CN113848440A - Partial discharge detection system based on ultrasonic sensor - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a partial discharge detection system based on an ultrasonic sensor, which comprises the ultrasonic sensor, a preamplification band-pass filtering module, a single-ended differential conversion module, an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module, an MCU (microprogrammed control unit), a CPU (central processing unit) processing system, a communication module and a plurality of paths of reference voltages, wherein the preamplification band-pass filtering module is used for amplifying the partial discharge; in the scheme of the invention, the reference voltage of analog-to-digital conversion adopts multiple paths of reference voltages, and the most appropriate reference voltage is automatically selected by a software program according to the measured ADC conversion value, so that the optimal measurement effect is achieved on ultrasonic signals with different amplitudes, and the measurement accuracy is improved; the invention has simpler circuit, lower power consumption, smaller occupied PCB area, lower hardware cost, simpler software design and debugging, stronger anti-interference capability and lower noise, and better measurement precision.
Description
[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device
The invention relates to the technical field of partial discharge detection systems, in particular to a partial discharge detection system based on an ultrasonic sensor.
[ background of the invention ]
At present, in a switch cabinet/transformer/high-voltage cable partial discharge online monitoring device which takes a non-contact ultrasonic signal as a monitoring signal, ultrasonic amplitude data is obtained after an ultrasonic signal received by an ultrasonic sensor is subjected to preamplification, band-pass filtering, analog-to-digital conversion, denoising and anti-interference processing and internal calculation;
wherein the frequency of the output signal of the ultrasonic sensor is mainly concentrated at 40 +/-1 kHz, and the amplitude of the signal is changed from less than 1uV to several mV.
The problems existing in the prior art are as follows:
1. the prepositive amplifying part in the prior art generally amplifies an output signal of an ultrasonic sensor in a segmented mode according to an amplitude value, the circuit is complex, the occupied area of a PCB (printed circuit board) is large, the cost is high, the software design and debugging are complex, and the linear connection performance of a measuring result is poor due to component errors and other reasons.
2. In the prior art, after the pre-amplification circuit amplifies the output signal of the ultrasonic sensor to a proper amplitude, the signal is input into the analog-to-digital conversion module in two ways: 1) directly input in a single-ended input mode. The input mode has poor anti-interference capability and is easy to introduce common-mode noise; 2) and converting the single-ended input signal into a differential signal, and then inputting the differential signal into a differential analog-to-digital conversion module. The method has the advantages of strong anti-interference capability and low noise, but the circuit is complex and the hardware cost is high.
3. In the prior art, the method for calculating the RMS value is adopted during amplitude calculation, which relates to huge floating point operation, occupies a great amount of CPU operation time, has higher requirements on the CPU, and thus increases the hardware cost.
[ summary of the invention ]
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides the following technical solutions
A partial discharge detection system based on an ultrasonic sensor comprises the ultrasonic sensor, a pre-amplification band-pass filtering module, a single-ended differential signal conversion module, an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module, an MCU, a CPU processing system, a communication module and a plurality of paths of reference voltages;
the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module comprises an analog-to-digital conversion 1 module (ADC0) and an analog-to-digital conversion 2 module (ADC1), wherein the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module uses dynamic reference voltage and selects MCU with multi-gear reference voltage;
the working principle of the partial discharge detection system comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: after an ultrasonic signal received by the ultrasonic sensor passes through a preamplification band-pass filter, converting the filtered single-ended analog signal into a differential signal;
step two: then, the two differential signals are respectively accessed into the two ADCs of the MCU, sampling and conversion are simultaneously carried out on the two differential signals, and the signal amplitude is calculated according to the difference value of the two ADCs;
step three: MCU resources are utilized, common mode noise is reduced through a CPU, and the dynamic range and conversion precision of analog-to-digital conversion are improved;
step four: the detection accuracy and dynamic range of the output.
The working principle of the single-ended differential signal conversion and analog-to-digital conversion module comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: placing a single-ended differential signal conversion module between the preamplification band-pass filtering module and the analog-to-digital conversion module;
step two: converting the filtered single-ended analog signal into a differential signal, converting the single-ended input into differential output, and connecting the differential input into single-ended input;
step three: the two paths of differential signals are sampled and converted simultaneously through the multiple paths of reference voltages, and synchronous sampling and calculation are realized by the MCU to complete the function of differential input ADC.
The work flow of the CPU comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: denoising and anti-interference processing are carried out on the software to obtain a purer sine wave signal;
step two: obtaining the amplitude Vout of the sine wave signal by a method of calculating a peak value and a peak value;
step three: converting the signal amplitude into a dBuv value;
the dBuV value is a value used for representing the partial discharge intensity, when the dBuV value is smaller than 12, the partial discharge intensity of the electrical equipment is represented in a safe state, when the dBuV value is larger than or equal to 12 and smaller than 20, attention needs to be paid, and when the dBuV value is larger than or equal to 20, the partial discharge condition of the electrical equipment is represented to be serious, and maintenance needs to be carried out.
The amplified signal is converted into two circuits by a single-ended differential signal converter: after the ADC0 and the ADC1, the ADC conversion module uses a dynamic reference voltage, and selects a MCU with multiple reference voltages, the power supply voltage VDD of which is 5V, and the reference voltage of the ADC conversion module is configured to be 1.024V, 2.048V, and 4.096V, and meanwhile, the ADC conversion module has a DMA controller with 12 channels, and channel 1 and channel 2 are selected to transmit the conversion values of the ADC0 and ADC1 to the MCU memory, respectively; the MCU automatically selects different reference voltage gears according to the current ADC conversion value, thereby realizing the best measurement effect on ultrasonic signals with different amplitudes.
The principle of peak-to-peak calculation: after pre-hardware and software denoising and anti-interference processing, a relatively pure sine wave signal is obtained, and the peak-to-peak value calculation method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: simultaneously collecting 100 times of conversion values of two paths of ADCs at the frequency of 400 KHz;
step two: calculating the difference between the two ADC conversion values;
step three: sorting the 100 difference values obtained in the second step from small to large;
step four: the first and last values in the sequence are removed: i.e. removing a minimum and a maximum;
step five: taking the average value of the first 5 data as the minimum value and the average value of the last 5 data as the maximum value in the remaining 98 data;
step six: and (4) subtracting the minimum value from the maximum value obtained in the step five to obtain a peak-peak value.
After the capability of resisting common mode interference and noise of the partial discharge detection system is processed, signals are processed and converted, and the specific process comprises the following steps:
step one, setting the transmission length of the DMA channels 1 and 2 as 100, starting the DMA, the ADC0 and the ADC1, and calculating the difference value between the ADC0 and the ADC1 and temporarily storing the difference value in the MCU memory after the DMA transmission is finished;
step two, repeating the operation of the step one until 10 times of difference value calculation is finished, and taking the average value of the obtained 10 times of difference values;
thirdly, calculating the peak-peak value of the input signal by using a peak-peak value calculation method;
the fourth step: obtaining the amplitude Vout of the sine wave signal by a method of calculating a peak value and a peak value; the signal amplitude is converted to a dBuv value.
And then converting the calculated peak signal into dBuV, wherein the dBuV is a value used for representing the partial discharge intensity, when the dBuV is less than 12, the partial discharge intensity of the electrical equipment is represented in a safe state, when the dBuV is greater than or equal to 12 and less than 20, attention needs to be paid, and when the dBuV is greater than or equal to 20, the partial discharge condition of the electrical equipment is represented to be serious, and maintenance needs to be carried out.
The partial discharge detection system has the following technical advantages:
1. converting the filtered single-ended analog signals into differential signals, respectively accessing the differential signals into two paths of ADCs of the MCU, simultaneously sampling and converting the two paths of differential signals, calculating signal amplitude by using the difference value of the two paths of ADCs, reducing common-mode noise by using the existing MCU resources, and improving the capacity of resisting common-mode interference and noise;
in the scheme of the partial discharge detection system, the reference voltage of analog-to-digital conversion adopts multiple paths of reference voltages, and a software program automatically selects the most appropriate reference voltage according to the measured ADC conversion value, so that the optimal measurement effect is achieved on ultrasonic signals with different amplitudes, the measurement accuracy is improved, the dynamic range and the conversion precision of the analog-to-digital conversion are improved, and the detection precision and the dynamic range of the output of the device are improved;
2. the partial discharge detection system has the advantages of simpler circuit, lower power consumption, smaller occupied PCB area, lower hardware cost, simpler software design and debugging, stronger anti-interference capability, lower noise and better measurement precision.
[ description of the drawings ]
FIG. 1 is a signal processing flow diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a software flow diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a preamplifier and bandpass filter circuit of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a circuit of the present invention for converting single end to differential and MCU;
[ detailed description ] embodiments
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Referring to fig. 1-2, an ultrasonic sensor based partial discharge detection system: the detection system comprises an ultrasonic sensor, a pre-amplification band-pass filtering module, a single-ended differential signal conversion module, an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module, an MCU, a CPU processing system, a communication module and a plurality of paths of reference voltages
The analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module is divided into an analog-to-digital conversion 1 module (ADC0) and an analog-to-digital conversion 2 module (ADC1), the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module uses dynamic reference voltage, and a multi-gear reference voltage MCU is selected;
the working principle of the partial discharge detection system is as follows: after an ultrasonic signal received by the ultrasonic sensor passes through the preamplification band-pass filter, the single-ended analog signal after filtering is converted into a differential signal, then the differential signal is respectively accessed into two ADC of the MCU, the two differential signals are simultaneously sampled and converted, the signal amplitude is calculated according to the difference value of the two ADC, the existing MCU resource is utilized, the common-mode noise is reduced, the analog-to-digital conversion dynamic range and the conversion precision are improved, and the detection precision and the dynamic range output by the device are improved.
The specific implementation work flow can be divided into a hardware processing part and a software processing part, wherein the hardware processing part converts the filtered single-ended analog signals into differential signals, then respectively accesses into two paths of ADCs of the MCU, samples and converts the two paths of differential signals simultaneously, calculates the signal amplitude by the difference value of the two paths of ADCs, improves the common-mode interference and noise resistance of the partial discharge detection system, and the specific flow is as follows:
the first step is as follows: the output signal of the ultrasonic sensor is amplified by a preamplification band-pass filter,
the second step is that: the amplified signal is converted into two circuits of ADC0 and ADC1 by a single-ended differential signal converter, wherein the ADC conversion uses a dynamic reference voltage, a MCU with multiple reference voltages is preferably selected, such as a SAM C20/C21 series MCU of Microchip company, the power supply voltage VDD is 5V, the reference voltage of an ADC module can be configured to multiple voltage steps of 1.024V, 2.048V, 4.096V and the like, and a DMA controller with 12 channels can select channel 1 and channel 2 to respectively transmit the conversion values of ADC0 and ADC1 to the MCU memory. The MCU automatically selects different reference voltage gears according to the current ADC conversion value, thereby realizing the best measurement effect on ultrasonic signals with different amplitudes.
In the scheme of the partial discharge detection system, the reference voltage of analog-to-digital conversion adopts multiple paths of reference voltages, and a software program automatically selects the most appropriate reference voltage according to the measured ADC conversion value, so that the optimal measurement effect is achieved on ultrasonic signals with different amplitudes, the measurement accuracy is improved, the dynamic range and the conversion precision of the analog-to-digital conversion are improved, and the detection precision and the dynamic range of the output of the device are improved;
after the capability of resisting common mode interference and noise of the partial discharge detection system is processed, a software part processes signals and converts the signals, and the specific process is as follows:
firstly, setting the transmission length of the DMA channels 1 and 2 as 100, starting the DMA, the ADC0 and the ADC1, and calculating the difference value between the ADC0 and the ADC1 and temporarily storing the difference value in the MCU memory after the DMA transmission is finished.
And step two, repeating the operation of the step one until 10 times of difference calculation is finished, and taking the average value of the obtained 10 times of difference values.
Thirdly, calculating the peak-peak value of the input signal by using a peak-peak value calculation method, wherein a relatively pure sine wave signal is obtained after pre-hardware and software denoising and anti-interference processing, and then the calculation of the peak-peak value can be realized by using a simple calculation method: since the frequency of the input ultrasonic signal is mainly concentrated at 40 +/-1 kHz, the input signal can be accurately sampled by setting the ADC conversion frequency to 400kHz according to the Nyquist theorem. 100 ADC conversions are performed on the input signal continuously every 100ms, and the sampling time is 100 × 2.5us to 250 us. Since the input signal period is 25us, one sample corresponds to 10 input signal periods. The obtained 100 ADC conversion results must have 9-10 wave peak values and wave valley values.
Sorting the 100 values from small to large, the first 9 values are the trough values, the last 9 values are the crest values, respectively removing 2 maximum values and 2 minimum values from the crest and trough values, then taking the average value of the remaining 5 values as the crest and trough values, subtracting the trough value from the crest value to obtain the crest-crest value of the ADC sampling value, and for the 12-bit ADC, calculating the crest-crest value of the input signal according to the input signal (ADC value/4095) reference voltage.
The calculation does not relate to a large number of floating point operations, and occupies less CPU operation time, thereby greatly improving the software efficiency.
The fourth step: obtaining the amplitude Vout of the sine wave signal by a method of calculating a peak value and a peak value; converting the signal amplitude into a dBuv value; the dBuV value is a value used for representing the partial discharge intensity, when the dBuV value is smaller than 12, the partial discharge intensity of the electrical equipment is represented in a safe state, when the dBuV value is larger than or equal to 12 and smaller than 20, attention needs to be paid, and when the dBuV value is larger than or equal to 20, the partial discharge condition of the electrical equipment is represented to be serious, and maintenance needs to be carried out.
The working principle of the circuit module of the partial discharge detection system is as follows:
preamplifier and bandpass filter circuit as shown in fig. 3: signals of the non-contact ultrasonic sensor are accessed by TP1 and TP2, after being matched by R3 and R10, the signals are input to a non-inverting input end and an inverting input end of an instrumentation amplifier U1 through a low-pass filter circuit composed of R6, C5, R9 and C10 for differential amplification, R8 adjusts gain, R1, C1, C2, R13, C12 and C13 respectively provide +/-5V power supply filtering for U1, the output signals are coupled by C6 and input to a dual-operational amplifier band-pass filter circuit composed of U2, the center frequency is 40k, the bandwidth is determined by C3, C4, R2 and R4, the bandwidth can be adjusted by R7, the gain of the band-pass filter is 2, the purpose of C4 is to eliminate self excitation, the filtered and amplified signals are output by a 1 pin of U2 and are single-ended output signals, a second operational amplifier of R11, R14 and U14 and the buffer gains, R14, C14 and C14 respectively provide +/-power supply filtering for U14 and C14.
The single-ended to differential and MCU circuit shown in fig. 4: the signal output by U2 is input to U3 through R18, U3 is used for converting single-end input into differential output, the differential input is connected in a single-end input mode, Gain of the differential input is R15/R18-1 k/1 k-1, and R22-R15 and R20-R18 are required to ensure circuit balance. The No. 2 pin of U2 is the internal reference level filtering pin, access C15 makes the output signal stable and clean, the signal after amplification conversion is exported by the No. 4 pin and the No. 5 pin of U3 and is imported into two way ADC input pins of singlechip U4 after the low pass filter circuit that constitutes R19, C16, R21, C21 and C20 filters high frequency interference, realize synchronous sampling and calculate the function of accomplishing differential input ADC by the singlechip, R25, C28, C29 provide power filtering for U3. For example, the single chip microcomputer ATSAMC20E16A-AU # is preferably selected because the single chip microcomputer has two independent 12-bit SAR ADCs capable of synchronously sampling, the calculation capacity and the analog performance can completely meet the requirements, and three reference voltages of 1.024V, 2.048V and 4.096V are provided for the selection of the ADC in the chip, so that the purpose of switching the reference voltages required by the patent can be achieved. J1 and R16 in a peripheral circuit of the single chip microcomputer U4 are programming interface circuits, C18, C22 and C23 are U4 digital power supply part filter capacitors, C17 is a U4 core circuit power supply filter capacitor, and FB1, C24 and C25 provide filtering for power supply of a U4 analog part.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (5)
1. A partial discharge detection system based on ultrasonic sensor which characterized in that:
the partial discharge detection system comprises an ultrasonic sensor, a pre-amplification band-pass filtering module, a single-ended differential signal conversion module, an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module, an MCU, a CPU processing system, a communication module and a plurality of paths of reference voltages;
the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module comprises an analog-to-digital conversion 1 module (ADC0) and an analog-to-digital conversion 2 module (ADC1), wherein the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) module uses dynamic reference voltage and selects MCU with multi-gear reference voltage;
the working principle of the partial discharge detection system comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: after an ultrasonic signal received by the ultrasonic sensor passes through a preamplification band-pass filter, converting the filtered single-ended analog signal into a differential signal;
step two: then, the two differential signals are respectively accessed into the two ADCs of the MCU, sampling and conversion are simultaneously carried out on the two differential signals, and the signal amplitude is calculated according to the difference value of the two ADCs;
step three: MCU resources are utilized, common mode noise is reduced through a CPU, and the dynamic range and conversion precision of analog-to-digital conversion are improved;
step four: the detection precision and dynamic range of the output;
the working principle of the single-ended differential signal conversion and analog-to-digital conversion module comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: placing a single-ended differential signal conversion module between the preamplification band-pass filtering module and the analog-to-digital conversion module;
step two: converting the filtered single-ended analog signal into a differential signal, converting the single-ended input into differential output, and connecting the differential input into single-ended input;
step three: the two paths of differential signals are sampled and converted simultaneously through the multiple paths of reference voltages, and synchronous sampling and calculation are realized by the MCU to complete the function of differential input ADC.
2. The partial discharge detection system based on ultrasonic sensor of claim 1, characterized in that: the work flow of the CPU comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: denoising and anti-interference processing are carried out on the software to obtain a purer sine wave signal;
step two: obtaining the amplitude Vout of the sine wave signal by a method of calculating a peak value and a peak value;
step three: converting the signal amplitude into a dBuv value;
the dBuV value is a value used for representing the partial discharge intensity, when the dBuV value is smaller than 12, the partial discharge intensity of the electrical equipment is represented in a safe state, when the dBuV value is larger than or equal to 12 and smaller than 20, attention needs to be paid, and when the dBuV value is larger than or equal to 20, the partial discharge condition of the electrical equipment is represented to be serious, and maintenance needs to be carried out.
3. The partial discharge detection system based on ultrasonic sensor of claim 2, characterized in that:
the amplified signal is converted into two circuits by a single-ended differential signal converter: after the ADC0 and the ADC1, the ADC conversion module uses a dynamic reference voltage, and selects a MCU with multiple reference voltages, the power supply voltage VDD of which is 5V, and the reference voltage of the ADC conversion module is configured to be 1.024V, 2.048V, and 4.096V, and meanwhile, the ADC conversion module has a DMA controller with 12 channels, and channel 1 and channel 2 are selected to transmit the conversion values of the ADC0 and ADC1 to the MCU memory, respectively; the MCU automatically selects different reference voltage gears according to the current ADC conversion value, thereby realizing the best measurement effect on ultrasonic signals with different amplitudes.
4. The partial discharge detection system based on ultrasonic sensor of claim 3, characterized in that: the principle of peak-to-peak calculation: after pre-hardware and software denoising and anti-interference processing, a relatively pure sine wave signal is obtained, and the peak-to-peak value calculation method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: simultaneously collecting 100 times of conversion values of two paths of ADCs at the frequency of 400 KHz;
step two: calculating the difference between the two ADC conversion values;
step three: sorting the 100 difference values obtained in the second step from small to large;
step four: the first and last values in the sequence are removed: i.e. removing a minimum and a maximum;
step five: taking the average value of the first 5 data as the minimum value and the average value of the last 5 data as the maximum value in the remaining 98 data;
step six: and (4) subtracting the minimum value from the maximum value obtained in the step five to obtain a peak-peak value.
5. The partial discharge detection system based on ultrasonic sensor of claim 4, characterized in that: after the capability of resisting common mode interference and noise of the partial discharge detection system is processed, signals are processed and converted, and the specific process comprises the following steps:
step one, setting the transmission length of the DMA channels 1 and 2 as 100, starting the DMA, the ADC0 and the ADC1, and calculating the difference value between the ADC0 and the ADC1 and temporarily storing the difference value in the MCU memory after the DMA transmission is finished;
step two, repeating the operation of the step one until 10 times of difference value calculation is finished, and taking the average value of the obtained 10 times of difference values;
thirdly, calculating the peak-peak value of the input signal by using a peak-peak value calculation method;
the fourth step: obtaining the amplitude Vout of the sine wave signal by a method of calculating a peak value and a peak value; the signal amplitude is converted to a dBuv value.
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| 张德宁: "基于超声波的局部放电检测仪的研制", 《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 工程科技Ⅱ辑 (月刊)》, no. 2009, 15 October 2009 (2009-10-15), pages 7 - 49 * |
| 徐倩: "GIS局部放电监测系统干扰抑制及数据传输研究", 《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 信息科技辑 (月刊)》, no. 2017, 15 March 2017 (2017-03-15), pages 9 * |
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