CN1138054C - 带加热元件用于净化废气的装置 - Google Patents

带加热元件用于净化废气的装置 Download PDF

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CN1138054C
CN1138054C CNB008128138A CN00812813A CN1138054C CN 1138054 C CN1138054 C CN 1138054C CN B008128138 A CNB008128138 A CN B008128138A CN 00812813 A CN00812813 A CN 00812813A CN 1138054 C CN1138054 C CN 1138054C
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honeycomb ceramics
honeycomb
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heating element
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R·布吕科
F－W·凯泽
H·科豪弗
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Vitesco Technologies Lohmar Verwaltungs GmbH
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    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F01N3/2026—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means directly electrifying the catalyst substrate, i.e. heating the electrically conductive catalyst substrate by joule effect
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Abstract

推荐一种用于净化内燃机(10)特别是柴油机废气的装置，带有至少一个具有蜂窝状结构并可由废气流过的、装在一套管(3)内的催化剂载体(1)；一电加热元件，其中加热元件在其末端处分别具有一电流接头(4)，并通过电绝缘缝隙(5)在加热元件内确定一迂回曲折的电流线路。按照本发明加热元件是一蜂窝体(2)，它用电绝缘支承元件(6)固定在催化剂载体(1)上，并沿废气流动方向设置在催化剂载体(1)之后。这种结构使得可以特别有效地加热接在后面的蜂窝体，特别是炭黑过滤器，以达到和/或保持那里必需的温度，特别是用于点燃积聚的炭黑。

Description

带加热元件用于净化废气的装置
本发明涉及一种用于净化内燃机特别是柴油发动机废气的装置，具有至少一个具有蜂窝状结构并可流通废气的催化剂载体，它装在一套管内；还具有一电加热元件，其中加热元件在其末端上分别具有一电流接头并通过一在加热元件内的电绝缘的缝隙确定一曲折的电流线路。
例如由EP 0783621已知这样一种装置。本专利申请人的小册子“可电加热的催化器Emicat”也包含非常广泛的资料，它详细介绍了可加热蜂窝体的发展历史及其结构。
在已知结构中基本上其出发点是，可加热的蜂窝体在流动方向设置在催化剂载体之前，从而在必要时可使催化剂载体迅速加热。这里已知结构从这样一点出发，即横截面应该进行尽可能均匀的加热，使得电绝缘缝隙保持得小一些，并使横截面尽可能大的部分受到加热。
然而由EP 0557309B1还知道，可加热的蜂窝体设置在催化剂载体后面。这里这种方案从这样一点出发，即催化器装置的第一片层在使用过程中由于高温和其他过程而老化，也就是说，在催化活性方面受到损伤，因此只有在位于后面的区域才加热。催化器装置中的第一片层由于燃料内某种成份造成的所谓中毒也可以用这种方法补偿。
其次还已知这样的方案，在该方案中一原则上用可电加热的板层或金属结构均匀填充的横截面通过特殊措施不均匀地加热，特别是在产生一定的高温区(热点)的情况下。这种方案要求比较复杂的制造技术，以便造成这样的结构，它在某些部位具有高的电阻，而在另一些部位具有较小的电阻。
在内燃机排气装置中的还应该加热其他部件的可电加热蜂窝体时重要的不仅仅在于将蜂窝体均匀或不均匀地加热到一定的温度，而主要在于将加热能量输送给后续的部件和/或流过的废气。
例如一简单的加热丝可能由于其表面小而不能供给足够的热量。为了将后续的蜂窝体加热到一定的最低温度，例如用来烧掉积聚的炭黑或点燃催化反应，因此可加热的蜂窝体不仅本身必须达到必要的温度，而且还可以将这个温度传送给废气或后续蜂窝体。
本发明的目的是，提供一种用于净化内燃机废气的具有一个加热元件的装置，它可以快速而有效地加热后续元件，特别是炭黑过滤器。这里其结构在机械方面应该是牢固的，并且可以用适合于汽车的电流强度工作。
一具有权利要求1特征的装置用来实现这个目的。优良的结构在从属权利要求中叙述。
按照本发明用于净化废气的装置具有一有蜂窝状结构的催化剂载体，一作为加热元件的蜂窝体借助电绝缘支承元件固定在催化剂载体上。蜂窝体在其末端分别具有一电流接头，并且这样地成形，使它确定一迂回曲折的电流线路。这里蜂窝体设置在沿废气流动方向催化剂载体之后。蜂窝体具有一大的表面，由此保证将热量很好地传导到流过的废气上。因此，所产生的热量可以因此并且通过辐射迅速传导到废气或后续部件上。可能通过辐射传输给沿废气流动方向设置在前面的催化剂载体的热能由它重新输送给废气，因此整个热能都提供给连接在后面的部件。
蜂窝体优先设计成这样，使得电流线路具有一大致之字型或螺旋线形的形状，其中蜂窝体具有第一横截面积，缝隙具有第二横截面积。
在一种特别优先的实施形式中缝隙大大大于在已知结构如特别是在上面所提到的产品样本“可电加热的催化器Emitcat”中所介绍的那样。虽然按本发明的装置的原理性结构相当于那里所示的“加热催化器系列6”，但是首先是在电流方向方面布局是颠倒的，其次是电绝缘缝隙大大大于在已知结构形式时。特别优选的是这样的实施形式，其中可加热的蜂窝体的横截面积与缝隙的横截面积之比小于2，尤其是甚至小于1。后者意味着，缝隙宽度大于可加热蜂窝体的宽度，可加热蜂窝体形成迂回曲折的电流线路。
然而加热元件的电气性能始终仍旧可以任意调整。假设加热元件在流动方向典型地恒定伸长5至20mm，特别是10mm，那么这意味着缝隙宽度加大、在加热元件内电流线路长度必须缩短和/或在电流线路内平行板层的数量必须减少和/或电流线路内单元的大小必须减小。正是最后提到的这种可能性允许，在相同的加热功率时(由于单元(Zellen)缩小，但是其他所有参数保持不变的情况下电阻改变不明显)，带给流过加热元件(和不流过缝隙)的废气支流更多的热能。这样形成的热辐射可以局部加热后续部件，这对于起动催化反应或特别是对于点燃积聚在碳黑过滤器内的炭黑特别有利。
可加热蜂窝体内的缝隙或者可以在其整个伸展长度上具有几乎相同的宽度，由此在所有横截面区域内产生热的分气流；或者缝隙也可以在朝向套管的方向具有越来越大的宽度。后者与排气系统中典型的气流分配相适应，因此在系统内部可以比在外部区域传入更多的热能。
为了避免按本发明优选的非常窄的电流线路的振动，支承元件以大致相同的间距在整个电流线路上分布在加热元件和催化剂载体之间。
用作加热元件支承的催化剂载体通常带一催化活性涂层，它促进废气组成成分的氧化，特别是一氧化碳和碳氧化合物的氧化。可加热的蜂窝体最好也可以设计得带有这种催化活性涂层，特别是带起氧化作用的涂层。
可加热的蜂窝体最好具有比催化剂载体的蜂窝小的蜂窝。特别是对于催化剂载体优先选用200至500cpsi(每平方英寸单元数)的单元数，对于可加热的蜂窝体优选选用400至800cpsi的单元数。这里可加热的蜂窝体特别地由交替的微波纹板和强波纹板制成。
特别合适的是按本发明的装置和一连接在后面的炭黑过滤器相组合，炭黑过滤器特别地也可以是陶瓷过滤器。所述类型的加热体不能毫无问题地支承在一个陶瓷过滤体上，因为金属和陶瓷的膨胀系数相差太大。因此支承在一个氧化催化器后面的加热元件的所述结构特别适合于那种总体结构。
在附图中表示本发明的一个实施例，下面对此加以详细说明。附图中表示：
图1具有一个S形曲折的蜂窝体的催化器装置简化的剖视图，和
图2带有按本发明的装置的排气系统的示意图。
在本发明的图1中所示的实施例中催化剂载体1和蜂窝体2装在一套管3内。蜂窝体2用作电加热元件，它在其一端部分别带一电流接头4，并通过绝缘缝隙5确定一迂回曲折的电流线路。蜂窝体2通过电绝缘支承元件6固定在催化剂载体1上。蜂窝体2沿废气流动方向设置在催化剂载体1的后面，如由图2所见。支承元件6以大致相同的间距分散设置在蜂窝体2的电流线路上。在图1中所示的实施例中设有作为支承元件6的在图中未画出的电绝缘层的金属销。支承元件6防止振动和短路。从催化剂载体1中流出的废气一部分从蜂窝体2旁边流过，另一部分废气穿过蜂窝体2流过，这一部分废气通过加热元件2大的表面加热，因此同样可以在部分区域内加热后续部件。
图2表示按本发明的用在内燃机10排气系统中的装置的原理性结构。来自内燃机10的废气首先流过催化剂载体1，然后流过蜂窝体2，接着流过后续部件9，特别是炭黑过滤器。与这里所示的不同后续部件也可以具有比可加热的蜂窝体大的直径。
本发明特别适用于柴油机的废气净化，在这里首先转变可氧化的气体成分，然后用颗粒过滤器滤掉颗粒。如果炭黑过滤器的工作温度在较长的时间内不能达到燃烧所必需的温度，那么必须通过附加的加热点燃来燃掉积聚的炭黑，按本发明的装置特别适用于此。不要求非常均匀的加热，因为在局部区域内点燃的炭黑也能点燃相邻的区域。因此有效地利用电能产生高温部分气流比均匀地加热整个流动横截面合算。
                  附图标记表
1.催化剂载体                    2.可加热的蜂窝体
3.套管                          4.电流接头
5.电绝缘缝隙                    6.支承元件
7.催化剂载体的蜂窝              8.可加热蜂窝体的蜂窝
9.其他蜂窝体(炭黑过滤器)
10.内燃机                       B缝隙5的宽度

Claims (10)

1.用于净化内燃机(10)特别是柴油机的废气的装置，带有至少一个具有蜂窝状结构并可由废气流过的、装在一套管(3)内的催化剂载体(1)，一电加热元件，其中所述的加热元件在其末端上分别具有一电流接头(4)，并通过电绝缘缝隙(5)在加热元件内确定一迂回曲折的电流线路，其中，加热元件是一蜂窝体(2)，所述的蜂窝体(2)用电绝缘支承元件(6)固定在催化剂载体(1)上，并且蜂窝体(2)在废气流动方向设置在催化剂载体(1)之后，其中蜂窝体(2)具有一第一横截面积，缝隙(5)具有一第二横截面积，其特征为：第一与第二横截面积之比小于2。
2.按权利要求1所述的装置，其特征为：蜂窝体(2)设计成这样，使电流线路具有大致成之字形或者螺旋线形的形状。
3.按权利要求1所述的装置，其特征为：第一与第二横截面积之比小于1。
4.按上述权利要求之任一项所述的装置，其特征为：缝隙(5)在其整个伸展长度上具有基本保持不变的宽度(B)。
5.按权利要求1至3之任一项所述的装置，其特征为：缝隙(5)在朝套管(3)的方向具有越来越大的宽度(B)。
6.按权利要求1-3之任一项所述的装置，其特征为：支承元件(6)以基本相等的间距分布在电流线路上。
7.按权利要求1-3之任一项所述的装置，其特征为：蜂窝体(2)设有一个催化剂活性涂层。
8.按权利要求1-3之任一项所述的装置，其特征为：蜂窝体(2)具有比催化剂载体(1)的蜂窝(7)小的蜂窝(8)。
9.按权利要求1-3之任一项所述的装置，其特征为：蜂窝体(2)具有和催化剂载体(1)一样大的蜂窝(8)。
10.按权利要求1-3之一项所述的装置，其特征为：沿废气流动方向蜂窝体(2)后存在一蜂窝体(9)。
CNB008128138A 1999-09-13 2000-09-01 带加热元件用于净化废气的装置 Expired - Fee Related CN1138054C (zh)

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