CN113805125B - High-sensitivity optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on optical vernier effect - Google Patents
High-sensitivity optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on optical vernier effect Download PDFInfo
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- CN113805125B CN113805125B CN202111160878.8A CN202111160878A CN113805125B CN 113805125 B CN113805125 B CN 113805125B CN 202111160878 A CN202111160878 A CN 202111160878A CN 113805125 B CN113805125 B CN 113805125B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/032—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using magneto-optic devices, e.g. Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
- Y02A90/30—Assessment of water resources
Abstract
The invention provides a high-sensitivity optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on an optical vernier effect, wherein an output end of a broadband light source in the sensor is connected with a first end of a single-mode optical fiber, a second end of the single-mode optical fiber is connected with a spectrum analyzer, the single-mode optical fiber comprises a first tapering section and a second tapering section which are positioned between the first end and the second end of the single-mode optical fiber, the first tapering section is arranged in a first capillary in a penetrating mode, two aligned ends of the first tapering section and the first capillary are arranged in a closed mode, air is filled in the first capillary, the second tapering section is arranged in a penetrating mode in a second capillary, two aligned ends of the second tapering section and the second capillary are arranged in a closed mode, magnetic fluid is filled in the second capillary, the first tapering section inside the first capillary and the air form a reference MZI Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the second capillary, the second tapering section inside the second capillary and the magnetic fluid form a sensing MZI. The sensor can improve the sensitivity of magnetic field measurement and has simple structure and small volume.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of magnetic field sensing, and particularly relates to a high-sensitivity optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on an optical vernier effect.
Background
The magnetic field is an objective substance and contains abundant physical information, and the physical characteristics of the substance to be measured can be obtained by precisely measuring the magnetic field. In the fields of electric power systems, marine environmental surveys, industrial production and the like, measurement of magnetic fields and temperature is particularly important. For example, in the field of industrial manufacturing, when a defect exists in a material, the magnetic field around the defect changes slightly, and information such as the size and position of the defect can be estimated by precisely measuring the change in the weak magnetic field. In the field of geomagnetic measurement, through abnormal monitoring of a geomagnetic field, earthquake can be predicted, the position of volcanic rock can be determined, and mine field monitoring can be carried out. In the field of ocean exploration, the buried depth of the optical cable can be determined according to the magnetic field gradient. However, the magnetic field strength is very weak and the environment is harsh, so that higher requirements are put on the performance of the magnetic field sensor.
The optical fiber interference device is an important sensing element with wide application prospect. However, in some special cases, such as measuring the propagation trace of seismic wave, mineral distribution, etc., the conventional fiber-optic interferometric magnetic field sensor is still not sensitive enough and is bulky.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a high-sensitivity optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on an optical vernier effect, which aims to solve the problems that the traditional optical fiber interference type magnetic field sensor is still low in sensitivity and large in size.
According to a first aspect of the embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a high-sensitivity fiber magnetic field sensor based on an optical vernier effect, including a broadband light source, a single-mode fiber, a first capillary, a second capillary and a spectrum analyzer, wherein an output end of the broadband light source is connected to a first end of the single-mode fiber, a second end of the single-mode fiber is connected to the spectrum analyzer, the single-mode fiber includes a first tapered section and a second tapered section between a first end and a second end thereof, the first tapered section is inserted into the first capillary, two aligned ends of the first tapered section and the first capillary are closed, and the first capillary is filled with air, the second tapered section is inserted into the second capillary, two aligned ends of the second tapered section and the second capillary are closed, and the second capillary is filled with a magnetic fluid, the first capillary tube, a first taper segment inside the first capillary tube and air form a reference MZI Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the second capillary tube, a second taper segment inside the second capillary tube and the magnetic fluid form a sensing MZI.
In an optional implementation manner, the broadband light source transmits a generated light source to the cascaded reference MZI and sensing MZI, the light source generates an optical vernier effect when passing through the cascaded reference MZI and sensing MZI to form an interference spectrum with an envelope, the interference spectrum is transmitted to the spectrum analyzer, the spectrum analyzer analyzes the envelope of the interference spectrum to realize external magnetic field measurement, the sensing MZI is used for sensing the change of an external magnetic field, and the external magnetic field passes through a magnetic fluid in the sensing MZI to modulate the envelope of the interference spectrum in the sensing process.
In another optional implementation manner, the light source interferes during passing through the reference MZI to generate an interference pattern, the light source received behind the reference MZI carries the interference pattern to be transmitted to the sensing MZI, interference occurs again at the sensing MZI, and the two interference are superimposed to generate the interference spectrum with the envelope.
In another alternative implementation, the free spectral ranges of the reference MZI and the sensing MZI are close and unequal, so that the light source generates an optical vernier effect when passing through the cascaded reference MZI and sensing MZI.
In another alternative implementation, after the first tapered segment in the reference MZI receives the light source, the first tapered segment first transmits along the core of the first tapered segment in a fundamental mode, and as the light source transmits to the waist region of the first tapered segment, a cladding mode is excited, and the light source simultaneously transmits along the core and the cladding of the first tapered segment, and as the effective refractive indexes of the fundamental mode and the cladding mode are different, the transmission speeds of the fundamental mode and the cladding mode are different, after the accumulated phase difference meets the phase matching condition in a distance, the light source interferes among different modes at the reference MZI to generate an interference pattern, and the light source received after the reference MZI carries the interference pattern to be transmitted to the sensing MZI.
In another optional implementation manner, after the second taper segment in the sensing MZI receives the light source carrying the interference pattern, the light source carrying the interference pattern has a base mode and a cladding mode in the transmission process of the sensing MZI, so that the light source carrying the interference pattern interferes again between different modes at the sensing MZI, and the two interference superposes to generate the interference spectrum with the envelope.
In another optional implementation manner, the two end closures of the first tapering section aligned with the first capillary tube and the two end closures of the second tapering section aligned with the second capillary tube are encapsulated by UV glue.
In another alternative implementation, the central axes of the first and second tapered segments, the first and second capillaries overlap.
In another alternative implementation, the first tapered section is aligned with the first capillary at two ends, the cross section of the first tapered section is the same as that of the single-mode optical fiber outside the first capillary, and the waist region of the first tapered section is located at the middle position of the first capillary;
the second tapered section and the two ends of the second capillary tube are aligned, the section of the second tapered section is the same as that of the single-mode fiber outside the second capillary tube, and the waist area of the second tapered section is located in the middle of the second capillary tube.
In another optional implementation manner, a corresponding relationship between the wavelength corresponding to the trough/peak of the interference spectrum envelope output by the sensor MZI and the magnetic field intensity is first established, so that when the external magnetic field is measured, the spectrum analyzer determines the corresponding intensity of the external magnetic field according to the wavelength corresponding to the trough/peak of the interference spectrum envelope, thereby realizing the measurement of the external magnetic field.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention adopts the cascaded reference MZI and the cascaded sensing MZI to enable a light source generated by a broadband light source to generate an optical vernier effect when passing through the cascaded reference MZI and the cascaded sensing MZI to form an interference spectrum with an envelope, and an external magnetic field is measured based on the interference spectrum, so that the sensitivity of the optical fiber magnetic field sensor can be improved, and when the reference MZI and the sensing MZI are manufactured, the single-mode optical fiber is adopted, the middle two sections of the single-mode optical fiber are respectively pulled into the first conical section and the second conical section, the first conical section and the second conical section are respectively penetrated into the first capillary and the second capillary, after air and magnetofluid are respectively filled into the first capillary and the second capillary, the two ends of the first capillary and the second capillary are sealed, so that the reference MZI and the sensing MZI have very simple structures, very small volumes and are easy to manufacture, and the magnetofluid in the sensing MZI can accurately and quickly respond to the external magnetic field, the sensitivity of the fiber magnetic field sensor can be further improved, and the magnetic fluid is filled in the second capillary tube, so that the filling operation is simpler compared with the filling operation in an air hole of a fiber cladding. In addition, the magnetic field sensor based on the magnetic fluid and the optical fiber interferometer simultaneously overcomes the defects of high power consumption, poor anti-electromagnetic interference capability, strict requirement on environment and the like of the traditional electric magnetic field sensor.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a high-sensitivity fiber-optic magnetic field sensor based on an optical vernier effect according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged rear cross-sectional view of the reference MZI and the sense MZI of FIG. 1.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention better understood and make the above objects, features and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more comprehensible, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise specified and limited, it should be noted that the term "connected" should be interpreted broadly, for example, as being mechanically or electrically connected, or as being interconnected between two elements, directly or indirectly through an intermediate medium, and the specific meaning of the term is understood by those skilled in the art according to the specific situation.
Referring to fig. 1, it is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of the high-sensitivity fiber magnetic field sensor based on the optical vernier effect according to the present invention. With reference to fig. 2, the high-sensitivity fiber magnetic field sensor based on the optical vernier effect may include a broadband light source 1, a single-mode fiber 2, a first capillary 41, a second capillary 51 and a spectrum analyzer 6, an output end of the broadband light source 1 is connected to a first end of the single-mode fiber 2, a second end of the single-mode fiber 2 is connected to the spectrum analyzer 6, the single-mode fiber 2 includes a first tapered section 21 and a second tapered section 22 between the first end and the second end thereof, the first tapered section 21 is disposed in the first capillary 41, two ends 43 of the first tapered section 21 aligned with the first capillary 41 are sealed and disposed, and the first capillary 41 is filled with air 42, the second tapered section 22 is disposed in the second capillary 51, two ends 53 of the second tapered section 22 aligned with the second capillary 51 are sealed and disposed, and the second capillary 51 is filled with magnetic fluid 52, the first capillary 41, the first conical-pulling section 21 inside the first capillary 41 and air form a reference MZI Mach-Zehnder interferometer 4, and the second capillary 51, the second conical-pulling section 22 inside the second capillary 51 and the magnetic fluid 52 form a sensing MZI 5. Wherein, the first capillary tube and the second capillary tube can be capillary glass tubes, and the central axes of the first tapering section 21, the second tapering section 22, the first capillary tube 41 and the second capillary tube 51 are overlapped. At two ends of the first tapered section aligned with the first capillary, the cross section of the first tapered section is the same as that of the single-mode fiber outside the first capillary, and the waist area of the first tapered section is located at the middle position of the first capillary; the second tapered section and the two ends of the second capillary tube are aligned, the section of the second tapered section is the same as that of the single-mode fiber outside the second capillary tube, and the waist area of the second tapered section is located in the middle of the second capillary tube.
In this embodiment, the broadband light source 1 transmits a generated light source to the cascaded reference MZI 4 and sensing MZI 5, the light source generates an optical vernier effect when passing through the cascaded reference MZI 4 and sensing MZI 5 to form an interference spectrum with an envelope, the interference spectrum is transmitted to the spectrum analyzer 6, the envelope of the interference spectrum is analyzed by the spectrum analyzer 6 to realize external magnetic field measurement, the sensing MZI 5 is used for sensing a change of an external magnetic field, and the external magnetic field passes through the magnetic fluid 52 in the sensing MZI 5 to modulate the envelope of the interference spectrum in a sensing process. The light source interferes in the process of passing through the reference MZI 4 to generate an interference pattern, the light source received behind the reference MZI 4 carries the interference pattern to be transmitted to the sensing MZI 5, interference occurs again at the sensing MZI 5, and the two interference are overlapped to generate the interference spectrum with the envelope. In addition, the free spectral ranges of the reference MZI and the sensing MZI need to be close to and unequal to ensure that the optical vernier effect is generated when the light source passes through the cascaded reference MZI and the sensing MZI, the envelope of the interference spectrum formed after the cascaded reference MZI and the sensing MZI is suitable for external magnetic field measurement, and determines the amplification factor of the measurement sensitivity of the external magnetic field, and the free spectral ranges of the cascaded reference MZI and the sensing MZI can be expressed as follows:
the measurement sensitivity magnification can be expressed as:
For the cascaded reference MZI 4 and sensing MZI 5, specifically, after the first tapering section 21 in the reference MZI 4 receives the light source, the light source firstly transmits along the core 211 of the first tapering section 21 in a fundamental mode, as the light source transmits to the waist region of the first tapering section 21, a cladding mode is excited, the light source simultaneously transmits along the core 211 and the cladding 212 of the first tapering section 21, the transmission speed of the light source is different due to the difference of the effective refractive indexes of the fundamental mode and the cladding mode, after the accumulated phase difference meets the phase matching condition after transmitting a distance, the light source generates interference between different modes at the reference MZI 4 to generate an interference pattern, and the light source received after the reference MZI 4 carries the interference pattern to be transmitted to the sensing MZI 5.
After the second tapered segment in the sensing MZI 5 receives the light source carrying the interference pattern, similarly, the light source carrying the interference pattern has a base mode and a cladding mode in the transmission process of the sensing MZI, so that the light source carrying the interference pattern interferes again between different modes at the sensing MZI 5, and the interference superposition is performed twice to generate the interference spectrum with the envelope. The refractive index of the magnetic fluid 52 in the sensing MZI 5 changes along with the change of the external magnetic field, so that the external magnetic field passes through the magnetic fluid in the sensing MZI 5 in the sensing process of the sensing MZI 5, and the envelope of the interference spectrum can be modulated. According to the invention, the corresponding relation between the corresponding wavelength of the wave trough/wave peak of the interference spectrum envelope output by the sensing MZI 5 and the magnetic field intensity can be firstly established, so that when the external magnetic field is measured, the spectrum analyzer 6 can determine the corresponding intensity of the external magnetic field according to the corresponding wavelength of the wave trough/wave peak of the interference spectrum envelope, and the measurement of the external magnetic field is realized.
When the reference MZI and the sensing MZI are prepared, the first tapering section 21 and the second tapering section 22 are both prepared from the single-mode Fiber 2 by using a Fiber tapering machine, and compared with a corrosion FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating), the structure is simpler and easier to prepare, and the free spectral range matching of the reference MZI and the sensing MZI is easier to realize by changing the parameters of the Fiber tapering machine. After the first tapering segment and the second tapering segment are prepared, a first capillary tube and a second capillary tube can be sleeved outside the first tapering segment and the second tapering segment respectively, after the first tapering segment is sleeved into the first capillary tube, two ends of the first capillary tube can be directly sealed, air is filled in the first capillary tube at the moment, after the second tapering segment is sleeved into the second capillary tube, a magnetic fluid can be filled into the second capillary tube firstly, and two ends of the second capillary tube are sealed. The closed positions of the two ends of the first tapering section 21 aligned with the first capillary 41 and the closed positions of the two ends of the second tapering section 22 aligned with the second capillary 51 may be both encapsulated by UV glue, which is optical glue and has little influence on light loss. The reference MZI and the sensing MZI are both interferometers which are manufactured by the same action machine, and the responsivities of the reference MZI and the sensing MZI are almost the same when external interference physical quantities (temperature and strain) change, so that the influence of the external interference physical quantities on magnetic field measurement can be reduced.
It can be seen from the above embodiments that, by using the cascaded reference MZI and sensing MZI, the present invention generates an optical vernier effect when a light source generated by a broadband light source passes through the cascaded reference MZI and sensing MZI to form an interference spectrum with an envelope, and measures an external magnetic field based on the interference spectrum, thereby improving the sensitivity of the fiber optic magnetic field sensor, and when manufacturing the reference MZI and sensing MZI, the present invention uses a single-mode optical fiber, respectively pulls the middle two sections of the single-mode optical fiber into a first tapered section and a second tapered section, respectively penetrates the first tapered section and the second tapered section into the first capillary and the second capillary, respectively fills air and a magnetic fluid in the first capillary and the second capillary, and then seals the two ends of the first capillary and the second capillary, thus it can be seen that the reference MZI and the sensing MZI have very simple structures, very small volumes and easy preparation, the sensitivity of the optical fiber magnetic field sensor can be further improved by utilizing the accurate and quick response of the magnetic fluid in the sensing MZI to an external magnetic field, and the magnetic fluid is filled in the second capillary tube, so that the filling operation is simpler compared with the filling of the magnetic fluid in an optical fiber cladding air hole. In addition, the magnetic fluid, as a special magnetic material, has the characteristics of a solid magnetic material, the flow characteristics of liquid, linear birefringence, circular birefringence, adjustable refractive index and other excellent optical characteristics; in addition, the optical fiber interferometer has the remarkable advantages of high resolution, high sensitivity, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, real-time online and distributed measurement and the like. Therefore, the magnetic field sensor based on the magnetic fluid and the optical fiber interferometer simultaneously overcomes the defects of high power consumption, poor anti-electromagnetic interference capability, strict requirement on environment and the like of the traditional electric magnetic field sensor.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements that have been described above and shown in the drawings, and that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the invention is to be controlled solely by the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. A high-sensitivity optical fiber magnetic field sensor based on an optical vernier effect is characterized by comprising a broadband light source, a single-mode optical fiber, a first capillary tube, a second capillary tube and a spectrum analyzer, wherein the output end of the broadband light source is connected with the first end of the single-mode optical fiber, the second end of the single-mode optical fiber is connected with the spectrum analyzer, the single-mode optical fiber comprises a first tapering section and a second tapering section which are positioned between the first end and the second end of the single-mode optical fiber, the first tapering section is arranged in the first capillary tube in a penetrating mode, two aligned ends of the first tapering section and the first capillary tube are arranged in a sealing mode, air is filled in the first capillary tube, the second tapering section is arranged in the second capillary tube in a penetrating mode, two aligned ends of the second tapering section and the second capillary tube are arranged in a sealing mode, magnetic fluid is filled in the second capillary tube, and the first tapering section and the air in the first capillary tube form a reference MZI-Zehnder dry structure The second capillary tube, a second conical section inside the second capillary tube and the magnetic fluid form a sensing MZI; respectively drawing the middle two sections of the single-mode optical fiber into a first tapering section and a second tapering section by adopting a single-mode optical fiber;
the broadband light source transmits a generated light source to the cascaded reference MZI and sensing MZI, the light source generates an optical vernier effect when passing through the cascaded reference MZI and sensing MZI to form an interference spectrum with an envelope, the interference spectrum is transmitted to the optical spectrum analyzer, the optical spectrum analyzer analyzes the envelope of the interference spectrum to realize measurement of an external magnetic field, the sensing MZI is used for sensing the change of the external magnetic field, and the external magnetic field passes through a magnetic fluid in the sensing MZI to modulate the envelope of the interference spectrum in the sensing process;
firstly, establishing a corresponding relation between the corresponding wavelength of the wave trough/wave peak of the interference spectrum envelope output by the sensing MZI and the magnetic field intensity, so that when an external magnetic field is measured, a spectrum analyzer determines the corresponding intensity of the external magnetic field according to the corresponding wavelength of the wave trough/wave peak of the interference spectrum envelope, and the measurement of the external magnetic field is realized;
the light source is transmitted to the reference MZI and then interferes to generate an interference pattern, the light source received behind the reference MZI carries the interference pattern and is transmitted to the sensing MZI, interference occurs again at the sensing MZI, and the interference spectrum with the envelope is generated through two interference superposition;
after a first tapered segment in the reference MZI receives the light source, the first tapered segment firstly transmits along the fiber core of the first tapered segment in a basic mode, as the light source transmits to a tapered waist region of the first tapered segment, a cladding mode is excited, the light source simultaneously transmits along the fiber core and the cladding of the first tapered segment, due to different effective refractive indexes of the basic mode and the cladding mode, the transmission speeds are different, after a distance is transmitted and accumulated phase difference meets a phase matching condition, the light source generates interference between different modes at the reference MZI to generate an interference pattern, and the light source received behind the reference MZI carries the interference pattern to be transmitted to the sensing MZI;
after the second tapered segment in the sensing MZI receives the light source carrying the interference pattern, similarly, the light source carrying the interference pattern has a base mode and a cladding mode in the transmission process of the sensing MZI, so that the light source carrying the interference pattern interferes in different modes at the sensing MZI again, and the interference is superimposed twice to generate the interference spectrum with the envelope.
2. The optical vernier effect based high sensitivity fiber optic magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein the free spectral ranges of the reference MZI and the sensing MZI are close and unequal such that the light source generates the optical vernier effect when passing through the cascaded reference MZI, sensing MZI.
3. The optical vernier effect based high sensitivity fiber optic magnetic field sensor of claim 1, wherein the two end closures of the first tapered section aligned with the first capillary tube and the two end closures of the second tapered section aligned with the second capillary tube are encapsulated by UV glue.
4. The optical vernier effect based high sensitivity fiber optic magnetic field sensor of claim 1 wherein the central axes of the first tapered section, the second tapered section, the first capillary tube and the second capillary tube overlap.
5. The optical vernier effect based high sensitivity fiber optic magnetic field sensor according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the first tapered section has the same cross section as that of the single mode fiber outside the first capillary at both ends aligned with the first capillary, and the waist region of the first tapered section is located at a middle position of the first capillary;
the second tapering section and the two ends of the second capillary tube are aligned, the section of the second tapering section is the same as that of the single-mode fiber outside the second capillary tube, and the waist of the second tapering section is located in the middle of the second capillary tube.
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