like. The fuel cell cold start technology and the humidity control technology are two key bottleneck technologies which directly influence the endurance mileage of the fuel cell, and particularly bring great challenges to the winter running of a fuel cell automobile.
When the fuel cell is cold started in a low-temperature environment lower than 0 ℃ without taking any protective measures, water generated by the reaction can be frozen in the catalytic layer firstly, so that the reactive active sites of the catalytic layer are covered, the oxygen transmission is blocked, and the voltage drops suddenly; when the catalytic layer is completely covered with ice and the temperature of the stack has not risen above 0 ℃, ice may form in the diffusion layer and the flow channels, resulting in a failed cold start. On the other hand, the icing process of the catalyst layer can cause gaps between the catalyst layer and the proton exchange membrane, and meanwhile, the icing/melting cycle can cause the collapse and densification of the microporous structure of the catalyst layer and the coarsening of platinum particles in the catalyst layer, so that the electrochemical active surface area is reduced and difficult to recover, thereby causing permanent damage to the power generation performance of the fuel cell, and the damage to the cell is larger when the cold start temperature is lower as the cycle times are larger.
Current solutions to cold start of fuel cells fall into two categories: one is that gas purging is used to reduce the water content of the membrane electrode of the fuel cell when the electric pile is shut down, so as to reduce the formation of solid ice, but when the temperature of the electric pile is not raised to be above 0 ℃, the electric pile is only started to generate water and the water freezes, and firstly, ice is generated on the contact part of the platinum particle surface and the Nafion resin, once the temperature is raised to room temperature, the ice on the platinum and Nafion interface is melted, so that the interface is separated, and irreversible electrochemical active area loss is caused; the other type is that the electric pile and the internal polar plate and the membrane electrode thereof are preheated by the modes of electric heating of the vehicle-mounted power battery or catalytic combustion heat release of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen, and the like, wherein the electric pile can consume a part of electric quantity of the vehicle-mounted power battery, the power battery is difficult to cold start and greatly reduced in discharge capacity in a low-temperature environment, and the power battery can consume a part of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen, so that the electric pile and the internal polar plate and the membrane electrode thereof can shorten the endurance mileage of the fuel cell automobile.
On the other hand, in order to increase the endurance mileage of the fuel cell, it is necessary to ensure that the effective active area of the catalyst and the thickness of the proton exchange membrane are not attenuated, and the water content in the membrane electrode of the fuel cell has an important influence on the effective active area and the thickness of the proton exchange membrane. Generally, the catalyst particles are easy to dissolve, agglomerate and redeposit at higher water content, so that the effective active area of the catalyst is reduced, and the oxygen-containing transition states such as impurities, hydroxyl radicals and the like are accumulated in the proton exchange membrane at lower water content, so that the chemical attenuation and thickness reduction of the proton exchange membrane are accelerated. However, due to the instant variation of vehicle-mounted fuel cell operating condition factors such as reactant gas flow, pressure, cell temperature and current density, the water content in the fuel cell membrane electrode varies greatly. Therefore, in order to improve the fuel cell mileage, it is necessary to ensure that the water content of the membrane electrode fluctuates within a reasonable range (i.e., between the maximum and minimum values). In the prior art, the water content of the membrane electrode is difficult to control in a reasonable range by a scheme of directly humidifying through a humidifier.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a fuel cell heat management system and a control method for considering cold start and humidity regulation, wherein a fuel cell stack, an air supply unit and a cooling liquid circulation unit are electrically connected with a fuel cell controller, an air loop and a cooling loop of the air supply unit and the cooling liquid circulation unit are respectively communicated with an air inlet, an air outlet, a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack, the cooling loop is also communicated with a solid adsorption type heat reservoir in the air loop, the adsorption heat released when water in the air is adsorbed by a solid adsorption material in the solid adsorption type heat reservoir is used for heating the fuel cell stack, the cold start of the fuel cell is realized, the air humidity at a cathode inlet of the fuel cell is flexibly regulated and controlled, and the water content of a membrane electrode is controlled in a reasonable range, the fuel cell heat management system has the advantages of large heat storage density, strong environmental adaptability and high energy utilization rate, the endurance mileage of the fuel cell is improved.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the utility model provides a compromise fuel cell thermal management system of cold start and humidity regulation and control, it includes fuel cell galvanic pile, air supply unit, coolant liquid circulation unit and fuel cell controller, the air return circuit of air supply unit and the business turn over gas port intercommunication of fuel cell galvanic pile, coolant liquid circulation unit's cooling circuit and the business turn over liquid port intercommunication of fuel cell galvanic pile, cooling circuit still with the solid adsorption type heat reservoir intercommunication in the air return circuit, fuel cell controller and air supply unit and coolant liquid circulation unit electric connection.
An air compressor, a third air proportional valve, a humidifier, a first three-way electromagnetic valve, a solid adsorption type heat reservoir and a two-way electromagnetic valve are sequentially connected in series in an air loop of the air supply unit; the first air proportional valve is communicated with the air filter and the air compressor; one end of a second air proportional valve is connected between an air compressor and a third air proportional valve in the air loop, the other end of the second air proportional valve is connected in a branch led out by a first three-way electromagnetic valve, and the branch is communicated with an air inlet of the fuel cell stack; and a branch in the air circuit led out from the position between the third air proportional valve and the humidifier is communicated with an air outlet of the fuel cell stack.
A water pump, a thermostat and a third three-way electromagnetic valve are sequentially connected in series in a cooling loop of the cooling liquid circulating unit; the water pump is communicated with a liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack, and a liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack is communicated with the third three-way electromagnetic valve; a branch connected with the thermostat is connected with a radiator in series, and the branch and the cooling loop are connected in parallel and then are led into the water pump together; and two branches connected with the third three-way electromagnetic valve are respectively communicated with a cooling liquid inlet and a cooling liquid outlet on the solid adsorption type heat reservoir.
The space between the solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir and the outer wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube is filled with heat insulating materials to form a heat preservation layer, and a cavity between the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube and the outer wall of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir tube is a fuel cell cooling liquid flowing pipeline.
The solid adsorbs formula heat storage pipe both ends and sets up circular steel mesh, is located the solid and adsorbs the heat-retaining material granule of intussuseption in the solid adsorbs formula heat storage pipe between two circular steel meshes, and the air intlet and the air outlet of solid adsorption formula heat storage pipe are located outside the solid adsorbs formula heat reservoir shell.
Fins which are arranged in an annular radial mode are arranged between the outer wall of the solid adsorption type heat storage tube and the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube.
A temperature sensor І is arranged in a solid adsorption type heat storage pipe of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir; an air outlet of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir is provided with a temperature sensor II; a temperature sensor III and a temperature sensor IV are respectively arranged at the liquid inlet side and the liquid outlet side of the fuel cell stack; and a humidity sensor and a second three-way electromagnetic valve are respectively arranged on the air inlet side and the air outlet side of the fuel cell stack.
The fuel cell controller is electrically connected with a temperature sensor І, a temperature sensor II and a humidity sensor in the air loop, and is electrically connected with a temperature sensor III and a temperature sensor IV in the cooling loop; the fuel cell controller is also electrically connected with a first air proportional valve, an air compressor, a second air proportional valve, a third air proportional valve, a first three-way electromagnetic valve, a second three-way electromagnetic valve and a two-way electromagnetic valve in the air loop, and is electrically connected with a water pump, a radiator and a third three-way electromagnetic valve in the cooling loop.
The fuel cell controller controls and controls the rotating speed of the air compressor, the water pump and the radiator.
The control method of the fuel cell thermal management system with both cold start and humidity regulation comprises the following steps:
s1, the fuel cell controller reads the current temperature T of the fuel cell stackFThen comparing TFAnd a cold start threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TSThe size of (A) to (B): if T isF＜TCProceed to S2 if TC≤TF≤TSProceed to S3 if TF＞TSProceed to S4;
s2, starting an air loop and a cooling loop to preheat the fuel cell stack;
s2-1, enabling air output by the air compressor to enter the fuel cell stack along a second air proportional valve, and enabling the air to enter the solid adsorption type heat reservoir from a second three-way electromagnetic valve, a humidifier and a first three-way electromagnetic valve in sequence and then return to the air compressor along a two-way electromagnetic valve; in the step, the third air proportional valve is in a closed state, the air subjected to primary temperature rise directly transfers heat to a membrane electrode of a fuel cell stack, the humidifier humidifies the air exhausted from the fuel cell stack, the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe performs physical adsorption on water vapor to reduce the freedom degree of water molecules to release a large amount of adsorption heat, the air flow is supplemented with heat and heated, the air subjected to temperature rise returns to the air compressor to heat again, and more heat is transferred to the fuel cell stack to accelerate preheating;
s2-2, driving a cooling liquid to flow through the solid adsorption type heat storage device by a water pump and return to the fuel cell stack, and enabling the cooling liquid heat exchange tube to absorb adsorption heat released from the solid adsorption type heat storage tube and enter the fuel cell stack to preheat a bipolar plate inside the fuel cell stack; in the step, the first air proportional valve is in a closed state, air forms a closed circulation loop along the air compressor, the second air proportional valve, the fuel cell stack of the fuel cell stack, the second three-way electromagnetic valve, the humidifier and the solid adsorption type heat reservoir in sequence, the fuel cell stack is continuously and progressively preheated, and T is monitored and compared in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size change in between;
s3, the fuel cell stack is started with small power and large current, and the generated electric energy is accelerated to warm up in the form of ohmic polarization heat until TF＞TSCompleting the cold start operation of the fuel cell; in the step, the opening degree of the first air proportional valve is adjusted, and the second three-way electromagnetic valve is opened intermittently to supply oxygen consumed in the self-heating process;
s4, opening a first air proportional valve and a third air proportional valve, starting a radiator, and respectively sending pulse width modulation signals to a water pump and the radiator through a PWM control mechanism to regulate and control the rotating speed of the water pump and the radiator to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack to be in an optimal working temperature interval; in the step, the fuel cell controller respectively adjusts the opening degrees of the second air proportional valve and the third air proportional valve according to the real-time working condition of the operation of the fuel cell so that the monitored value of the humidity sensor falls into the set humidity range;
s4-1, when the fuel cell is in high power output, namely large current operation or acceleration working condition, increasing the opening of the second air proportional valve and simultaneously reducing the opening of the third air proportional valve to enable the value of the humidity sensor to be close to the minimum value of the set humidity, and if the solid adsorption type heat reservoir is in a regeneration state to be desorbed, entering S5;
s4-2, when the fuel cell is in the deceleration or idling working condition, the opening of the third air proportional valve is increased and the opening of the second air proportional valve is reduced at the same time, or the rotating speed of the air compressor is increased to improve the air flow and increase the rotating speed of the radiator fan to reduce the temperature at the cathode inlet, so that the value of the humidity sensor at the cathode air inlet is close to the maximum value of the set humidity, and the water content in the membrane electrode is in the set range;
s5, forming negative pressure and humidification, and completing desorption regeneration to wait for the next cold start;
s5-1, forming negative pressure, and forming a negative pressure environment in the solid adsorption heat storage pipe communicated with the air compressor by the suction force generated at the air inlet of the air compressor during operation;
s5-2, humidifying, driving the cooling liquid by the water pump to carry the heat generated by the fuel cell in the large-current working process to the cooling liquid heat exchange tube, transferring the heat to the solid adsorption heat storage tube through heat exchange to heat the solid adsorption heat storage material in the solid adsorption heat storage tube, evaporating the adsorbed water by heat, rapidly desorbing the water from the adsorbent in a negative pressure environment, and immediately pumping the water out of the solid adsorption heat storage tube to enter an air compressor to realize pre-humidifying of air;
s5-3, desorption regeneration, the fuel cell controller regulates and controls the working temperature of the fuel cell and the humidity of the air inlet according to S4, and simultaneously monitors the temperature T displayed by the temperature sensor І and the temperature sensor II in real timeiAnd ToIf T is detected, the magnitude of T is changedi=ToAnd when the temperature of the fuel cell is higher than the preset temperature, the two-way electromagnetic valve is closed, and then the temperature returns to S4 to perform normal thermal management operation and humidity regulation, so that desorption regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material is completed, and the fuel cell is started in a cold state next time.
The invention has the main beneficial effects that:
the energy storage density is much higher than that of sensible heat and latent heat, so that the using amount and volume of the material can be reduced, and particularly, the zeolite/water working medium pair has the advantages of relatively high energy storage density and energy density, strong absorption capacity, large adsorption heat value, high adsorption speed and the like.
The heating speed is high, and the adsorption heat is utilized to perform heat supplementing heating on the air at the inlet of the air compressor, so that the defect that the heating is slow in the high-cold environment by adopting an air compressor compressed air preheating mode in the prior art is overcome.
The adsorption type heat storage device has strong environmental adaptability, and the adsorption bed can be always in an energy storage state without being limited by time and environmental temperature and long-time heat insulation and preservation as long as the adsorption bed is closed, namely the electromagnetic valves at the air inlet and the air outlet of the adsorption type heat storage device are closed, and no air flow passes through the adsorption bed, so that the cost of the device is reduced.
The energy utilization rate is high, and the cold start preheating process does not need external power supply heating or hydrogen combustion heating; the regeneration process fully utilizes the heat energy generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process to realize the desorption process of the adsorbate on the adsorbent, so that the waste heat generated by the fuel cell during working is stored in the solid heat storage material, the extra energy consumption required by the radiator during cooling the fuel cell is effectively reduced, and the cruising mileage of the fuel cell automobile is further prolonged.
The air proportional valve is arranged on the parallel bypass pipeline of the humidifier to adjust the air flow entering the humidifier to control the humidity of the cathode air inlet of the fuel cell, so that the water content of the membrane electrode is adjusted to a reasonable range, and the endurance mileage of the fuel cell is further improved.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a system diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing the internal structure of the magnetocaloric heat exchanger according to the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the solid sorption heat reservoir of the present invention at the coolant inlet.
Fig. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the middle part of the solid adsorption heat reservoir of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a cooling liquid outlet of the solid adsorption heat reservoir according to the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a solid adsorption heat storage tube of the solid adsorption heat reservoir of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is an operation diagram of the warm-up mode of the present invention before cold start.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of the operation of the present invention in a normal thermal management mode.
Fig. 9 is an operation diagram of the present invention in the desorption regeneration mode.
FIG. 10 is a schematic flow chart of the present invention.
In the figure: the fuel cell stack 1, the air supply unit 2, the air filter 201, the first air proportional valve 202, the air compressor 203, the second air proportional valve 204, the third air proportional valve 205, the humidifier 206, the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207, the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208, the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209, the solid adsorption heat reservoir housing 2091, the heat insulating layer 2092, the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093, the solid adsorption heat reservoir tube 2094, the solid adsorption heat reservoir particles 2095, the circular steel mesh 2096, the fins 2097, the air inlet 2098, the air outlet 2099, the temperature sensor І 210, the temperature sensor ii 211, the two-way electromagnetic valve 212, the humidity sensor 213, the cooling liquid circulation unit 3, the water pump 301, the radiator 302, the thermostat 303, the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304, the temperature sensor iii 305, the temperature sensor iv 306, the cooling liquid inlet 307, the cooling liquid outlet 308, and the fuel cell controller 4.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1 to 10, a fuel cell thermal management system with both cold start and humidity control includes a fuel cell stack 1, an air supply unit 2, a coolant circulation unit 3, and a fuel cell controller 4, wherein an air loop of the air supply unit 2 is communicated with an air inlet and an air outlet of the fuel cell stack 1, a cooling loop of the coolant circulation unit 3 is communicated with an liquid inlet and an liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1, the cooling loop is further communicated with a solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 in the air loop, and the fuel cell controller 4 is electrically connected with the air supply unit 2 and the coolant circulation unit 3. When the air-conditioning system is used, the adsorption heat released by the solid adsorption material in the solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 when adsorbing the water in the air is used for heating the fuel cell stack, so that the cold start of the fuel cell is realized, the air humidity at the cathode inlet of the fuel cell is flexibly regulated and controlled, the water content of the membrane electrode is controlled within a reasonable range, the air-conditioning system has the advantages of high heat storage density, strong environmental adaptability and high energy utilization rate, and the cruising mileage of the fuel cell is improved.
In a preferred embodiment, an air compressor 203, a third air proportional valve 205, a humidifier 206, a first three-way electromagnetic valve 207, a solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 and a two-way electromagnetic valve 212 are connected in series in the air circuit of the air supply unit 2 in sequence; the first air proportional valve 202 is communicated with the air filter 201 and the air compressor 203; one end of a second air proportional valve 204 is connected between the air compressor 203 and a third air proportional valve 205 in the air circuit, and the other end is connected in a branch led out by a first three-way electromagnetic valve 207, and the branch is communicated with an air inlet of the fuel cell stack 1; a branch of the air circuit leading from between the third air proportional valve 205 and the humidifier 206 communicates with the air outlet of the fuel cell stack 1.
In a preferred scheme, a water pump 301, a thermostat 303 and a third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 are sequentially connected in series in a cooling loop of the cooling liquid circulation unit 3; the water pump 301 is communicated with a liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack 1, and a liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 is communicated with a third three-way electromagnetic valve 304; a radiator 302 is connected in series on a branch connected with the thermostat 303, and the branch and a cooling loop are connected in parallel and then are introduced into the water pump 301 together; two branches connected with the third three-way solenoid valve 304 are respectively communicated with a cooling liquid inlet 307 and a cooling liquid outlet 308 on the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209.
Preferably, an expansion tank for constant-pressure fluid infusion is arranged on the inlet and outlet pipelines of the water pump 301.
Preferably, a space between the solid adsorption heat reservoir outer shell 2091 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 and the outer wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 is filled with a heat insulating material to form an insulating layer 2092, and a cavity between the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 and the outer wall of the solid adsorption heat reservoir tube 2094 is a fuel cell cooling liquid flow pipe. When in use, the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 is used for preheating the fuel cell stack 1 by adsorption heat released by the adsorbent adsorption adsorbate during cold start of the vehicle fuel cell so as to help the vehicle fuel cell to realize the cold start quickly.
In a preferable scheme, circular steel meshes 2096 are arranged at two ends of the solid adsorption type heat storage tube 2094, solid adsorption type heat storage material particles 2095 are filled in the solid adsorption type heat storage tube 2094 located between the two circular steel meshes 2096, and an air inlet 2098 and an air outlet 2099 of the solid adsorption type heat storage tube 2094 are located outside a solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell 2091. In use, the pores inside the solid absorbing heat storage material particles 2095 and the gaps between the particles are the flow channels for air.
Preferably, the solid adsorption heat storage material particles filled in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 include, but are not limited to, particles formed by silica gel, activated carbon, activated alumina, metal organic framework MOFs, natural zeolite, artificial zeolite molecular sieve, and porous adsorption solid material with abundant micropores, mesopores, and macropores.
Preferably, the artificial zeolite molecular sieve includes, but is not limited to, 3A, 4A, 5A, 13X spheres, 13X bars, artificial zeolite molecular sieve and zeolite molecular sieve/CaCl2Zeolite molecular sieves/MgCl2Zeolite molecular sieves/MgSO4And compounding the adsorbing material with hydrated salt.
In a preferable scheme, fins 2097 radially arranged in an annular shape are arranged between the outer wall of the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 and the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093. During manufacturing, the fins 2097 parallel to the axis are welded on the outer wall of the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094, and the outer edge of the fins 2097 is in close contact with the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093, so that mechanical support is provided for the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 and heat conduction to cooling liquid is enhanced.
In a preferred embodiment, a temperature sensor І 210 is disposed in the solid adsorption heat storage pipe 2094 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209; a temperature sensor II 211 is arranged at an air outlet 2099 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209; a temperature sensor III 305 and a temperature sensor IV 306 are respectively arranged at the liquid inlet side and the liquid outlet side of the fuel cell stack 1; the air inlet side and the air outlet side of the fuel cell stack 1 are provided with a humidity sensor 213 and a second three-way electromagnetic valve 208, respectively.
In a preferred scheme, the fuel cell controller 4 is electrically connected with a temperature sensor І 210, a temperature sensor II 211 and a humidity sensor 213 in an air loop, and is electrically connected with a temperature sensor III 305 and a temperature sensor IV 306 in a cooling loop; the fuel cell controller 4 is also electrically connected to a first air proportional valve 202, an air compressor 203, a second air proportional valve 204, a third air proportional valve 205, a first three-way solenoid valve 207, a second three-way solenoid valve 208, and a two-way solenoid valve 212 in the air circuit, and to a water pump 301, a radiator 302, and a third three-way solenoid valve 304 in the cooling circuit. When in use, the fuel cell controller 4 receives the signal and sends a command to control and regulate the rotating speed of the air compressor motor 203, the water pump 301 and the radiator 302, control the opening or closing of the electromagnetic valve 212 and control the opening degree of the first air proportional valve 202, the second air proportional valve 204 and the third air proportional valve 205; temperature sensor І 210 is used for monitoring the inside temperature of solid sorption formula heat reservoir 209, and temperature sensor II 211 is used for monitoring solid sorption formula heat reservoir 209 air outlet's temperature, and temperature sensor III 305 and temperature sensor IV 306 monitor the temperature of fuel cell coolant liquid, and humidity transducer 213 is used for monitoring the air humidity of fuel cell stack 1 air inlet.
In a preferred embodiment, the fuel cell controller 4 controls and controls the rotation speed of the air compressor 203, the water pump 301 and the radiator 302.
In a preferred embodiment, the control method for a fuel cell thermal management system with both cold start and humidity regulation as described above includes the following steps:
s1, fuelThe battery controller 4 reads the current temperature T of the fuel cell stack 1FThen comparing TFAnd a cold start threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TSThe size of (A) to (B): if T isF＜TCProceed to S2 if TC≤TF≤TSProceed to S3 if TF＞TSProceed to S4;
s2, starting an air loop and a cooling loop to preheat the fuel cell stack 1;
s2-1, the air output by the air compressor 203 enters the fuel cell stack 1 along the second air proportional valve 204, and then enters the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 from the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208, the humidifier 206, and the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207 in sequence, and then returns to the air compressor 203 along the two-way electromagnetic valve 212; in this step, the third air proportional valve 205 is in a closed state, the primarily heated air directly transfers heat to the membrane electrode of the fuel cell stack 1, the humidifier 206 humidifies the air exhausted from the fuel cell stack 1, the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 performs physical adsorption on water vapor to reduce the freedom degree of water molecules and release, releases a large amount of adsorption heat and performs heat compensation heating on the air flow, the heated air returns to the air compressor 203 to be heated again, and more heat is transferred to the fuel cell stack 1 to accelerate preheating;
s2-2, the water pump 301 drives the cooling liquid to flow through the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 and return to the fuel cell stack 1, and the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 absorbs the adsorption heat released from the solid adsorption heat reservoir tube 2094 and enters the fuel cell stack 1 to preheat the bipolar plate therein; in this step, the first air proportional valve 202 is in a closed state, and air forms a closed circulation loop along the air compressor 203, the second air proportional valve 204, the fuel cell stack 1 of the fuel cell stack 1, the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208, the humidifier 206 and the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 in sequence, continuously and progressively preheats the fuel cell stack 1, and monitors and compares T in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size change in between;
s3, the fuel cell stack 1 is started up with a small power and a large current, and the generated electric power is heated in ohmic polarizationForm of accelerating warm-up to TF＞TSCompleting the cold start operation of the fuel cell; in this step, the opening degree of the first air proportional valve 202 is adjusted and the second three-way solenoid valve 208 is opened intermittently to replenish the oxygen consumed in the self-heating process;
s4, the first air proportional valve 202 and the third air proportional valve 205 are opened, the radiator 302 is started, and the PWM control mechanism is used for respectively sending pulse width modulation signals to the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 to regulate and control the rotating speed of the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 so as to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 to be in the optimal working temperature interval; in this step, the fuel cell controller 4 adjusts the opening degrees of the second air proportional valve 204 and the third air proportional valve 205 respectively according to the real-time operating condition of the fuel cell so that the monitored value of the humidity sensor 213 falls within the set humidity range;
s4-1, when the fuel cell is in high power output, namely in large current operation or acceleration condition, the opening degree of the second air proportional valve 204 is increased, and the opening degree of the third air proportional valve 205 is reduced at the same time, so that the value of the humidity sensor 213 is close to the minimum value of the set humidity, and if the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 is in a regeneration state to be desorbed, the operation goes to S5;
s4-2, when the fuel cell is in a deceleration or idling condition, increasing the opening of the third air proportional valve 205 and simultaneously decreasing the opening of the second air proportional valve 204, or increasing the rotation speed of the air compressor 203 to increase the air flow and increase the rotation speed of the fan of the radiator 302 to reduce the temperature at the cathode inlet, so that the value of the humidity sensor 213 at the cathode air inlet is close to the maximum value of the set humidity, and the water content in the membrane electrode is in a set range;
s5, forming negative pressure and humidification, and completing desorption regeneration to wait for the next cold start;
s5-1, forming a negative pressure, and forming a negative pressure environment in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 communicated with the air compressor 203 by the suction force generated at the air inlet thereof when the air compressor is in operation;
s5-2, humidifying, the water pump 301 drives the cooling liquid to carry the heat generated by the fuel cell in the large current working process to the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093, and the heat is transferred to the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 through heat exchange to heat the solid adsorption heat storage material therein, the adsorbed water is evaporated by heat and rapidly desorbed from the adsorbent in the negative pressure environment, and then is extracted out of the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 to enter the air compressor 203 to realize pre-humidification of air;
s5-3, desorption regeneration, the fuel cell controller 4 regulates and controls the working temperature of the fuel cell and the humidity of the air inlet according to S4, and simultaneously monitors the temperature T displayed by the temperature sensor І 210 and the temperature sensor II 211 in real timeiAnd ToIf T is detected, the magnitude of T is changedi=ToWhen the temperature is higher than the preset temperature, the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 is closed, and then the operation returns to S4 to perform normal thermal management operation and humidity control, so that desorption regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material is completed, and the fuel cell is started in a cold state next time.
In the above technical solution, specifically:
as shown in fig. 1, a humidity sensor 213 is provided on a line between a junction of the air outlet of the second air proportional valve 204 and an air outlet line of the first three-way solenoid valve 207 and the air inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 for monitoring the humidity of the air at the air inlet of the fuel cell stack 1.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the temperature sensor І 210 is disposed inside the solid sorption heat reservoir 209 for monitoring the temperature inside the solid sorption heat reservoir 209, and the temperature sensor ii 211 is disposed at the air outlet of the solid sorption heat reservoir 209 for monitoring the temperature of the air outlet of the solid sorption heat reservoir 209.
As shown in fig. 1, a temperature sensor iii 305 is disposed on a pipeline between the liquid outlet of the water pump 301 and the coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack 1, and a temperature sensor iv 306 is disposed on a pipeline between the coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 and the input end of the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304, and the temperature inside the fuel cell is determined by using the temperatures monitored by the two.
The fuel cell controller 4 is configured to receive an air humidity signal at an air inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 in the air supply unit 2, temperature signals at an air outlet and an inside of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 and a temperature signal at a coolant inlet and an air outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 in the coolant circulation unit 3, send a switch command to the air compressor 203 in the air supply unit 2 and the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 in the coolant circulation unit 3, and regulate and control the rotation speed of the air compressor motor, the water pump motor, and the radiator fan motor by a PWM control mechanism, send a switch command and an on-direction command to the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207, the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208 in the air supply unit 2 and the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 in the coolant circulation unit 3, and send an on/off command to the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 in the air supply unit 2, and controlling the opening degrees of the first air proportional valve 202, the second air proportional valve 204, and the third air proportional valve 205.
As shown in fig. 2 to 5, the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 of the air supply unit 2 has a sleeve-type structure, and includes a solid adsorption heat reservoir outer shell 2091, an insulating layer 2092, a cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093, and a solid adsorption heat reservoir tube 2094; the space between the outer shell 2091 of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir and the outer wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 is filled with a heat insulation material to form a heat insulation layer 2092, a cavity between the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 and the outer wall of the solid adsorption type heat storage tube 2094 is a fuel cell cooling liquid flowing pipeline, a round steel mesh 2096 with meshes is welded in the solid adsorption type heat storage tube 2094 at a certain distance from an air inlet 2098 and an air outlet 2099, heat storage cavities enclosed between the two round steel meshes 2096 and the inner wall of the solid adsorption type 209tube 4 are filled with solid adsorption heat storage material particles 2095, and pores in the solid adsorption heat storage material particles 2095 and gaps between the particles are air flowing channels.
As shown in fig. 3 to 5, a fin 2097 parallel to the axis is welded on the outer wall of the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094, and the outer edge of the fin 2097 is in close contact with the inner wall of the coolant heat exchange tube 2093 to provide mechanical support for the coolant heat exchange tube 2093 and enhance the heat conduction to the coolant.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, an air outlet of an air filter 201 of the air supply unit 2 is connected to an air inlet of a first air proportional valve 202 through a pipe, an air outlet of the first air proportional valve 202 is connected to an air inlet of an air compressor 203 through a pipe, an air outlet of the air compressor 203 is connected to air inlets of a second air proportional valve 204 and a third air proportional valve 205 through pipes, respectively, an air outlet of the second air proportional valve 204 is connected to an air inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 through a pipe, an air outlet of the third air proportional valve 205 is connected to an air inlet of a humidifier 206 through a pipe, an air outlet of the humidifier 206 is connected to an air inlet of a first three-way electromagnetic valve 207 through a pipe, a first air outlet of the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207 is connected to an air inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 through a pipe, a second air outlet of the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207 is connected to an air inlet 2098 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 through a pipe, an air outlet 2099 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 is connected with an air inlet of the two-way three-way electromagnetic valve 212 through a pipeline, an air outlet of the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 is connected with an air inlet of the air compressor 203 through a pipeline, an air outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 is connected with an air inlet of the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208 through a pipeline, a first air outlet of the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208 is connected with an air tail discharge pipeline, and a second air outlet of the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208 is connected with an air inlet of the humidifier 206 through a pipeline, so that an air supply circulation passage of the fuel cell stack 1 is formed.
As shown in fig. 1 to 6, a liquid outlet of a water pump 301 in the coolant circulation unit 3 is connected to a coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack 1 through a pipeline, a coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack 1 is connected to a liquid inlet of a third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 through a pipeline, a first liquid outlet of the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 is connected to a liquid inlet of the thermostat 303 through a pipeline, a second liquid outlet of the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 is connected to a coolant inlet 307 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 through a pipeline, a coolant outlet 308 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 is connected to a liquid inlet of the thermostat 303 through a pipeline, a first liquid outlet of the thermostat 303 is connected to a coolant inlet of the heat sink 302 through a pipeline, and a second liquid outlet of the thermostat 303 and a coolant outlet of the heat sink 302 are connected to a liquid inlet of the water pump 301 through pipelines, so as to form a coolant circulation path of the fuel cell stack 1.
In addition, an expansion water tank for constant-pressure fluid infusion is also arranged on the liquid inlet and outlet pipeline of the water pump 301. Not shown in the figures.
As shown in fig. 1, the fuel cell controller 4 is connected to the humidity sensor 213 in the air supply unit 2 via a low-voltage signal line to receive a humidity signal from the humidity sensor, and is connected to the temperature sensor І 210 and the temperature sensor ii 211 in the air supply unit 2 and the temperature sensor iii 305 and the temperature sensor iv 306 in the coolant circulation unit 3 via low-voltage signal lines to receive a temperature signal from the temperature sensor; the air conditioner is connected with a first air proportional valve 202, a second air proportional valve 204 and a third air proportional valve 205 in the air supply unit 2 through low-voltage switch control lines to control the opening degree of the air conditioner, is connected with a two-way electromagnetic valve through the low-voltage switch control lines to send opening/closing instructions to the two-way electromagnetic valve, and is connected with a first three-way electromagnetic valve 207, a second three-way electromagnetic valve 208 in the air supply unit 2 and a third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 in the cooling liquid circulation unit 3 through the low-voltage switch control lines to send opening/closing and opening direction instructions to the three-way electromagnetic valve; the air compressor 203 in the air supply unit 2 and the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 in the cooling liquid circulation unit 3 are respectively connected through low-voltage switch control lines, switch instructions are sent to the air compressor 203 and the water pump 301, and pulse width modulation signals are sent to the air compressor 203, the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 through a PWM control mechanism so as to regulate and control the rotating speeds of the air compressor motor, the water pump motor and the radiator fan motor.
Example (b):
a fuel cell thermal management system with consideration of cold start and humidity regulation works in a preheating mode before cold start, a cold start mode, a normal thermal management mode and a desorption regeneration mode:
in one embodiment, the fuel cell controller 4 performs subsequent comparison and processing using the temperature of the coolant at the temperature sensor iii 305 or the temperature sensor iv 306 in the coolant circulation unit 3 as a reference temperature;
in another embodiment, the fuel cell controller 4 employs an average of the coolant temperatures of the temperature sensor iii 305 and the temperature sensor iv 306 as a parameter for subsequent comparison and processing. The reference temperatures of the cooling liquid of the temperature sensor III 305 and/or the temperature sensor IV 306 in the above embodiments are collectively referred to as the reference temperature of the cooling liquid' Fuel cell stack coolant temperature TF", and the temperature shown by the temperature sensor І 210 in the air supply unit 2 is denoted as" Ti"and the temperature indicated by the temperature sensor II 211 is represented by" To”。
In one embodiment, the fuel cell controller 4 reads the cold start threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TS(ii) a Wherein the cold start threshold temperature TCSetting the temperature to be within the range of-5 ℃ to 0 ℃; normal start threshold temperature TSSet to a temperature greater than 0 ℃.
In one embodiment, the fuel cell controller 4 records the humidity displayed by the humidity sensor 213 in the air supply unit 2 as "H" and matches the set lower humidity threshold HLAnd an upper humidity threshold HUA comparison is made.
The fuel cell controller 4 compares the current temperature T of the fuel cell stack coolantFAnd a cold start threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TSThe size of (A) to (B): when T isF＜TCWhen the fuel cell is started, the heat management system of the fuel cell enters a preheating mode before cold start; when T isC≤TF≤TSWhen the fuel cell is started, the thermal management system of the fuel cell enters a cold starting mode; when T isF＞TSWhen the fuel cell is in the normal thermal management mode, the fuel cell thermal management system enters the normal thermal management mode; after the fuel cell heat management system enters the normal heat management mode from the cold start mode, if the fuel cell automobile is in high power output, namely high-current operation or acceleration working condition, the fuel cell heat management system can enter the regeneration desorption mode until Ti=ToAnd again switches back to normal thermal management mode.
In the warm-up before cold start mode, as shown in fig. 7, the fuel cell controller 4 opens the first air proportional valve 202, the air compressor 203, the second air proportional valve 204, the second valve of the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208, the second valve of the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207, and the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 in the air supply unit 2, respectively, and puts the third air proportional valve 205 in a fully closed state so that the circulation delivery path of the air is: air cleaner 201→ the first air proportional valve 202 → the air compressor 203 → the second air proportional valve 204 → the fuel cell stack 1 → the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208 → the humidifier 206 → the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207 → the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 → the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 → the air compressor 203, and the water pump 301 and the second valve of the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 in the coolant circulation unit 3 are respectively opened to make the circulation path of the coolant: water pump 301 → fuel cell stack 1 → third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 → solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 → thermostat 303 → water pump 301; in the process, air in the environment is purified by the air filter 201, then is subjected to adiabatic compression under the action of the air compressor 203 to perform primary temperature rise, and when the air enters the fuel cell stack 1, heat is directly transferred to a membrane electrode of the fuel cell stack, the air flowing out of the fuel cell stack is humidified by the humidifier 206 and then enters the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 with a large amount of water vapor, the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 starts to physically adsorb the water vapor, so that the freedom degree of water molecules is reduced, a large amount of adsorption heat is released, the air flow is subjected to heat supplementing and temperature rise, the air flow subjected to heat supplementing enters the air compressor 203 to perform temperature rise again, more heat is transferred to the fuel cell stack 1 to accelerate and preheat, and meanwhile, the water pump 301 drives the cooling liquid to flow through the cooling liquid heat exchange tube 2093 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 and absorbs the adsorption heat released from the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 Entering a fuel cell stack 1 to preheat a bipolar plate inside the fuel cell stack; in the process, the fuel cell controller 4 closes the first air proportional valve 202 to enable air to form a closed circulation loop among the air compressor 203, the fuel cell stack 1, the humidifier 206 and the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 to continuously and progressively preheat the fuel cell stack, and monitors and compares T in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size of which varies.
In the cold start mode, the fuel cell controller 4 first puts the air proportional valve, the three-way solenoid valve, the two-way solenoid valve 212, the air compressor 203, and the water pump 301 in the air supply unit 2 and the coolant circulation unit 3 in the states described in the pre-cold start warm-up mode, and then in the cold start modeStarting the fuel cell stack 1 with low power and large current to accelerate the warming up of the electric energy generated by the fuel cell stack 1 in the form of ohmic polarization heat until TF＞TSThe fuel cell cold start operation is completed; during the process, the opening degree of the first air proportional valve 202 is properly adjusted and the first valve of the second three-way solenoid valve 208 is intermittently opened to replenish the oxygen consumed by the thermal process.
In the normal thermal management mode, as shown in fig. 8, the fuel cell controller 4 opens the first air proportional valve 202, the air compressor 203, the second air proportional valve 204, the third air proportional valve 205, the first valve of the first three-way electromagnetic valve, the first valve of the second three-way electromagnetic valve, and closes the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 in the air supply unit 2, respectively, so that the air delivery path is: air cleaner 201 → first air proportional valve 202 → air compressor 203 → second air proportional valve 204 → fuel cell stack 1 → second three-way solenoid valve 208 → air tail pipe line, in the transfer path, second air proportional valve 204 can be replaced with third air proportional valve 205 → humidifier 206 → first three-way solenoid valve 207; the water pump 301 and the first valve of the third three-way solenoid valve 304 in the coolant circulation unit 3 are respectively opened to make the circulation path of the coolant: water pump 301 → fuel cell stack 1 → third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 → thermostat 303 or radiator 302 → water pump 301; in the process, the fuel cell controller 4 respectively sends pulse width modulation signals to the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 through a PWM control mechanism to regulate and control the rotating speeds of a water pump motor and a radiator fan motor so as to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 to be in an optimal working temperature interval; meanwhile, the fuel cell controller respectively adjusts the opening degrees of the second air proportional valve 204 and the third air proportional valve 205 according to the real-time working condition of the fuel cell operation to enable the monitored value H of the humidity sensor to fall into the set humidity range, namely HL~HU(ii) a When the fuel cell is in high power output, i.e. high current operation or acceleration condition, the opening degree of the second air proportional valve 204 is increased while the opening degree of the third air proportional valve 205 is decreased to make H approach the set lower limit humidity threshold value HLIf the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 is in a regeneration state to be desorbed, the desorption regeneration mode can be entered; when it is burningWhen the battery is in a deceleration or idling condition, the opening degree of the third air proportional valve 205 is increased or fully opened, simultaneously, the opening degree of the second air proportional valve 204 is reduced, the latter is fully closed, and the rotating speed of the air compressor 203 is increased to increase the air flow and the rotating speed of the fan of the radiator 302 is increased to reduce the temperature at the cathode inlet so as to enable the value H of the humidity sensor at the cathode air inlet to be close to the set upper limit humidity threshold value H when necessaryUSo that the water content in the membrane electrode is within a reasonable range.
In the desorption regeneration mode, as shown in fig. 9, the fuel cell controller 4 opens the first air proportional valve 202, the air compressor 203, the second air proportional valve 204, the third air proportional valve 205, the first valve of the first three-way electromagnetic valve, the first valve of the second three-way electromagnetic valve, and the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 in the air supply unit 2, respectively, so that the air delivery path is: air cleaner 201 → first air proportional valve 202 → air compressor 203 → second air proportional valve 204 → fuel cell stack 1 → second three-way solenoid valve 208 → air tail pipe line, the second air proportional valve 204 in the delivery path may be replaced with third air proportional valve 205 → humidifier 206 → first three-way solenoid valve 207; the water pump 301 and/or the radiator 302 fan in the coolant circulation unit 3 and the second valve of the third three-way solenoid valve 304 are respectively opened to make the circulation path of the coolant: water pump 301 → fuel cell stack 1 → third three-way electromagnetic valve 304 → solid adsorption type heat reservoir 209 → thermostat 303 or radiator 302 → water pump 301; thus, the air compressor 203 generates suction force at the air inlet thereof when in operation, so that a negative pressure environment is formed in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 communicated with the air compressor, the water pump 301 in the coolant circulation unit 3 drives the coolant to carry the heat generated by the fuel cell in the large-current operation process to the coolant heat exchange tube 2093 of the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 and transfer the heat to the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 through heat exchange to heat the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 therein, the adsorbed water is evaporated by heat and rapidly desorbed from the adsorbent in the negative pressure environment, and is then extracted out of the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 to enter the air compressor 203 to realize pre-humidification of air; during the process, the fuel cell controller 4 is in accordance withS4 method for monitoring temperature T displayed by temperature sensor І 210 and temperature sensor II 211 in air supply unit 2 in real time while regulating and controlling operation temperature and humidity of fuel cell at air inletiAnd ToIf T is detected, the magnitude of T is changedi=ToThen, the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 is first closed, and then the process returns to S4 to perform normal thermal management operation and humidity control, so as to complete desorption and regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 to prepare for the next cold start of the fuel cell.
The invention skillfully utilizes the principle of solid adsorption type energy storage to adsorb the adsorbent on the adsorbent, for example, a large amount of adsorption heat is released in the process of adsorbing water to preheat the fuel cell stack so as to realize the cold start of the fuel cell, and the invention has the advantages that:
the energy storage density is large and far higher than that of a sensible heat and latent heat energy storage mode, so that the using amount and the volume of materials can be reduced, and particularly, the zeolite/water working medium pair has the advantages of relatively high energy storage density and energy density, strong absorption capacity, large adsorption heat value, high adsorption speed and the like;
the temperature rise speed is high, and the adsorption heat is utilized to perform heat compensation and temperature rise on the air at the inlet of the air compressor, so that the defect that the temperature rise is slow in the high-cold environment by adopting an air compressor compressed air preheating mode in the prior art is overcome;
the adsorption heat storage device has strong environmental adaptability, no air flow passes through the adsorption bed as long as the adsorption bed is closed, namely the electromagnetic valves at the air inlet and the air outlet of the adsorption heat storage device are closed, the adsorption bed is always in an energy storage state and is not limited by time and environmental temperature, and long-time heat insulation is not needed, so that the cost of the device is reduced;
the energy utilization rate is high, and the cold start preheating process does not need external power supply heating or hydrogen combustion heating; the regeneration process fully utilizes the heat energy generated by the fuel cell in the power generation process to realize the desorption process of the adsorbate on the adsorbent, so that the waste heat generated by the fuel cell during working is stored in the solid heat storage material, the extra energy consumption required by the radiator during cooling the fuel cell is effectively reduced, and the cruising mileage of the fuel cell automobile is further prolonged.
On the other hand, the air proportional valve is arranged on the parallel bypass pipeline of the humidifier to adjust the air flow entering the humidifier so as to control the humidity of the cathode air inlet of the fuel cell, so that the water content of the membrane electrode is adjusted to a reasonable range, and the endurance mileage of the fuel cell is further improved.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides a control method for a fuel cell thermal management system considering both cold start and humidity regulation, as shown in fig. 10, the method is implemented by the following steps:
in step 800, the fuel cell controller 4 reads the current temperature T of the fuel cell stack 1FThen comparing TFAnd a cold start threshold temperature TCAnd a normal start threshold temperature TSAnd proceeds to step 810.
In step 810, the fuel cell controller 4 monitors T if T is detectedF＜TCStep 811 is entered if T is detectedC≤TF≤TSStep 812 is entered if T is monitoredF＞TSStep 813 is entered.
In step 811, the fuel cell controller 4 respectively opens the first air proportional valve 202, the second air proportional valve 204, the second valve of the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207, the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208, the second valve of the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304, and the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 to completely close the third air proportional valve 205, then respectively starts the air compressor 203 and the water pump 301 to appropriately adjust the opening degree of the first air proportional valve 202, and preheats the membrane electrode and the bipolar plate of the fuel cell stack 1 by using the adsorption heat released by the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094 when adsorbing water vapor; after a certain time interval, the fuel cell controller 4 closes the first air proportional valve 202 to enable air to form a closed circulation loop among the air compressor 203, the fuel cell stack 1, the humidifier 206 and the solid adsorption heat reservoir 209 to continuously and progressively preheat the fuel cell stack, and then returns to step 810 to monitor and compare T in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size of which varies.
In step 812, the fuelThe battery controller 4 first makes the air proportional valve, the three-way solenoid valve, the two-way solenoid valve 212, the air compressor 203 and the water pump 301 in the air supply unit 2 and the cooling liquid circulation unit 3 in the states described in step 811, then starts the fuel cell stack 1 with a small power and a large current to accelerate the warming up of the fuel cell stack 1 in the form of ohmic polarization heat, appropriately adjusts the opening degree of the first air proportional valve 202 and intermittently opens the first valve of the second three-way solenoid valve 208 to replenish the oxygen consumed in the self-heating process, and then returns to step 810 to monitor and compare T with T in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size of which varies.
In step 813, the fuel cell controller 4 opens the first air proportional valve 202, the second air proportional valve 204, the third air proportional valve 205, the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207, the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208, and the first valve of the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304, closes the two-way electromagnetic valve 212, then starts the air compressor 203, the water pump 301, and the radiator 302 fan, and sends pulse width modulation signals to the water pump 301 and the radiator 302 through the PWM control mechanism to control the rotation speed of the water pump motor and the radiator fan motor to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 to be in the optimal operating temperature range; and then receiving the real-time driving state of the fuel cell vehicle transmitted by the vehicle controller in real time and entering step 820.
In step 820, the fuel cell controller 4 proceeds to step 821 if it is monitored that the fuel cell vehicle is in the deceleration/idle/low current operating condition, and proceeds to step 830 if it is monitored that the fuel cell vehicle is in the high power output/acceleration condition.
In step 821, the fuel cell controller 4 firstly controls the operating temperature of the fuel cell to be in the optimal operating temperature range by the PWM control mechanism according to the operation of step 813, and then makes the value H of the humidity sensor 213 approach the set upper limit humidity threshold H by adopting the strategy of increasing the opening degree or fully opening the third air proportional valve 205, simultaneously decreasing the opening degree or fully closing the second air proportional valve 204, and increasing the rotation speed of the air compressor and the radiator fan if necessaryU(ii) a Then returns to step 8And 20, monitoring the real-time working condition of the fuel cell automobile in real time.
In step 830, the fuel cell controller 4 starts monitoring whether the solid sorption heat reservoir 209 requires desorption regeneration; if yes, go to step 831, otherwise go to step 822.
In step 822, the fuel cell controller 4 firstly regulates the operating temperature of the fuel cell to be in the optimal operating temperature range through the PWM control mechanism according to the operation in step 813, and then makes the value H of the humidity sensor 213 approach the set lower limit humidity threshold H by adopting the strategy of increasing the opening degree of the second air proportional valve 204 and simultaneously decreasing the opening degree of the third air proportional valve 205L(ii) a And then returns to step 820 to monitor the real-time working condition of the fuel cell automobile in real time.
In step 831, the fuel cell controller 4 opens the first air proportional valve 202, the second air proportional valve 204, the third air proportional valve 205, the two-way electromagnetic valve 212, the first three-way electromagnetic valve 207, the first valve of the second three-way electromagnetic valve 208, and the second valve of the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304, respectively, then starts the air compressor 203, the water pump 301, and/or the radiator 302 fan, controls the rotational speed of the radiator fan through the PWM control mechanism to regulate the operating temperature of the fuel cell, and regulates the value H of the humidity sensor 213 to approach the set lower humidity threshold H according to the method of step 822L(ii) a In the process, waste heat generated by the fuel cell in the large-current working process, especially in the high-power output process, is fully utilized to heat the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 in the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094, and moisture adsorbed in the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 is heated and evaporated in the negative pressure environment caused by the air compressor 203 and is then pumped out of the solid adsorption heat storage tube 2094, so that desorption and regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 are realized; during this process the fuel cell controller 4 monitors T in real timeoAnd TiThen proceeds to step 832.
In step 832, the fuel cell controller 4 monitors the presence of Ti=ToThe case (2) is as follows: if yes, go to step 833; otherwise, the process returns to step 831.
In step 833, the fuel cell controller 4 closes the two-way electromagnetic valve 212 and opens the first valve of the third three-way electromagnetic valve 304, so as to complete the desorption regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material 2095 to prepare the next cold start of the fuel cell, and then returns to step 822 to perform normal thermal management and humidity control operation of the fuel cell.
The above-described embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and features in the embodiments and examples in the present application may be arbitrarily combined with each other without conflict. The protection scope of the present invention is defined by the claims, and includes equivalents of technical features of the claims. I.e., equivalent alterations and modifications within the scope hereof, are also intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A fuel cell thermal management system with cold start and humidity regulation functions is characterized in that: the system comprises a fuel cell stack (1), an air supply unit (2), a cooling liquid circulation unit (3) and a fuel cell controller (4); the air circuit of the air supply unit (2) is communicated with the air inlet and the air outlet of the fuel cell stack (1), the cooling circuit of the cooling liquid circulation unit (3) is communicated with the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack (1), the cooling circuit is also communicated with the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) in the air circuit, and the fuel cell controller (4) is electrically connected with the air supply unit (2) and the cooling liquid circulation unit (3).
2. The fuel cell thermal management system combining cold start and humidity regulation of claim 1, wherein: an air compressor (203), a third air proportional valve (205), a humidifier (206), a first three-way electromagnetic valve (207), a solid adsorption heat reservoir (209) and a two-way electromagnetic valve (212) are sequentially connected in series in an air loop of the air supply unit (2); the first air proportional valve (202) is communicated with the air filter (201) and the air compressor (203); one end of a second air proportional valve (204) is connected between an air compressor (203) and a third air proportional valve (205) in an air loop, and the other end of the second air proportional valve is connected into a branch led out by a first three-way electromagnetic valve (207), and the branch is communicated with an air inlet of the fuel cell stack (1); and a branch in the air circuit, which is led out from the position between the third air proportional valve (205) and the humidifier (206), is communicated with an air outlet of the fuel cell stack (1).
3. The fuel cell thermal management system combining cold start and humidity regulation of claim 1, wherein: a water pump (301), a thermostat (303) and a third three-way electromagnetic valve (304) are sequentially connected in series in a cooling loop of the cooling liquid circulating unit (3); the water pump (301) is communicated with a liquid inlet of the fuel cell stack (1), and a liquid outlet of the fuel cell stack (1) is communicated with the third three-way electromagnetic valve (304); a branch connected with the thermostat (303) is connected with a radiator (302) in series, and the branch and the cooling loop are connected in parallel and then are led into a water pump (301) together; two branches connected with a third three-way electromagnetic valve (304) are respectively communicated with a cooling liquid inlet (307) and a cooling liquid outlet (308) on the solid adsorption heat reservoir (209).
4. The fuel cell thermal management system combining cold start and humidity regulation of claim 1, wherein: and a heat insulation material is filled in a space between a solid adsorption type heat reservoir shell (2091) of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) and the outer wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube (2093) to form a heat insulation layer (2092), and a cavity between the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange tube (2093) and the outer wall of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir tube (2094) is a fuel cell cooling liquid flowing pipeline.
5. The fuel cell thermal management system combining cold start and humidity regulation of claim 4, wherein: circular steel meshes (2096) are arranged at two ends of the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe (2094), solid adsorption heat storage material particles (2095) are filled in the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe (2094) between the two circular steel meshes (2096), and an air inlet (2098) and an air outlet (2099) of the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe (2094) are located outside a solid adsorption type heat storage device shell (2091).
6. The fuel cell thermal management system combining cold start and humidity regulation of claim 4, wherein: and fins (2097) which are distributed in an annular radial manner are arranged between the outer wall of the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe (2094) and the inner wall of the cooling liquid heat exchange pipe (2093).
7. The fuel cell thermal management system combining cold start and humidity regulation of claim 1, wherein: a temperature sensor І (210) is arranged in a solid adsorption type heat storage pipe (2094) of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209); a temperature sensor II (211) is arranged at an air outlet (2099) of the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209); a temperature sensor III (305) and a temperature sensor IV (306) are respectively arranged at the liquid inlet side and the liquid outlet side of the fuel cell stack (1); a humidity sensor (213) and a second three-way electromagnetic valve (208) are respectively arranged on the air inlet side and the air outlet side of the fuel cell stack (1).
8. The fuel cell thermal management system combining cold start and humidity regulation of claim 1, wherein: the fuel cell controller (4) is electrically connected with a temperature sensor І (210), a temperature sensor II (211) and a humidity sensor (213) in an air loop, and is electrically connected with a temperature sensor III (305) and a temperature sensor IV (306) in a cooling loop; the fuel cell controller (4) is also electrically connected with a first air proportional valve (202), an air compressor (203), a second air proportional valve (204), a third air proportional valve (205), a first three-way solenoid valve (207), a second three-way solenoid valve (208), a two-way solenoid valve (212) and a water pump (301), a radiator (302) and a third three-way solenoid valve (304) in the air circuit.
9. The fuel cell thermal management system combining cold start and humidity regulation of claim 1, wherein: the fuel cell controller (4) controls and controls the rotating speed of the air compressor (203), the water pump (301) and the radiator (302).
10. The control method of the fuel cell thermal management system with both cold start and humidity regulation as recited in any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising the steps of:
s1, the fuel cell controller (4) reads the current temperature T of the fuel cell stack (1)FThen comparing TFAnd a cold start threshold temperature TCNormal start threshold temperature TSThe size of (A) to (B): if T isF＜TCProceed to S2 if TC≤TF≤TSProceed to S3 if TF＞TSProceed to S4;
s2, starting an air loop and a cooling loop to preheat the fuel cell stack (1);
s2-1, enabling air output by an air compressor (203) to enter a fuel cell stack (1) along a second air proportional valve (204), and enabling the air to enter a solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) from a second three-way electromagnetic valve (208), a humidifier (206) and a first three-way electromagnetic valve (207) in sequence and then return to the air compressor (203) along a two-way electromagnetic valve (212); in the step, the third air proportional valve (205) is in a closed state, the air after primary temperature rise directly transfers heat to a membrane electrode of the fuel cell stack (1), the humidifier (206) humidifies the air exhausted from the fuel cell stack (1), the solid adsorption type heat storage pipe (2094) performs physical adsorption on water vapor to reduce the freedom degree of water molecules to release, releases a large amount of adsorption heat and supplements heat to the air flow to raise the temperature, the air after temperature rise returns to the air compressor (203) to raise the temperature again, and more heat is transferred to the fuel cell stack (1) to accelerate the preheating;
s2-2, a water pump (301) drives cooling liquid to flow through the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) and return to the fuel cell stack (1), and a cooling liquid heat exchange tube (20)93) Absorbing adsorption heat released from the solid adsorption heat storage tube (2094) and entering the fuel cell stack (1) to preheat a bipolar plate in the fuel cell stack; in the step, the first air proportional valve (202) is in a closed state, air forms a closed circulation loop along the air compressor (203), the second air proportional valve (204), the fuel cell stack (1), the second three-way electromagnetic valve (208), the humidifier (206) and the solid adsorption heat reservoir (209) in sequence, the fuel cell stack (1) is continuously and progressively preheated, and T is monitored and compared in real timeFAnd TC、TSThe size change in between;
s3, the fuel cell stack (1) is started with small power and large current, and the generated electric energy accelerates the warming up to T in the form of ohmic polarization heatF＞TSCompleting the cold start operation of the fuel cell; in the step, the opening degree of the first air proportional valve (202) is adjusted, and the second three-way electromagnetic valve (208) is opened intermittently to replenish oxygen consumed in the self-heating process;
s4, the first air proportional valve (202) and the third air proportional valve (205) are opened, the radiator (302) is started, and pulse width modulation signals are respectively sent to the water pump (301) and the radiator (302) through a PWM control mechanism to regulate and control the rotating speed of the water pump (301) and the radiator (302) so as to control the temperature of the fuel cell stack (1) to be in an optimal working temperature range; in the step, the fuel cell controller (4) respectively adjusts the opening degrees of the second air proportional valve (204) and the third air proportional valve (205) according to the real-time working condition of the fuel cell operation so that the monitored value of the humidity sensor (213) falls into the set humidity range;
s4-1, when the fuel cell is in high power output, namely in large current operation or acceleration condition, the opening degree of the second air proportional valve (204) is increased, and simultaneously the opening degree of the third air proportional valve (205) is reduced, so that the value of the humidity sensor (213) is close to the minimum value of the set humidity, and if the solid adsorption type heat reservoir (209) is in a regeneration state to be desorbed, the operation goes to S5;
s4-2, when the fuel cell is in a deceleration or idling condition, the opening degree of the third air proportional valve (205) is increased and the opening degree of the second air proportional valve (204) is reduced at the same time, or the rotating speed of the air compressor (203) is increased to improve the air flow and increase the rotating speed of a fan of a radiator (302) to reduce the temperature at the inlet of the cathode, so that the value of a humidity sensor (213) at the inlet of the cathode air is close to the maximum value of the set humidity, and the water content in the membrane electrode is in a set range;
s5, forming negative pressure and humidification, and completing desorption regeneration to wait for the next cold start;
s5-1, forming negative pressure, and forming a negative pressure environment in the solid adsorption heat storage pipe (2094) communicated with the air compressor (203) by the suction force generated at the air inlet when the air compressor works;
s5-2, humidifying, wherein a water pump (301) drives cooling liquid to carry heat generated by the fuel cell in a large-current working process to a cooling liquid heat exchange tube (2093), the heat is transferred to a solid adsorption type heat storage tube (2094) through heat exchange to heat a solid adsorption type heat storage material in the solid adsorption type heat storage tube, adsorbed water is evaporated by heat and is rapidly desorbed from an adsorbent in a negative pressure environment, and then the water is extracted out of the solid adsorption type heat storage tube (2094) and enters an air compressor (203) to realize air pre-humidifying;
s5-3, desorption regeneration, the fuel cell controller (4) regulates and controls the working temperature of the fuel cell and the humidity of the air inlet according to S4, and simultaneously monitors the temperature T displayed by the temperature sensor І (210) and the temperature sensor II (211) in real timeiAnd ToIf T is detected, the magnitude of T is changedi=ToAnd when the temperature of the fuel cell is higher than the preset temperature, firstly closing the two-way electromagnetic valve (212), and then returning to S4 to perform normal thermal management operation and humidity control, so as to complete desorption regeneration of the solid adsorption heat storage material until the next cold start of the fuel cell.
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