CN113804829A - Atmospheric pollution space-air-ground integrated real-time monitoring system and method - Google Patents
Atmospheric pollution space-air-ground integrated real-time monitoring system and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of air monitoring, and discloses an integrated real-time monitoring system for atmospheric pollution space, comprising: monitoring atmospheric particulate matters and volatile organic compounds by an atmospheric pollution sky ground integrated real-time monitoring network; the sky-ground integrated data acquisition and analysis platform performs element space-time distribution analysis, element statistical analysis, air quality report generation, early warning, forecasting and assimilating analysis, element space-time characteristic-based prevention and control measure evaluation, operation and maintenance quality control, data auditing, pollutant three-dimensional distribution visualization, meteorological field analysis visualization, pollutant transmission visualization, source analysis visualization and basic data superposition on the basis of observation data. The invention realizes cross comparison, calibration, dynamic fusion and integrated analysis of ground, vehicle, airborne and satellite monitoring data; and (3) constructing an integrated monitoring platform for the air pollution sky and ground of the complex terrain, and realizing the atmospheric environment monitoring of the real-time monitoring of the three-dimensional distribution of the key pollutants.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of air monitoring, and particularly relates to an integrated real-time monitoring system and method for atmospheric pollution in the sky.
Background
At present: the atmospheric pollution situation is severe, and urban groups present regional and composite atmospheric pollution characteristics of local and regional pollution superposition and mutual coupling of various pollutants. In order to comprehensively master regional pollution characteristics and meet the monitoring and management requirements of fine description and tracing, the atmospheric pollution process cannot be effectively observed by means of a single observation means and method. The development of a ground-based high-resolution online integrated measurement technology, a vehicle-mounted and airborne navigation observation technology, a detection technology for exchanging free troposphere and boundary layer material energy and a satellite remote measurement technology, the unified technical specification for the multi-scale atmospheric pollution space-air ground integrated monitoring is established, and the development and establishment of a sound, standardized and unified three-dimensional monitoring network becomes the urgent need and inevitable trend for atmospheric pollution and component monitoring.
At present, the air pollution three-dimensional monitoring technology based on multiple platforms and multiple means lacks a unified technical specification, and the corresponding technical support is weak.
Through the above analysis, the problems and defects of the prior art are as follows: the existing atmospheric environment problem which cannot be obtained by a single monitoring means is solved, the atmospheric pollution three-dimensional monitoring technology based on multiple platforms and multiple means is lack of unified technical specifications, and corresponding technical supports are weak.
The difficulty in solving the above problems and defects is: the project finishes a large amount of data structures, quality control requirements and function output of multi-means multi-platform monitoring technology equipment during one year of application demonstration in mountain cities, finishes theoretical research of fusion technology and realizes data integration analysis; based on application demonstration and platform construction experience, the air pollution three-dimensional monitoring technology which is compiled and completed by multiple means of the platform lacks a uniform technical specification.
The significance of solving the problems and the defects is as follows: the method realizes the latest cross comparison, calibration and calibration, dynamic fusion and integrated analysis theory based on the foundation, vehicle-mounted, airborne and satellite monitoring data at present, constructs and completes an integrated monitoring platform for the atmosphere polluted sky and land in the complex terrain, realizes the real-time monitoring of the three-dimensional distribution of the key pollutants, and forms a technical specification based on the integrated monitoring platform.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides an integrated real-time monitoring system and method for atmospheric pollution space-air ground.
The invention is realized in this way, an integrated real-time monitoring system of atmospheric pollution sky and land, the integrated real-time monitoring system of atmospheric pollution sky and land includes:
the integrated real-time monitoring network of the air pollution sky ground is used for carrying on the monitoring of atmospheric particulate matter and volatile organic compounds;
the sky-ground integrated data acquisition and analysis platform is used for performing element space-time distribution analysis, element statistical analysis, air quality report generation, early warning, forecasting and assimilating analysis, element space-time feature-based prevention and control measure evaluation, operation and maintenance quality control, data auditing, pollutant three-dimensional distribution visualization, meteorological field analysis visualization, pollutant transmission visualization, source analysis visualization and basic data superposition on the basis of observation data.
Further, the integrated real-time monitoring network in the air pollution sky ground includes:
the atmospheric space-based observation platform is used for acquiring timed remote sensing data according to the transit time of the polar orbit satellite or the signal interval time of the geostationary satellite;
atmospheric air-based observation platform, comprising unmanned aerial vehicle, mooring airship and aircraft aerial survey equipment, for carrying out PM2.5、O3、SO2、NO2Acquiring data of the spatial profile distribution and the mass concentration distribution;
the atmospheric foundation observation platform is used for carrying out quantitative observation on air components, concentration, ultraviolet radiation intensity, extinction coefficient, wind field parameters and other corresponding parameters by utilizing atmospheric foundation observation equipment aiming at important regional observation stations or specific atmospheric pollution source regions.
Further, the skyward integrated data collection and analysis platform comprises:
the data server is used for collecting the observation data of each observation device, managing a database and distributing the data facing to the user;
the data uploading module is used for uploading the continuous and automatic ground observation data to the data server once per hour; uploading the space-based observation data and the space-based observation data to a data server once a day;
and the normalization processing module is used for carrying out data format normalization processing on the data observed by each observation device.
Furthermore, the front-end equipment, the user and the data server are interacted through the Internet; the data of the front-end equipment is actively uploaded or accessed to a data server in other modes.
The invention also aims to provide an atmospheric pollution space-air-ground integrated real-time monitoring method applied to the atmospheric pollution space-ground integrated real-time monitoring system, and the atmospheric pollution space-air-ground integrated real-time monitoring method comprises the following steps:
acquiring air quality, pollution source information, meteorological conditions and other relevant basic data in a monitored area;
step two, performing statistical analysis on historical air quality data, meteorological data and other basic data in the monitoring area, performing pollutant diffusion simulation by using an air quality diffusion model in combination with terrain and landform, urban development, vegetation coverage and other information, determining the distribution and diffusion track of main pollutants, and judging a main pollution transmission channel in the area;
determining an observation point distribution scheme in the research area, and performing comparison and verification according to air quality model simulation and other means;
constructing an integrated real-time monitoring network of the air pollution sky ground on the basis of the framework of the air quality monitoring network, and constructing a particulate component observation network, a photochemical pollution observation network and a foundation remote sensing system in a main transmission channel; carrying observation equipment to carry out comprehensive observation in a main pollution source centralized emission area through a vehicle-mounted navigation, an unmanned aerial vehicle and a mooring airship, acquiring the distribution of pollutants in the area from the ground to a vertical space, and carrying out regional transmission analysis;
and fifthly, combining satellite inversion and meteorological field and pollution source simulation methods, performing integrated comprehensive observation of space and ground in the area, acquiring pollutant distribution characteristics in the area, judging the mutual transmission relationship among cities, determining the particulate matter conveying flux, and performing heavy pollution characteristic analysis and early warning.
Further, the first step is also performed before:
and performing performance verification and source tracing calibration of the observation equipment.
Further, before acquiring the distribution characteristics of the pollutants in the area, the following steps are also required:
aiming at the same monitoring element, the monitoring data is verified by carrying out cross comparison on monitoring instruments of various platforms and means;
and carrying out data validity judgment, abnormal data rejection and quality control data rejection on the observation data.
Further, the verification of the monitoring data by carrying out cross comparison on monitoring instruments of various platforms and means aiming at the same monitoring element further comprises:
carrying out space matching by using the ground observation data or other satellite data, and comparing and verifying the satellite inversion result;
cross comparison is carried out among the observation results of the base, the vehicle-mounted MAX-DOAS/scanning imaging DOAS, and after space matching, comparison is carried out with the observation result of the gas monitor of the base station;
PM and O carried by unmanned aerial vehicle and mooring airship3Cross comparison of black carbon, particle size spectrum and other sensor observation data; and cross comparison is carried out on the pollutant and meteorological parameter vertical profile observed by the mooring airship and the ground radar observation profile.
Further, in the fifth step, the integrated observation of the sky, the air and the ground in the area by combining the satellite inversion and the meteorological field and pollution source simulation method comprises the following steps:
(1) performing data fusion and integration, performing air quality index statistics, site AQI calendar same-ratio analysis and ring-ratio analysis, time sequence analysis of air quality parameters, frequency histogram analysis, pollution characteristic analysis-same-ratio analysis, pollution characteristic analysis-ring-ratio analysis, pollution rose diagram analysis, correlation analysis and data quality control on the basis of integrated data, and generating air quality daily reports, monthly reports and heavy pollution process analysis reports;
(2) carrying out monitoring data time sequence visualization, two-dimensional or three-dimensional distribution visualization, satellite remote sensing inversion product receiving, analysis and display, and carrying out wind rose/polluted wind rose analysis, circulation situation analysis and meteorological parameter three-dimensional distribution visualization based on meteorological parameters;
(3) carrying out backward track analysis, forward track analysis, backward track cluster analysis in an optional time period, backward track PSCF/CWT analysis and laser radar networking transmission process analysis on a pollution case;
(4) and carrying out mode source analysis, sampling analysis source analysis, single-particle mass spectrum source analysis result analysis and pollution characteristic comprehensive analysis in the pollution process.
Further, in step (1), the performing data fusion and integration includes:
1) carrying out data closing verification: acquiring aerosol optical thickness estimation by utilizing vertical distribution of particles detected by a mooring airship and a foundation laser radar through optical parameter calculation and vertical segmentation, and closing the aerosol optical thickness estimation with ground observation and satellite remote sensing data; PM, black carbon, particle size spectra and other sensor observation data carried by the captive airship are used for estimating the extinction characteristic, the backscattering characteristic and other optical characteristics of the particles, the relative vertical distribution of laser radar detection signals is further simulated and calculated, and the relative vertical distribution of the laser radar detection signals and the laser radar observation data are closed;
2) parameter correction: based on cross comparison and a closed inspection result, correcting the prior parameters, physically closing each parameter, and obtaining the horizontal distribution and the vertical profile of each pollutant;
3) and assimilating the three-dimensional simulation data and the regional observation data of the pollutants by means of a chemical transmission model aiming at regional multi-site observation to obtain the reanalysis three-dimensional distribution of the regional pollutants.
Further, based on the cross-comparison and the closed-loop test results, modifying the prior parameters comprises:
correcting aerosol backscattering characteristics, radar constants and other parameters in the inversion process of the laser radar by utilizing the exploration data of the mooring airship; correcting profile information in an algorithm for inverting the concentration of the ground particulate matters by the aid of the sonde of the mooring airship and observation data of the laser radar; aerosol and polluted gas prior parameters in the inversion process of MAX-DOAS and scanning imaging DOAS polluted gas are corrected by utilizing the exploration of the captive airship and the observation data of the laser radar.
Further, the air quality index statistics comprise pollution AQI calendar, grading statistics, standard exceeding statistics, first pollutant statistics and pollutant grade concentration contribution.
By combining all the technical schemes, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that: the invention constructs a complex terrain atmospheric pollution sky ground integrated monitoring platform based on multi-platform multi-means monitoring data fusion integration, realizes atmospheric environment monitoring of real-time monitoring of three-dimensional distribution of key pollutants, realizes integration of space-based, foundation and space-based monitoring technologies for the first time, develops application demonstration in a Yu-formed area, verifies stability and feasibility of the monitoring technology, provides key decision support for two-place environmental management departments by the aid of the three-dimensional distribution of the key pollutants, and serves daily forecast early warning and atmospheric pollution prevention and control work.
The invention utilizes a space-ground multi-platform observation means to monitor the spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants, the generation and elimination evolution of pollutants, the pollution source and the transmission and pollution mechanism in the region and city scale.
The invention carries out space pollutant concentration and diffusion detection by means of ground remote sensing, space foundation and the like, and solves the defect that the existing monitoring network is mainly concentrated on the ground; the method is characterized in that the current situation of urban mass pollution is oriented, and the composite pollution state and the transmission rule of regional atmosphere are described by carrying out comprehensive observation and characteristic analysis on a transmission channel; typical detection equipment and an experimental method are selected according to main pollutant generation and elimination mechanisms in different seasons.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an architecture diagram of an integrated monitoring network for atmospheric pollution space and ground according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of an atmospheric pollution space-ground integrated monitoring network architecture provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an integrated atmospheric pollution sky real-time monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
in the figure: 1. an integrated real-time monitoring network of atmospheric pollution sky land; 2. a sky-ground integrated data acquisition and analysis platform; 11. an atmospheric space-based observation platform; 12. an atmospheric air-based observation platform; 13. an atmospheric foundation observation platform; 21. a data server; 22. a data uploading module; 23. and a normalization processing module.
Fig. 4 is a flowchart of an integrated real-time monitoring method for atmospheric pollution space-air ground provided by the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of a vertical take-off and landing fixed-wing drone provided by an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of unmanned aerial vehicle path planning provided by the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a data acquisition scheme of an unmanned aerial vehicle with the same floor height according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides an integrated real-time monitoring system and method for the air pollution space and the air, and the invention is described in detail with reference to the attached drawings.
As shown in fig. 1 to fig. 3, an integrated real-time monitoring system for an atmospheric pollution space-air ground provided by an embodiment of the present invention includes:
the integrated real-time monitoring network 1 for the atmospheric pollution sky and ground realizes the multi-direction real-time monitoring of atmospheric pollutants and meteorological conditions in an area by space-based satellite remote sensing, space-based unmanned aerial vehicles or airboat load monitoring and ground multi-point and multi-means monitoring, and focuses on the problems of atmospheric pollution which are a plurality of keys on atmospheric particulate source analysis, ozone and precursor volatile organic compounds reaction mechanism and area transmission.
The sky-ground integrated data acquisition and analysis platform 2 is used for performing element space-time distribution analysis, element statistical analysis, air quality report generation, early warning, forecasting and assimilating analysis, element space-time feature-based prevention and control measure evaluation, operation and maintenance quality control, data auditing, pollutant three-dimensional distribution visualization, meteorological field analysis visualization, pollutant transmission visualization, source analysis visualization and basic data superposition on the basis of observation data.
The integrated real-time monitoring network 1 for the atmospheric pollution space, air and ground provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises:
the atmospheric space-based observation platform 11 is used for acquiring timed remote sensing data according to the transit time of the polar orbit satellite or the signal interval time of the geostationary satellite;
atmospheric air-based observation platform 12, including unmanned aerial vehicle, mooring airship and aircraft aerial survey equipment, for performing PM2.5、O3、SO2、NO2Acquiring data of the spatial profile distribution and the mass concentration distribution;
and the atmospheric foundation observation platform 13 is used for carrying out quantitative observation on air components, concentration, ultraviolet radiation intensity, extinction coefficient, wind field parameters and other corresponding parameters by utilizing atmospheric foundation observation equipment aiming at important regional observation stations or specific atmospheric pollution source regions.
The sky-ground integrated data acquisition and analysis platform 2 provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises:
a data server 21 for collecting observation data of each observation device, managing a database, and distributing user-oriented data;
the data uploading module 22 is used for uploading the continuous and automatic ground observation data to the data server once per hour; uploading the space-based observation data and the space-based observation data to a data server once a day;
and the normalization processing module 23 is configured to perform data format normalization processing on the data observed by each observation device.
The front-end equipment, the user and the data server provided by the embodiment of the invention are interacted through the Internet; the data of the front-end equipment is actively uploaded or accessed to a data server in other modes.
As shown in fig. 4, the integrated real-time monitoring method for the atmospheric pollution space-air ground provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
s101, acquiring air quality, pollution source information, meteorological conditions and other relevant basic data in a monitored area;
s102, performing statistical analysis on historical air quality data, meteorological data and other basic data in a monitored area, performing pollutant diffusion simulation by using an air quality diffusion model in combination with terrain and landform, urban development, vegetation coverage and other information, determining the distribution and diffusion track of main pollutants, and judging a main pollution transmission channel in the area;
s103, determining an observation point arrangement scheme in the research area, and performing comparison and verification according to air quality model simulation and other means;
s104, constructing an integrated real-time monitoring network of an atmospheric pollution sky ground on the basis of the framework of the air quality monitoring network, and constructing a particulate component observation network, a photochemical pollution observation network and a foundation remote sensing system in a main transmission channel; carrying observation equipment to carry out comprehensive observation in a main pollution source centralized emission area through a vehicle-mounted navigation, an unmanned aerial vehicle and a mooring airship, acquiring the distribution of pollutants in the area from the ground to a vertical space, and carrying out regional transmission analysis;
and S105, combining satellite inversion and meteorological field and pollution source simulation methods, performing integrated comprehensive observation of space and ground in the area, acquiring pollutant distribution characteristics in the area, judging the mutual transmission relationship among cities, determining the particulate matter conveying flux, and performing heavy pollution characteristic analysis and early warning.
Before step S101 provided in the embodiment of the present invention, the following steps are also performed: and performing performance verification and source tracing calibration of the observation equipment.
Before acquiring the distribution characteristics of the pollutants in the area, the embodiment of the invention needs to perform the following steps:
aiming at the same monitoring element, the monitoring data is verified by carrying out cross comparison on monitoring instruments of various platforms and means;
and carrying out data validity judgment, abnormal data rejection and quality control data rejection on the observation data.
The embodiment of the invention provides a method for verifying monitoring data by carrying out cross comparison on monitoring instruments of various platforms and means aiming at the same monitoring element, which further comprises the following steps:
carrying out space matching by using the ground observation data or other satellite data, and comparing and verifying the satellite inversion result;
cross comparison is carried out among the observation results of the base, the vehicle-mounted MAX-DOAS/scanning imaging DOAS, and after space matching, comparison is carried out with the observation result of the gas monitor of the base station;
unmanned planePM and O carried by carrying and mooring airship3Cross comparison of black carbon, particle size spectrum and other sensor observation data; and cross comparison is carried out on the pollutant and meteorological parameter vertical profile observed by the mooring airship and the ground radar observation profile.
In step S105, the method for performing integrated space-air-ground observation in an area by combining satellite inversion and meteorological field and pollution source simulation according to the embodiment of the present invention includes:
(1) performing data fusion and integration, performing air quality index statistics, site AQI calendar same-ratio analysis and ring-ratio analysis, time sequence analysis of air quality parameters, frequency histogram analysis, pollution characteristic analysis-same-ratio analysis, pollution characteristic analysis-ring-ratio analysis, pollution rose diagram analysis, correlation analysis and data quality control on the basis of integrated data, and generating air quality daily reports, monthly reports and heavy pollution process analysis reports;
(2) carrying out monitoring data time sequence visualization, two-dimensional or three-dimensional distribution visualization, satellite remote sensing inversion product receiving, analysis and display, and carrying out wind rose/polluted wind rose analysis, circulation situation analysis and meteorological parameter three-dimensional distribution visualization based on meteorological parameters;
(3) carrying out backward track analysis, forward track analysis, backward track cluster analysis in an optional time period, backward track PSCF/CWT analysis and laser radar networking transmission process analysis on a pollution case;
(4) and carrying out mode source analysis, sampling analysis source analysis, single-particle mass spectrum source analysis result analysis and pollution characteristic comprehensive analysis in the pollution process.
In step (1), the data fusion and integration provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes:
1) carrying out data closing verification: acquiring aerosol optical thickness estimation by utilizing vertical distribution of particles detected by a mooring airship and a foundation laser radar through optical parameter calculation and vertical segmentation, and closing the aerosol optical thickness estimation with ground observation and satellite remote sensing data; PM, black carbon, particle size spectra and other sensor observation data carried by the captive airship are used for estimating the extinction characteristic, the backscattering characteristic and other optical characteristics of the particles, the relative vertical distribution of laser radar detection signals is further simulated and calculated, and the relative vertical distribution of the laser radar detection signals and the laser radar observation data are closed;
2) parameter correction: based on cross comparison and a closed inspection result, correcting the prior parameters, physically closing each parameter, and obtaining the horizontal distribution and the vertical profile of each pollutant;
3) and assimilating the three-dimensional simulation data and the regional observation data of the pollutants by means of a chemical transmission model aiming at regional multi-site observation to obtain the reanalysis three-dimensional distribution of the regional pollutants.
The correction of the prior parameters based on the cross comparison and the closed test results provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
correcting aerosol backscattering characteristics, radar constants and other parameters in the inversion process of the laser radar by utilizing the exploration data of the mooring airship; correcting profile information in an algorithm for inverting the concentration of the ground particulate matters by the aid of the sonde of the mooring airship and observation data of the laser radar; aerosol and polluted gas prior parameters in the inversion process of MAX-DOAS and scanning imaging DOAS polluted gas are corrected by utilizing the exploration of the captive airship and the observation data of the laser radar.
The air quality index statistics provided by the embodiment of the invention comprise pollution AQI calendar, grading statistics, standard exceeding statistics, first pollutant statistics and pollutant grade concentration contribution.
The technical solution of the present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples.
Example 1:
1 general rule
1.1 general description
The invention is suitable for observing, researching and monitoring the spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants, the generation and elimination evolution of pollutants, the pollution source and the transmission and pollution mechanism and the like on the scale of a region and a city by utilizing a multi-platform observation means of the space and the ground.
The invention provides a complete technical scheme for integrally monitoring atmospheric pollution sky and land, and each region is scientifically subjected to monitoring point location arrangement according to actual business and research requirements, local region topographic characteristics and meteorological conditions and by means of combining an atmospheric heavy pollution source emission list, an air quality model and the like, so that technical resources are completely and reasonably configured.
1.2 programmatic reference File
The present disclosure refers to the following documents or clauses therein. The valid version of the reference file is suitable for use with the present invention, regardless of the date of non-reputational reference file.
GB 3095 + 2012 ambient air quality standard; HJ633-2012 ambient Air Quality Index (AQI) technical specification (trial); HJ193-2013 environmental air gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3 and CO) continuously and automatically monitoring system installation acceptance technical specifications; HJ655-2013 environmental air particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) continuous automatic monitoring system installation acceptance technical specification; HJ194-2017 environmental air quality manual monitoring technical specifications; GBT13869-2017 electric safety guide rule; GBT9813.1-2016 computer general Specification part 1 desktop microcomputer; QX/T510-2019 atmospheric composition observation data quality control method reactive gas H/Z3001-.
1.3 terms and definitions
1.3.1 Integrated sky-ground monitoring
The three-dimensional ecological environment monitoring perception system is characterized in that environment monitoring means such as atmospheric space-based observation, atmospheric space-based observation and atmospheric foundation observation are comprehensively applied, and a more accurate data support is obtained based on key technologies such as data mining, data fusion and data assimilation.
1.3.2 atmospheric space-based observations
The method is to observe and invert the atmosphere by taking a satellite-borne detector as an observation means and adopting a high-resolution technology of a space scale.
1.3.3 atmospheric air-based Observation
The observation of atmospheric pollution is carried out in a certain height range near the ground by taking an observation platform (an unmanned aerial vehicle, an airship, a balloon and the like) flying or floating in the air as a means.
1.3.4 atmospheric ground observation
The method is characterized in that atmospheric pollution observation is carried out based on a ground surface observation platform, and the atmospheric pollution observation is divided into ground fixed observation and flow observation according to the properties of observation stations, and ground in-situ observation and space remote sensing observation according to an observation range.
1.3.5 Observation data fusion
The method is a processing process for performing real-time and complete evaluation on atmospheric environmental conditions and transmission characteristics by combining, correlating and combining data and information of multiple information sources through various observation means to obtain more accurate atmospheric pollution characteristics and variation trends.
1.3.6 data assimilation
The method is a method for fusing new observation data in the dynamic operation process of a numerical model on the basis of considering data space-time distribution and errors of an observation field and a background field. In a dynamic frame of a process model, direct or indirect observation information of different sources and different resolutions which are discretely distributed in space-time is continuously fused by a data assimilation algorithm to automatically adjust a model track so as to improve the estimation precision of the state of the dynamic model and improve the prediction capability of the model.
1.3.7 Air Quality Index (AQI)
A dimensionless index that quantitatively describes the condition of air quality.
1.3.8 satellite remote sensing monitoring
The technology for monitoring and identifying the environment quality condition of a far-away environment target by collecting electromagnetic wave information of the environment through a satellite.
2 monitoring network design
2.1 monitoring network design principles
2.1.1 Targeted principles
The design of the sky-ground integrated monitoring network has pertinence, such as clearing of regional transmission relation, complex terrain pollution generation and elimination mechanism, regional forecast and early warning requirements, pollutant source analysis problems and the like, fastening of regional or local atmospheric environment problems and management requirements, and developing of monitoring network design in a targeted manner.
2.1.2 representative principles
The sky-ground integrated monitoring network mainly reflects space representativeness, time representativeness and pollution species representativeness, wherein the space representativeness is observation carried out in a main key city and an important atmospheric pollution transmission channel in a coverage area, the time representativeness is observation carried out in a time range in which a key environmental problem typically occurs, and the pollution species representativeness is a pollutant monitoring index which objectively reflects the regional atmospheric environmental condition and the problem.
2.1.3 integrity principle
The monitoring network design should cover the entire area of investigation, taking into full account the integrity of the atmospheric circulation characteristics within the area of investigation.
2.1.4 principle of dynamics
And implementing a dynamic observation plan aiming at the atmospheric pollution characteristics in different seasons and events.
2.2 monitoring network design procedure
2.2.1 determining monitoring goals and targets
The purpose of integrated monitoring of sky and ground is determined, if the problem that the atmospheric environment cannot be obtained by a single monitoring means at present is solved, the atmospheric environment problem of a cushion surface under a complex terrain is obtained by multi-hand observation, monitoring network design is optimized on the basis of a monitoring target, monitoring data are representative, the accuracy and pertinence of the monitoring data are improved, and the efficiency of environment management is improved to a certain extent.
2.2.2 basic information investigation
And collecting relevant basic data information such as air quality, pollution source information, meteorological conditions and the like in the research area.
The existing observation foundations in the research area are coordinated comprehensively, all observation foundation conditions are reasonably utilized, and other observation resources such as instrument equipment, technicians and the like are flexibly supplemented and allocated according to actual requirements and feasibility.
2.2.3 Transmission channel identification
The method is characterized by comprising the steps of carrying out statistical analysis on basic data such as historical air quality data and meteorological data in a research area, carrying out pollutant diffusion simulation by using an air quality diffusion model in combination with information such as terrain and landform, urban development and vegetation coverage, and finding out the distribution and diffusion track of main pollutants so as to judge a main pollution transmission channel in the area.
2.2.4 demonstration of point location
The method comprises the steps of determining an observation point distribution scheme in a research area from several levels of conventional urban and regional observation, atmospheric component reinforced observation, pollution transmission networking detection, typical observation of important industrial source areas and the like, and performing comparative verification according to means such as air quality model simulation and the like to fully demonstrate the scientificity and reasonability of point distribution. Experts are organized to discuss demonstrations as necessary.
2.3 monitoring network set-up
In the aspects of optimization of a monitoring network and upgrading of observation means, the concentration and diffusion detection of space pollutants is carried out by means of ground remote sensing, space-based and space-based supplementation, and the like, so that the defect that the existing monitoring network is mainly concentrated on the ground is overcome; the method is characterized in that the current situation of urban mass pollution is oriented, and the composite pollution state and the transmission rule of regional atmosphere are described by carrying out comprehensive observation and characteristic analysis on a transmission channel; typical detection equipment and an experimental method are selected according to main pollutant generation and elimination mechanisms in different seasons.
The monitoring network is established on the basis of the framework of the air quality monitoring network, and a particulate component observation network, a photochemical pollution observation network and a foundation remote sensing system are established in a main transmission channel; carrying out comprehensive observation in a main pollution source centralized emission area by means of vehicle-mounted sailing, unmanned aerial vehicles, mooring airships carrying observation equipment and the like, acquiring the distribution of pollutants in the area from the ground to a vertical space, and carrying out regional transmission analysis; and (3) combining satellite inversion and meteorological field and pollution source simulation means, finishing integrated comprehensive observation of space, air and ground in the area, acquiring the distribution characteristics of pollutants in the area, and judging the mutual transmission relationship among cities.
The sky-ground integrated monitoring network architecture is detailed in reference appendix A.
3 monitoring system constitution
3.1 monitoring method applicability
The monitoring method mainly comprises an online analysis method and an offline analysis method, the monitoring of the atmospheric particulate matters and the volatile organic compounds can be carried out by adopting a manual sampling and laboratory analysis method, and most other monitoring means are mainly online observation and analysis.
The selection of the monitoring method should meet the requirements of capturing and identifying the atmospheric pollution characteristics in the researched area and considering the actual conditions such as basic guarantee conditions of the monitored area on the premise of ensuring the standardization of the method, and the monitoring method with pertinence and operability is selected.
3.2 monitoring device selection
The monitoring equipment selection can be selected and combined according to the important atmospheric environment problem, and the equipment type can refer to but is not limited to instruments involved in the invention.
3.2.1 atmospheric sky-based observation vector
The atmospheric space-based observation mainly depends on a satellite remote sensing technology, and is detailed in a table 3-1.
TABLE 3-1 day-based observations Main technical means and vectors
3.2.2 atmospheric air-based observation platform
The atmospheric air-based observation platform mainly comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle and a mooring airship platform, and the main carrying equipment and observation parameters are shown in a table 3-2.
TABLE 3-2 space-based Observation platform types and Primary Observation devices
3.2.3 atmospheric ground observation equipment
The atmospheric foundation observation technology and observation equipment are various, most of the atmospheric foundation observation technology and equipment can realize quantitative observation, and the main observation technology and equipment are shown in tables 3-3.
TABLE 3-3 Primary Foundation Observation method and apparatus
3.2.4 technical index of observation equipment
The main technical indexes of the main observation means and instruments and equipment are detailed in reference appendix B.
3.3 data application platform design and construction
The integration and display of the air pollution sky-ground integrated monitoring technology are mainly completed by depending on a data application platform, the upgrading of the existing monitoring network data platform can be completed, the functional requirements are respectively put forward from the aspects of data access and platform functional design, and the platform function integration is realized by means of data integration, data fusion, statistical analysis and simulation, visual display and the like.
3.3.1 data Access
(1) Access mode
The data application platform establishes a data server and is responsible for the collection of observation data of each front-end device, the database management and the user-oriented data distribution. The front-end equipment, the user and the data server are interacted through the Internet. And the data of each front-end device is accessed to the data server in an active uploading mode and the like.
(2) Frequency of access
Continuously and automatically uploading the ground foundation observation data to a data server once per hour; the space-based observation data and the space-based observation data are uploaded to the data server once a day.
(3) Data format
The principle and method of various observation means and instruments are different, the observed atmospheric pollution parameters, scales and result expression forms are different greatly, the produced observation data are various in format, and certain technical difficulty is caused for data integration and fusion and data assimilation. For the requirements of data formats generated by various observation means and instruments and equipment, see the referential appendix C for details.
3.3.2 platform functional design and construction
The functional requirements for the construction of the data application platform are shown in tables 3-4.
TABLE 3-4 functional requirements of integrated monitoring technology application platform for atmospheric pollution space, air and ground
For the implementation of the application function, corresponding hardware equipment facilities and sufficient computing resources are required, and a third-party organization with related experience and strength can be entrusted to develop and build from three aspects of network bandwidth, storage requirements and operation requirements.
3.4 auxiliary facility equipment
Different observation stations designed based on a monitoring network architecture should have auxiliary facilities and equipment with correspondingly guaranteed installation and operation of observation equipment, sufficient station room or site space, equipment power supply, stable environmental conditions, data acquisition and transmission and the like, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of an observation plan. If external field observation needs to be carried out.
4 monitoring plan execution
4.1 monitoring protocol
Before the integrated monitoring of the sky and the ground is carried out, the purposes of observation and research are needed to be determined, air quality forecast support is made, and a complete and reasonable observation scheme is made, wherein the observation scheme mainly comprises the contents of observation time and frequency, specific requirements on operation and maintenance, cross comparison verification, data summarization analysis and the like. And distributing the observation scheme to each observation unit to ensure that the observation plan is implemented strictly according to the observation scheme.
4.2 monitor preparation
The operation state of each station of the implementation monitoring network is good, and relevant preparation works such as a site for strengthening observation, guarantee conditions, technical personnel, a data platform, regular consultation and the like are well prepared.
For the flying of the unmanned aerial vehicle and the mooring airship for space-based observation, the flying airspace application needs to be carried out in advance for the air management department, the observation flight time, the observation flight range and the observation flight height are determined, and the air management department is informed before the flight observation is carried out each time. In the case of the air traffic control department noticing prohibition or conditionally prohibiting flight, the relevant instructions are strictly executed.
For air-based observation and ground monitoring vehicle navigation observation, observation route planning is required to be made in advance.
4.3 operational maintenance requirements
4.3.1 atmospheric space-based observations
And acquiring timed remote sensing data according to the transit time of the polar orbit satellite or the signal interval time of the stationary satellite.
4.3.2 atmospheric air-based Observation
The atmospheric air-based observation is mainly carried out aiming at important regional observation sites or specific atmospheric pollution source regions.
The unmanned aerial vehicle carries on the sensor and carries out the region scanning observation. The optimal time-of-flight is the same as the time-of-flight of the mooring airship, and the daily flight frequency is determined in advance in the monitoring scheme according to the occurrence time of the local main pollution time period.
The mooring airship carries a sensor to carry out vertical flying observation. The simultaneous flight with unmanned aerial vehicle flight observation is carried out, the optimal flight is carried out, and the flight frequency is synchronous with the unmanned aerial vehicle flight observation.
The sensors carried by the unmanned aerial vehicle and the mooring airship are calibrated and compared regularly according to the requirements of a principle method.
Before each observation, the unmanned aerial vehicle and the mooring airship are subjected to flight state inspection, and operators with professional licenses or considerable experience execute flight and release tasks; the flying and flying stop can be ensured in rainy and snowy days or strong convection days.
4.3.3 atmospheric Foundation Observation
The ground based observation device was automatically monitored continuously for 24 hours during the observation study.
The vehicle-mounted instrument for the navigation monitoring is debugged and calibrated according to relevant specifications or operation manuals, and is dynamically adjusted according to the change of a pollution form or the field condition when the navigation monitoring is executed according to a planned route.
The routine air automatic monitoring station strictly carries out daily operation maintenance of the monitoring system, calibration of the monitoring instrument and performance verification of the monitoring instrument according to HJ818-2018 and HJ 817-2018. And the unconventional instrument equipment with characteristic parameters carries out daily operation maintenance, monitoring instrument calibration and monitoring instrument performance verification according to respective specific operating procedures.
The manual monitoring needs to be carried out according to related requirements of HJ194-2017, including point location arrangement, monitoring time and frequency determination, sample collection, sample transportation and storage, data processing, quality control and the like.
4.4 monitoring records
During observation research, the work of environmental conditions, meteorological conditions, observation instrument equipment operation conditions, operation maintenance, quality assurance, quality control and the like is recorded every day to form a complete and detailed monitoring log.
5 quality control and quality assurance
5.1 quality control
In the observation experiment of each method, according to the specific requirements of different instruments and equipment, professional monitoring personnel strictly execute corresponding quality control measures.
5.2 quality assurance
5.2.1 Instrument Performance validation
Before the integrated monitoring of the sky and the ground is carried out, various key instruments and equipment are subjected to concentrated comparison experiments, and the accuracy of the instruments and equipment is verified through parallel observation. The parallel comparison time is not less than one week, and the error of the parallelism of a quantitative monitoring instrument is not more than 10% (or determined according to a principle method).
For large instruments with strong operability and high complexity, the state inspection and the performance index test before use are carried out.
5.2.2 traceability calibration
The quantitative monitoring instrument calibrates standard substances or traces the source of a quantity value before observation, and the remote sensing observation instrument based on an optical principle calibrates radiation or spectrum according to a factory standard.
5.2.3 Cross-alignment
Aiming at the same monitoring element, the monitoring data is verified by carrying out cross comparison on monitoring instruments of various platforms and means.
And performing space matching by using the ground observation data or other satellite data, and comparing and verifying the satellite inversion result.
And cross comparison is carried out among the observation results of the MAX-DOAS/scan imaging DOAS on the ground, the vehicle and the aircraft, and the observation results are compared with the observation results of the gas monitor at the ground station after space matching.
PM and O carried by unmanned aerial vehicle and mooring airship3And cross comparison of sensor observation data such as black carbon and particle size spectrum.
And cross comparison is carried out on the pollutant and meteorological parameter vertical profile observed by the mooring airship and the ground radar observation profile.
5.2.4 data review
In order to ensure the validity and timeliness of the monitoring data, the previous monitoring data audit is completed in time before 12 hours a day, and the audit comprises data validity judgment, abnormal data elimination, quality control data elimination and the like. The data auditing technical requirements are executed according to the specific requirements of different instruments and equipment.
6 data fusion and integration
6.1 data fusion
6.1.1 closure test
And (3) performing closed inspection on the aspects of detection principle, physical law and the like aiming at different monitoring elements of various platforms and means.
The method comprises the steps of utilizing vertical distribution of particles detected by a mooring airship for air exploration and a foundation laser radar, obtaining optical aerosol thickness estimation through optical parameter calculation and vertical segmentation, and closing the optical aerosol thickness estimation with ground observation and satellite remote sensing data.
And estimating optical characteristics such as particle extinction characteristics, backscattering characteristics and the like by using sensor observation data such as PM, black carbon, particle size spectrum and the like carried by the captive airship, further simulating and calculating the relative vertical distribution of laser radar detection signals, and closing the distribution with the laser radar observation data.
6.1.2 parameter correction
And correcting the prior parameters based on the cross comparison and the closed detection result.
Parameters such as aerosol backscattering characteristics, radar constants and the like in the laser radar inversion process are corrected by utilizing the mooring airship exploration data.
And correcting profile information in an algorithm for inverting the concentration of the ground particulate matters by the aid of the mooring airship air exploration and the laser radar observation data.
Aerosol and polluted gas prior parameters in the inversion process of MAX-DOAS and scanning imaging DOAS polluted gas are corrected by utilizing the exploration of the captive airship and the observation data of the laser radar.
6.2 data assimilation
6.2.1 three-dimensional reconstruction of local contaminants
And during the comprehensive enhanced observation period, aiming at different monitoring factors of various platforms and means, removing abnormal discrete data on the basis of cross comparison, realizing the physical closure of each parameter on the basis of parameter correction, and finally obtaining the horizontal distribution and the vertical profile of each pollutant.
6.2.2 regional contaminant data assimilation
And assimilating the three-dimensional simulation data and the regional observation data of the pollutants by means of a chemical transmission model aiming at regional multi-site observation to obtain the reanalysis three-dimensional distribution of the regional pollutants.
7 data application
7.1 management applications
7.1.1 managed report
And realizing air quality index statistics, including pollution AQI calendar, grading statistics, standard exceeding statistics, primary pollutant statistics, pollutant grade concentration contribution and the like. Optional sites, optional time periods are required.
And realizing the peer-to-peer analysis and the ring-to-ring analysis of the site AQI calendar.
And time series analysis, frequency histogram analysis, pollution characteristic analysis-unity-ratio analysis, pollution characteristic analysis-cyclic-ratio analysis, pollution rose diagram analysis, correlation analysis and data quality control of the air quality parameters are realized.
And the generation of air quality daily reports, monthly reports and heavy pollution process analysis reports is realized.
7.1.2 evaluation and analysis
And the visualization of the time sequence, two-dimensional or three-dimensional distribution of the monitoring data is realized.
And receiving, analyzing and displaying a satellite remote sensing inversion product.
And wind rose/polluted wind rose analysis, circulation situation analysis and meteorological parameter three-dimensional distribution visualization based on meteorological parameters are realized.
7.2 analytical applications
7.2.1 contaminated transport applications
And backward trajectory analysis and forward trajectory analysis of the pollution cases are realized.
And backward track clustering analysis and backward track PSCF/CWT analysis of the optional time periods are realized.
And the analysis of the networking transmission process of the laser radar is realized.
7.2.2 Source resolution applications
And the mode source analysis, the sampling analysis source analysis, the single-particle mass spectrum source analysis result analysis and the pollution characteristic comprehensive analysis of the pollution process are realized.
Main observation means and main observation parameters of instrument and equipment
Application platform access data product format
Example 2: air pollution space-air-ground integrated monitoring technical specification compiling and explaining
1 method and basis for compiling rules
1.1 weaving principles
(1) Principle of systematics
All levels of ecological environment departments in all regions have certain atmospheric environment monitoring basic conditions, when the integrated monitoring of atmospheric pollution sky and land is implemented, the existing monitoring resources are fully utilized, the supplementation and the perfection and the pertinence enhancement are carried out on the basis, and the historical monitoring data are fully utilized to carry out the relevant statistical analysis of the air quality condition, the development and change trend and the like in the region, so that the construction and the achievement of the integrated monitoring capability of the atmospheric pollution sky and land become the extension and the extension of the existing foundation, and the system continuity of the monitoring network and the monitoring data is maintained.
(2) Principle of operability
The national soil region span of China is large, and the difference of landforms, climatic conditions, city layout, economic structures and the like of each region is huge, so the design of the integrated monitoring network of the atmospheric pollution sky and land and the implementation of the monitoring scheme can not only start from the theoretical optimization, but also consider the natural conditions, the economic development level and the pollution development change rule of the research region or the city. On the premise of meeting monitoring point location and space-time representativeness, the feasibility and the operability are ensured by taking the requirement of meeting and reaching the research target as a basic standard. Meanwhile, the labor, material and financial resources are saved as much as possible, and the social resource cost is reduced.
(3) Technical service management principles
Grasping the environmental monitoring serves the fundamental role of environmental management, fastening the atmospheric environmental issues and management needs of an area or place. The emphasis and the characteristics of the atmospheric environmental problems in each region are different, and the change of the environmental management requirements can also be influenced by short-term emergencies such as heavy pollution weather response, heavy activity air quality guarantee and the like, or the change is carried out aiming at a certain event. Therefore, for various conditions encountered in the integrated monitoring and concrete implementation process of the atmospheric pollution sky, the real conditions are combined to be appropriately adjusted in time, so as to provide scientific support for continuously improving the air quality.
1.2 compilation method
(1) By data lookup and on-site investigation, the current regional atmospheric pollution problem and control strategy are analyzed and combed, the monitoring requirement of atmospheric fine management is found out, and the frontier technology and the domestic and foreign development conditions of integrated monitoring of atmospheric pollution sky and land are known.
(2) A domestic first-class research team is organized, technology research and development of different monitoring methods are mainly conducted, mutual complementation and mutual progress among the different monitoring methods are emphasized, and the direction of monitoring system construction is unified and standardized.
(3) An integrated monitoring application demonstration area of atmospheric pollution sky is established in a Yu-forming area, application monitoring for one year is developed, and application effects of various new technologies, new equipment and new methods are continuously researched, fed back and continuously improved.
(4) The related experts and the management department are organized to conduct discussion and research, and constructive opinions are provided on the standard compilation work and content.
(5) The writing and technical popularization of the related technical application specifications are performed in the whole process of project technical development and technical application demonstration, and are continuously summarized and corrected in the application process.
(6) And compiling a standard text and a description, and soliciting opinions from relevant experts and modifying and perfecting the opinions in the project group.
2 main working process
(1) The first stage is as follows: standing demonstration (2015-2016)
On the basis of the previous domestic and foreign data research, the top-level design of project establishment is made with the current environmental management requirements of China in mind, the research and development force of domestic dominant units is concentrated, the technology research and development are taken as the main part for complex terrain areas, the method is emphasized to standardize the system construction, and the research and development of observation technologies such as a foundation observation technology, a navigation observation technology, a boundary layer in-situ detection technology and a multi-source satellite remote sensing technology are confirmed to obtain multi-platform, multi-scale and multi-parameter atmospheric pollution observation data, so that the regional atmospheric pollution condition is comprehensively represented, and the research idea of the integrated sky and ground atmospheric pollution monitoring technology system is formed.
In 2016, 9 and 28 days, a project starting and implementation scheme demonstration conference is called on in the Hefei city of Anhui province, technical demonstration is further carried out on project implementation feasibility, and a technical route and a research target are defined.
(2) And a second stage: key technology research and development (2016 + 2018)
The application direction of the new technology and the new method is accurately grasped, close communication with the international same lines is kept, the multi-wavelength Raman laser radar technology is broken through, and the laser radar with water vapor profile, temperature profile and particle spectrum detection capability is developed; the method comprises the steps of developing a panoramic scanning polluted gas imaging device by using a attacking high-resolution imaging spectrum technology and a pollutant inversion method; the attack vehicle-mounted scanning laser radar technology and the MaxDOAS technology are integrated with a regional atmospheric pollution sailing observation vehicle; developing an atmospheric pollution observation unmanned aerial vehicle and a boundary layer in-situ detection airship load; the method overcomes the key technology of multi-source satellite remote sensing and develops the regional satellite-machine-ground combined precise observation technology.
In the early 2018, project member units complete multi-dimensional observation technology of high-resolution trace gas on the ground, multi-wavelength water vapor Raman laser radar, temperature profile detection laser radar, regional atmospheric pollution sailing observation vehicle, atmospheric particulate matter monitoring scanning laser radar, unmanned airborne polluted gas two-dimensional imaging observation technology, high-resolution panoramic scanning polluted gas imaging DOAS, unmanned aerial vehicle platform special for atmospheric pollution observation, unmanned airborne atmospheric pollution online observation load cabin, unmanned airborne particulate matter and polluted gas concentration three-dimensional observation technology, boundary layer ozone and aerosol profile detection aerostat load technology, polluted gas regional distribution satellite remote sensing technology, new technology including near-ground fine particulate matter regional distribution satellite remote sensing technology, new products, engineering prototypes, experimental devices and the like, Key components, etc. 13 items.
(3) And a third stage: application demonstration of tissues in Yu-forming areas (2018)
Through preliminary basic research, on the basis of clarifying the current situation of pollution of the formed Yu city group and 3 main channels for transmitting atmospheric pollutants in the Sichuan basin, an integrated monitoring implementation scheme of the atmospheric pollution sky and space in the formed Yu region is formulated, a scientific and reasonable monitoring network is constructed, and meanwhile, a Chongqing longevity chemical industry park and a Sichuan mountains chemical industry park are selected to carry out a comprehensive observation experiment of key source regions.
And 6, 2018 to 5, 2019, constructing an application demonstration area in a Yu-forming area according to a project landing monitoring embodiment, and carrying out integrated continuous monitoring of the sky and the land for one year, wherein the reinforced comprehensive observation of summer and winter sections for 1 month is respectively carried out in 6-8 of 2018 and 12-2019 of 2018 in the Chongqing longevity chemical industry park and the Sichuan Leshan chemical industry park respectively.
2018 and 2019, by combining with the stage monitoring results, various related meetings such as technical research, progress communication and the like are called in the project for nearly 20 times, full discussion and summary are carried out, technical experts including a plurality of academies and ecological environment management experts in the two places of Chuan and Yu are invited to carry out field guidance, and abundant guidance opinions are provided for project research results and technical specification compilation work.
(4) A fourth stage: construction of integrated monitoring platform and improvement (2018-2019)
On the basis of related technology research and development and application demonstration in the Yuqing district, a sky-ground integrated atmospheric pollution three-dimensional monitoring technology system is built, a related quality control method is formed, a data fusion and comprehensive application platform is developed, and a project achievement falls to the ground and is continuously improved by providing an urgently needed technology and data support for business departments. Through platform construction and application, technical support is provided for the atmospheric environment management of the Chongqing two places.
11/12/2018, the department of science and technology organized in Beijing to perform a project mid-term examination of 2016 'atmospheric pollution cause and control technology research' special item. The overall progress of the project is smooth, and the consistent approval of the expert group for the middle-term inspection is obtained.
(5) The fifth stage: construction of Revere results, establishment of technical Specifications (2019 and 2020)
According to observation results and research experiences obtained by developing application demonstration of integrated monitoring of atmospheric pollution sky and land in the Yuqing district, through full summarization and continuous concentration, the technical specification (draft) and the explanation of integrated monitoring of atmospheric pollution sky and land are compiled, and the technical specification (submission) of integrated monitoring of atmospheric pollution sky and land is revised in a manner of soliciting opinions of industry experts and business units, so that the technical specification (submission for examination) of integrated monitoring of atmospheric pollution sky and land is finally formed.
The project group establishes and completes integrated monitoring data integration and analysis application platform software of atmospheric pollution sky and land and integrated monitoring database of the atmospheric pollution sky and land in the formed Yu region besides completing the 'standard' and compiling description, and simultaneously makes a great deal of fundamental work for preventing and treating atmospheric pollution and improving air quality in the two places of Chongqing.
5 Specification of the main technical content and description
5.1 Standard Foundation Studies
Breaking through the multi-wavelength Raman laser radar technology, and developing a laser radar with water vapor profile, temperature profile and particle spectrum detection capability; the method comprises the steps of developing a panoramic scanning polluted gas imaging device by using a attacking high-resolution imaging spectrum technology and a pollutant inversion method; the attack vehicle-mounted scanning laser radar technology and the MaxDOAS technology are integrated with a regional atmospheric pollution sailing observation vehicle; the atmospheric pollution is researched and developed; the method overcomes the key technology of multi-source satellite remote sensing and develops the regional satellite-machine-ground combined precise observation technology. On the basis, a sky-ground integrated air pollution three-dimensional monitoring technology system is built, a related quality control method is formed, a data fusion and comprehensive application platform is developed, technical application demonstration is developed in a Yu region, and project achievements fall on the ground by providing technology and data support which are urgently needed for business departments.
5.1.1 day-based Observation technology development
Satellite remote sensing monitoring technology for atmospheric aerosol
1. Necessity and feasibility
The space-time distribution of the aerosol optical thickness (AOD) can be effectively monitored by utilizing satellite remote sensing data, a foundation is laid for accurately mastering the estimation of the ground PM value, scientific support is provided for management decision processes such as particulate matter emission reduction, air quality standard reaching monitoring and the like, and meanwhile, the harm of particulate matters to human bodies is reduced and the loss to social economy is reduced. In order to correctly and effectively utilize the satellite remote sensing technology to carry out AOD monitoring and provide corresponding technical guidance for environmental protection managers, scientific research personnel and monitoring personnel at all levels in China, the technical standard of AOD satellite monitoring application is urgently required to be formulated, and the AOD remote sensing monitoring method, the product manufacturing and the product verification technology are uniformly specified, so that the monitored product has more scientificity and authority, the technical reference standard is provided for monitoring of various service departments, and the technical support is provided for finishing the AOD satellite remote sensing monitoring work with guaranteed quality and quantity.
Since the last 90 s, European and American countries successively emit a series of environment earth observation satellites, sensors including MODIS, MISR, OMI, ABI and the like are mounted, the sensors are wide in wave band range and high in spectral resolution, detection results can be used for inverting AOD, and large-range AOD dynamic monitoring in China is realized. In the business operation process, a plurality of relevant monitoring indexes are provided, a practical monitoring method is researched, a specific monitoring flow is designed, the production of AOD environment monitoring products is converted into conventional production from production according to needs, and meanwhile, the products are verified through various data. In long-term application practice, not only a large number of AOD environmental monitoring products are accumulated, but also the experience of product production is accumulated, and a group of talents engaged in AOD remote sensing monitoring research and application are cultivated.
2. Application scope
The atmospheric aerosol satellite remote sensing monitoring technology mainly comprises the contents of AOD satellite remote sensing monitoring principle, method, product manufacturing and the like. The method is suitable for the environment protection department to carry out AOD satellite remote sensing monitoring work.
3. Principle of monitoring
And performing AOD inversion by using the reflectivity data of visible light and near infrared wave bands of the MODIS sensor. And simulating a radiation transmission process by utilizing radiation transmission to obtain a lookup table, calculating apparent reflectivity data according to the reflectivity relation of the dark target in different wave bands based on a dark pixel algorithm principle, and calculating by matching the lookup table to obtain the AOD.
4. Data source
Polar orbit satellite: in order to support large-area-range mode prediction, medium-resolution satellite data with AOD (active optical inspection) inversion capability and daily data coverage is selected to ensure daily application requirements of a prediction mode. The available satellites mainly comprise loads such as FY-3 satellite MERSI, Terra/Aqua satellite MODIS, Suomi-NPP satellite VIIRS and the like.
A stationary satellite: the method comprises the steps of selecting medium-resolution multispectral stationary satellite data which can cover all or most of areas in China and has AOD inversion capability, such as a multichannel scanning imaging radiometer (MCSI) of an FY-4 satellite, an AHI of a Himapari-8 satellite, a GOCI of a COMS satellite and the like.
Data sources for different satellite products: aerosol and particle products, 3 scenes of polar orbit satellite and 8 scenes of static satellite every day; and (3) pollution gas products, namely 3 scenes of polar orbit satellites every day.
5. Product information
The product name is as follows: aerosol optical thickness (AOD), near-surface PM2.5Concentration of NO2Column concentration, SO2Column concentration;
spatial resolution: stationary satellites 1km and 5 km; polar orbit satellites 0.75km and 6 km;
temporal resolution: geostationary satellite for 0.5 hours; polar orbit satellite for 1 day;
data input format: the files are stored as raster files, including HDF, TIF, IMG and the like;
data output format: and a raster file format with spatial geographical information, such as GeoTIFF.
Relative error for each major satellite product: aerosol optical thickness (AOD) 20%, near surface PM2.5The concentration is 30%; NO2Column concentration 20%, SO2Column concentration 50%, etc.
6. Monitoring method
(1) Remote sensing data preprocessing
And processing the original DN 0-level data obtained by the sensor, and obtaining the scene 1-level data with the geographic longitude and latitude coordinates through processes of radiation correction, geometric correction, geographic information matching and the like.
(2) Pixel screening
Because the area suitable for the dark pixel algorithm is a low-reflectivity dense vegetation area, each pixel needs to be distinguished, areas such as fire spots, ice, snow, bright spots and the like are removed, and the dark pixel with low reflectivity is selected.
(3) Lookup table construction
The calculation of the algorithm requires matching different aerosol types, different aerosol thicknesses and observed apparent reflectivities by using radiation transmission simulation software. If the direct operation is carried out, each pixel needs to call the radiation transmission calculation software for multiple times, and the calculation process is redundant and long. Therefore, the invention constructs 5 kinds of lookup tables with bimodal distribution aerosol types in advance, and difference values are carried out on the lookup tables during calling, thereby greatly reducing the calculation amount and the operation time.
(4) Arithmetic operation
And traversing different optical thicknesses of the aerosol for each pixel, extracting the atmospheric transmittance and the hemispherical reflectivity from a lookup table according to the altitude angle and the azimuth angle of the pixel, calculating the surface reflectivity by using the observed apparent reflectivity according to a radiation transmission equation, and selecting the optimal optical thickness of the aerosol according to the reflectivity relation among wave bands. The AOD with the wavelength of 550nm of different aerosol types is obtained by calculation through the method, and the aerosol type is determined according to the deviation of the calculation result and the estimation result. And finally obtaining the aerosol optical thickness and the aerosol type of each pixel.
(5) Data result integration
Because the last process calculates the uncertainty of the optical thickness of the single pixel aerosol, 10 x 10 sub-satellite pixels with the resolution of 1km are combined to form a 10km aerosol optical thickness product. And defining confidence for the pixels of each AOD inversion result according to the result of pixel screening and the number of the pixels.
7. Monitoring result verification
(1) Ground observation verification
And comparing and verifying the satellite inversion result by using the AERONET foundation observation data.
(2) Other satellite data validation
And checking by using the same kind or similar observation data of other satellites. The product generated by the method is compared with the AOD product result of the synchronous similar sensor MODIS, and the accuracy of the algorithm is verified.
8. Monitoring product manufacture
The monitoring product represents the AOD remote sensing monitoring result in the forms of thematic map, brief report and the like. The thematic map includes a map name, time, legend, north arrow, scale, AOD distribution and concentration information, and administrative region geographic information. The thematic map comprises text information for describing area AOD monitoring conditions, a histogram for counting the area of AODs in each area, and a table for counting the names of administrative areas distributed by the AODs, the influence areas of different AODs in each area, the total influence area and other information.
For word description in daily, monthly, seasonal and annual monitoring products and AOD area statistics in administrative areas of each row in a statistical table, the AOD area statistics in the daily AOD monitoring products are performed based on each pixel of a single scene product on the same day, and if two or more sensors monitor AOD at the same position in one day, the statistical area is not accumulated. Statistics of AOD areas in each administrative region in the monthly, seasonal and yearly AOD remote sensing monitoring product are sum of values of AOD pixels in products in each month, season and year.
5.1.2 construction and implementation of air-based observation platform
Unmanned aerial vehicle navigation test for regional atmosphere pollution
1. Purpose of the experiment
Through the dynamic observation control of unmanned aerial vehicle navigation, acquire regional particulate matter and polluted gas's elevation, level isoparametric distribution fast, realize that particulate matter space three-dimensional spatial distribution surveys, combines geographic information, realizes polluting group's location and tracking, provides data support for scientific research such as the transmission analysis of atmospheric particulates and pollution.
2. Number of devices
2 frames of unmanned aerial vehicles for atmospheric pollution navigation observation.
3. Site environment requirement
(1) Site requirements: observation areas such as non-military off-flight areas, non-population dense areas and navigation channels;
(2) a charging place: a single-way 16A power socket charging pile;
(3) weather conditions: a non-rainy weather environment;
(4) flight requirements are as follows: flight declaration is carried out on relevant air traffic control departments in the research area;
4. introduction and quality control of unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted sensor
(1) Observation device
The airborne observation system observation equipment comprises a vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicle, an ozone concentration sensor, a PM2.5 sensor, an unmanned aerial vehicle-borne pollution gas two-dimensional imaging observation system and the like.
The designed VTOL UAV is a double-tail-stay layout and a backward-pushing type oil-driven VTOL fixed-wing UAV. The mode of combining multiple rotor wings and double tail support fixed wings is adopted, and the combined type wind power generator has the characteristics of long navigation time, high speed, large load, stable structure, high reliability and the like. The aircraft is suitable for large-area, high-efficiency and long-endurance flight tasks.
The ozone concentration sensor (2B Technologies PO3M) is used for detecting the ozone concentration of the environment around the sensor, and has the characteristics of small volume and convenient use.
PM2.5The sensor is TSI SidePakAM520 type light scattering laser photometer, has small and exquisite, portable, battery powered's characteristics, can locally carry out data record, provides the real-time aerosol mass concentration reading of dust, cigarette, the fog of workman breathing zone.
(2) Principle of the apparatus
The vertical take-off and landing fixed wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has the advantages of low requirements on take-off and landing sites, good maneuverability, high cruising speed, long endurance and the like by adopting the overall design idea of combining four rotors with fixed wings.
In order to realize the vertical take-off and landing function, the model design adopts a mode of folding the four rotors and fixed wings in a conventional layout, two longitudinal racks of the four rotors are fixed with the fins of the main wing, and the transverse racks are served by the wing beams of the main wing on the premise of not influencing the aerodynamic layout of the fixed wings. The schematic structure is shown in fig. 5.
The aircraft with the structure has two flight modes, namely a vertical take-off and landing mode and a plane flight mode, and can realize the transition of the two modes in the air. In the vertical take-off and landing mode, the special rotor rotates to provide vertical lift force, and the periodic pitch-variable motion provides pitching and rolling moments of the body; the thrust magnitude and direction of the vector thrust device can be controlled respectively, the thrust difference on the two sides balances the reaction torque of the rotor wing, and the vector control provides the rolling torque of the body. In the plane flight mode, the vector thrust device provides horizontal thrust, the fixed wing provides main lift, the special rotor wing stops rotating and is locked to be parallel to the fixed wing to be converted into the fixed wing, the whole machine is converted into a fixed wing structure, and the thrust vector and the deflection of the control plane provide control torque, so that high-speed and long-distance plane flight is realized.
When the vertical take-off and landing mode is converted into the flat flight mode, the thrust of the vector thrust device is increased, so that the aircraft flies in a horizontal acceleration mode, the fixed wing gradually bears the load, the special rotor wing gradually unloads in the processes of speed reduction, stalling and locking, the special rotor wing is converted into the fixed wing surface, the special rotor wing is parallel to the fixed wing, and the whole aircraft is converted into a fixed wing structure similar to a double-wing layout. When the horizontal flight mode is converted into the vertical take-off and landing mode, the thrust of the vector thrust system is reduced, the aircraft performs deceleration flight, then the special rotor is started to rotate in an accelerating mode, the total pitch of the rotor is gradually increased to bear, and meanwhile, the wings are unloaded and changed back to the vertical take-off and landing mode to perform low-speed or vertical flight.
The ozone concentration sensor adopts an ultraviolet absorption method, uses a stable ultraviolet lamp light source to generate ultraviolet rays, and uses a light wave filter to filter out ultraviolet rays with other wavelengths, and only allows the ultraviolet rays with the wavelength of 253.7nm to pass through. The sample passes through the photoelectric sensor and the ozone absorption cell and then reaches the sampling photoelectric sensor. The ozone concentration can be obtained by comparing the electric signals of the sample photoelectric sensor and the sampling photoelectric sensor and calculating through a mathematical model.
The PM2.5 sensor adopts a laser particle counting method, the sampling gas is sucked into the sensor through a fan, the number of particles and the diameter of the particles are calculated through a laser scattering method, and finally the PM2.5 concentration of the measured environment is accurately obtained through a series of mathematical operation methods.
(3) Quality control method and program
Aiming at the unmanned aerial vehicle with characteristics of large uncertainty, complex nonlinearity and the like, the active disturbance rejection controller is designed based on the active disturbance rejection control technology in consideration of uncertain disturbance such as airflow and the like of the unmanned aerial vehicle in the flight process, and the robustness of the system is enhanced.
In order to guarantee measurement accuracy and data validity, an airborne micro air pollution detector needs to search for a proper layout position aiming at an unmanned airborne observation experiment of a complex terrain, and the task requirement of high-altitude flight observation can be met by means of adding a proper rectifying device or an air extraction pump and the like to guarantee that the online observation load cabin can meet the requirement of high-altitude flight observation.
Evaluating the influence of atmospheric turbulence and the self airflow of the unmanned aerial vehicle on the air intake sampling of the airborne micro air pollution detector under different wind field conditions (such as different wind directions including windward, crosswind and the like, different wind speeds and the like), and selecting and designing the optimal layout configuration of airborne equipment and air inlet pipelines.
And optimally designing and correcting the airborne navigation observation route and the observation points thereof according to the ground and space-based observation data, the airborne online observation condition and the real-time diffusion distribution of the atmospheric pollution particles and ozone, thereby realizing high-resolution three-dimensional detection of key areas. And researching a three-dimensional observation processing technology of airborne atmospheric particulates and polluted gas, analyzing three-dimensional distribution and change characteristics of the airborne atmospheric particulates and the polluted gas, and performing visual evaluation.
Aiming at the change characteristics of the ground fine particle concentration and the fine particle concentration at the vertical height, the flight path of the unmanned aerial vehicle is formulated, the influence of conditions such as different atmospheric diffusion conditions, different underlying surfaces, different seasons and time is considered at the same time, a layered data acquisition scheme is designed, the smoke plume diffusion height and range of a large point source under the conditions of different atmospheric stability are estimated, and the corresponding flight path of the unmanned aerial vehicle is designed.
On the basis of considering the estimation result of the Gaussian diffusion mode, aiming at the point source smoke plume diffusion of the basin, the unmanned aerial vehicle data acquisition execution scheme can be divided into four steps:
firstly, carrying out 1km x 1km grid on the whole research area (taking 1km x 1km as an example, in the specific implementation process, the grid is scaled up or down by combining with the field condition) to generate a vector layer;
carrying out space vectorization on all points, lines and surface pollution source distribution covered by the research area to generate a pollution source distribution vector layer;
thirdly, assuming that the influence of the pollution sources on adjacent areas is in inverse proportion to the distance, comprehensively considering the pollution source level and the seasonal predominant wind direction condition, respectively and quantitatively calculating the relative pollution indexes of the point, line and surface pollution sources to each grid unit of 1km x 1km in the research area, then weighting and averaging, and drawing a relative pollution index grade diagram of the research area;
fourthly, re-clustering and partitioning the 1 km-1 km geographic units based on the results, subdividing the research area into a plurality of pollution gathering areas, laying unmanned aerial vehicle base stations based on the centers of the pollution gathering areas, and formulating a specific unmanned aerial vehicle flight scheme by considering the unmanned aerial vehicle flight coverage radius and time constraints so as to realize an efficient data acquisition mode. As shown in fig. 7, for each pollution cluster region (covering multiple 1km × 1km geographic units), assuming that the cluster center is a large point source, the pollution concentration in the research area can be preliminarily estimated by combining with the gaussian point source diffusion pattern.
According to the estimated numerical value, when the spatial change rate of the pollutant concentration in the research area is not large, the unmanned aerial vehicle cruise flight can be carried out in a path automatic navigation mode according to the track route, wherein the track route is perpendicular to the main wind direction, and the body and the wind direction form an included angle of 30-45 degrees in the vertical direction. And after the data acquisition is finished, carrying out space matching on the pollutant sample data associated with the GPS position information and each geographic unit of 1km x 1 km. When the local spatial change rate of the pollutant concentration is large, the flying route distance is reduced in the specific area, so that denser data can be obtained in the specific area, and the data precision in three-dimensional distribution interpolation is improved.
The concentration change of the fine particles and the polluted gas in the horizontal and vertical directions and the rule that the concentration changes along with time are researched through unmanned aerial vehicle aerial survey. And researching the overall distribution rule of pollutants in the formed areas and the diffusion characteristic of the pollutants in the downwind direction of the basin smoke plume by combining the concentration distribution maps of the pollutants of different pollutants at different times in the vertical and horizontal directions.
And analyzing the concentration change and the distribution rule of the pollutants in the near-ground and boundary layers according to the concentration of the aerial pollutants and the meteorological conditions. The data information is subjected to staged height averaging at different heights so as to reduce fluctuation of observed data, so that the pollutant concentration and the rule of synchronously measured meteorological conditions changing along with the heights can be more obviously represented in the vertical direction, the pollutant concentration vertical profile is drawn, and the distribution rule in the vertical direction is known.
For the flat flight process of the unmanned aerial vehicle at a certain height, the concentration of pollutants and meteorological parameters can be averaged at the same time interval. In addition, level flight detection is carried out on different heights, and the concentration distribution rule of pollutants with different heights in the horizontal direction is obtained. By analyzing aerial survey data in the horizontal and vertical directions and combining meteorological data such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature and the like, the distribution rule of fine particles in the vertical and horizontal directions and the influence of meteorological conditions are found out. The concentration distribution law of various gaseous pollutants in the vertical and horizontal directions and the distribution of the gaseous pollutants with time are analyzed.
5. Unmanned aerial vehicle carries gaseous pollutants two-dimensional imaging observation system
Based on an unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted platform, the rapid detection of the two-dimensional distribution of the trace gas under the condition of complex terrain can be realized by utilizing a high-resolution imaging DOAS detection system. The technology is based on an unmanned airborne platform combined with an imaging differential absorption spectrum algorithm, works in a nadir push-broom mode, can quickly obtain the distribution change condition of regional atmospheric pollution, captures important pollution sources, and makes up for the defect of ground station monitoring on the spatial scale.
The device carries out flight observation in Tianjin Tangshan and carries out shuttle push-broom measurement on areas such as the Tangshan Nanbao group and the like. Distribution of the polluted gas in a large area. The local enlarged view of the Tangshan Sanyou group area can observe that the Tangshan Sanyou group has more obvious emission and can more obviously show the pollution expansion trend. The single measurement ground coverage is approximately 950 m.
(II) comprehensive detection test for energy exchange between free convection layer and boundary layer material
1. Purpose of the experiment
Vertical distribution of atmospheric pollution components such as atmospheric aerosol/ozone and the like is researched through in-situ detection, the vertical structural characteristics of atmospheric pollution and the interaction of weather and atmospheric pollution are deeply understood, and scientific support is provided for air quality and weather and climate forecast service.
2. General description of the experiment
Mainly carrying a miniaturized instrument on a mooring airship to carry out in-situ detection of a vertical profile;
acquiring a wind profile by matching with a sodar or a local wind profile radar and the like, and providing a safety reference for a mooring test;
and the system is matched with a ground observation container to carry out continuous ground observation and assist in analyzing profile data.
3. Requirement of test conditions
(1) Relatively open field: for placing containers and making the observation representative. The place is unified with the mooring place or is at a close position with considerable pollution, so that maintenance on two sides is facilitated. No obvious shielding is provided around the mooring place, and no projection or sharp object which is easy to scratch is provided when the mooring is inclined. A warehouse for storing the airship and related sundries in rainy days, windy days and unattended hours is built, wherein the length of the warehouse is more than or equal to 10 meters, the height of the warehouse is more than or equal to 6 meters, and the width of the warehouse is more than or equal to 4.5 meters. And corresponding places for rest, work, instrument maintenance and inspection, observation equipment packing box placement and the like during observation are equipped.
(2) The power demand is as follows: the peak power consumption is 3000 watts, and the normal operation is less than 2000 watts.
(3) The approach device comprises: mooring airboats, winches, detection equipment and the like. Mooring an airship: length 10m, width 4m, height 4m, and inflation 50m3The load weight was 20 kg. Tying a rope: the tension of more than 200kg can be borne, and the safety is ensured; the length is 1300m, and the maximum lifting limit is 1200 m. Winch: the winch is about 1m multiplied by 1m, is fixed on the ground, is powered by commercial power, and can be retracted and extended manually or by using a standby generator when power is cut off. And (4) a container with the size of 2.5 multiplied by 6m and is transported by a truck.
4. Observation plan
(1) Measurement factors are as follows: aerosol spectrum, black carbon, ozone, meteorological elements, and the like. The actual load weight does not exceed 15 kg.
(2) And (3) measuring the height: the ground is 1000 m.
(3) Observation time: the detection is carried out every 1-2 hours according to weather conditions, and the specific time is 06:00, 07:00, 08:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00, 19:00 and 20: 00. In heavy polluted weather, the detection times are properly increased, or continuous detection is carried out; according to specific requirements, night detection is added.
5. Carrying instrument
(1) And an optical particle size spectrometer Grimm 11-S.
Measurement contents are as follows: 0.25-32um aerosol spectrum, and PM10、PM2.5And PM1。
Temporal resolution: and 6 s.
And (3) data output: the data of the number spectrum comprises time, particle diameters of various grades and number concentration, and the data of the mass concentration comprises time and various mass concentrations.
(2) Miniature black carbon instrument AE-51
Measurement contents are as follows: the mass concentration of black carbon.
Temporal resolution: 1 s.
And (3) data output: the data of the number spectrum comprises time, instrument parameters, calculation intermediate quantity, black carbon mass concentration and the like;
(3) small ozone instrument 2B-205
Measurement contents are as follows: the concentration of ozone.
Temporal resolution: 2 s.
(4) Temperature, humidity, pressure, wind direction and speed and other main meteorological parameters.
5.1.3 ground observation device development
Two-dimensional observation technology for high-resolution trace gas of foundation
The ground-based high-resolution trace gas two-dimensional observation technology is based on a differential absorption spectrum technology, when light emitted by a natural light source (sun) is transmitted in the atmosphere, the light can act with molecules in the atmosphere to be absorbed and scattered, after the light is transmitted for a certain distance, the attenuation of the light intensity can be calculated by using a Lambert-Beer law, therefore, the solar scattering spectrum reaching the ground contains the absorption information of the molecules of the atmosphere, the column concentration of atmospheric components can be inverted by a spectrum analysis technology, and the pollutant concentration information on different heights and azimuths can be obtained by aligning a device for receiving the solar scattered light on the ground to different pitch angles and azimuth angles, so that the spatial distribution information of pollutants can be obtained by scanning in the pitch and horizontal directions.
(1) Prototype design and improvement
In order to complete two-dimensional scanning observation, 2 stepping motors are designed in the system, the horizontal motor scanning drives the receiving telescope to move in the horizontal direction, the pitching motor scanning drives the telescope to move in the pitching direction, and the telescope can be controlled to scan in the pitching and horizontal directions sequentially through specific program design.
The system design is completed, and the solar scattered light receiving telescope is improved and optimized. One of the main components of the instrument is an atmospheric solar scattered light receiving telescope which scans in the pitching direction in sequence to obtain scattered light from different pitching directions and scans in the horizontal direction to obtain scattered light of different azimuth angles. Therefore, by combining the scanning in the pitch direction and the scanning in the horizontal direction, the pollutant distribution information of the whole space can be acquired.
The scattering spectra entering the telescope from different directions contain absorption information of atmospheric components with different heights, and corresponding atmospheric component concentration information can be obtained by analyzing the scattering spectra. The spectral analysis method adopts a passive differential optical absorption spectral analysis technology, and when the system works actually, the telescope is set to scan in the directions of 2 degrees, 3 degrees, 5 degrees, 7 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees and 90 degrees in the pitching direction in sequence.
Scattered light in the 90-degree direction is zenith scattered light which mainly contains stratospheric atmosphere composition absorption information, the path of the scattered light transmitted in the troposphere is shortest, while the scattered light in the direction of 2-45 degrees does not contain stratospheric atmospheric absorption information but mainly contains troposphere atmospheric composition absorption information, if the zenith scattered light in the direction of 90 degrees is taken as a reference spectrum, the atmospheric absorption caused by the change of the zenith angle of the sun during scanning is corrected, the stratospheric atmospheric absorption information in the scatter spectrum of the low-angle scan can be eliminated and, therefore, the scattering spectrum in the 90-degree scanning direction is taken as a reference spectrum, the low-angle differential absorption spectrum represents the atmospheric absorption information of different heights of the troposphere, differential absorption spectra at different pitch angles exhibit different optical thicknesses due to the uneven distribution of contaminants in the troposphere.
In the period of 2016, 6 months, 6 days, 12:10 to 12:18, the instrument obtains the differential absorption spectrum (with zenith scattered light as a reference spectrum) in the pitch scanning directions of 2 degrees, 3 degrees, 5 degrees, 7 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees and 45 degrees after completing one complete pitch angle scanning. After the differential absorption optical thickness is obtained, the differential slope concentration of the atmospheric components in the scattering spectra of different pitch angles can be obtained by utilizing nonlinear least square fitting.
(2) Vertical distribution algorithm for foundation aerosol and trace gas
On the basis of completing the development of two-dimensional scanning passive DOAS equipment, a subject research and development task aims to develop a ground-based high-resolution multi-dimensional observation technology for atmospheric aerosol and trace gas and obtain the vertical distribution of the aerosol and the trace gas. Therefore, the subject focuses on the technical strength to develop and apply the vertical distribution algorithm of the ground-based aerosol and the trace gas.
Due to the existence of particles in the atmosphere, the scattering of the atmosphere is influenced significantly, and the optical path of the solar scattered light received by the two-dimensional scanning passive DOAS equipment is greatly changed. O is4Is O2Dimer of molecules, concentration in atmosphere with O2The square of the partial pressure is proportional, and is substantially uniformly distributed in the horizontal direction, and O4Is substantially unaffected by temperature, and is oriented in the vertical direction4The concentration profile is substantially stable and constant, and the concentration decays exponentially with the height. O is4The gas is mainly distributed near the ground, and the optical thickness of the gas at low elevation angle is very sensitive to the transmission path, O4The measurement of (2) contains the information of the aerosol, and the accurate inversion of the aerosol profile provides guarantee for obtaining the trace gas verticality in the next step. Therefore, the invention firstly researches the inversion of the vertical distribution of the aerosol.
The newly developed algorithm of the invention is based on observed O4And absorption, and the inversion of aerosol extinction is realized by using a perfect optimal estimation technology and a SCIATRAN radiation transmission model. Fundamental method for inverting aerosol extinction vertical profile by using algorithmThe equation is shown in formula 7.1:
where X is an unknown quantity, i.e. evaluated, and M measured values are ymIs expressed as σ∈,mRepresenting an error. The radiation transmission model F obtains the determined X by simulating M times of measurement, and F is givenm(x)。
In practical inversion, an a priori profile needs to be assumed, so equation 7.1 can be expanded to equation 7.2, and the right half part in equation 7.2 is a parameter of the a priori profile, and the representative meaning is consistent with that of the left half part. The goal of the profile inversion is to achieve χ2And minimizing to finally obtain the current aerosol input condition.
In the aerosol inversion, the measurement vector y (equation 7.3) includes O4Concentration of slant column
And the light intensity I (lambda)1,Ω1)，Ω1…ΩeRepresenting the observation geometry, λ1…λlRepresenting the O4 absorption band wavelength.
The unknown state vector X being included in a reference wavelength λrefIs located in the extinction profile of aerosolM(z,λref)；λ1…λlRepresents the wavelength of O4 absorption band; omega0Represents the single scattering albedo of the aerosol; g represents an asymmetry factor in the parameterization of the aerosol HG (Henvey-Greenstein) phase function; alpha is alphaMRepresents
And (4) index.
X＝[∈M(z,λref),ω0(λ1),...,ω0(λl),g(λ1),...,g(λl),αM]T(formula 7.4)
In the algorithm, four prior aerosol extinction profile lines can be set, namely linear attenuation, Boltzmann distribution, exponential attenuation and Gaussian distribution.
Previous studies have shown that O4The measured value of the concentration DSCD of the diagonal stroke column is larger than that of the analog value system by (25 +/-10)%, and a correction factor of 0.8, namely O, is determined4The measured value of DSCD multiplied by a correction factor of 0.8 is O4-correction values for the DSCD. However, recent studies have shown that solar direct light DOAS based O4The measured value and the analog value have better consistency, and a correction factor is not needed. In practical studies, whether the aerosol extinction coefficient profile inversion requires the use of O4Correction factors, and what level of correction factor to use, is a complex problem.
In addition, aerosol extinction coefficient vertical distribution results obtained by two-dimensional scanning passive DOAS equipment are comprehensively compared with observation results of a sun photometer, near-ground particulate matter mass concentration on-line monitoring and laser radar extinction coefficient vertical distribution. The results show that the aerosol extinction coefficients measured by different technical methods have better consistency on the vertical structure and the time variation trend. The two-dimensional scanning passive DOAS equipment and the corresponding aerosol vertical distribution algorithm developed by the subject are basically mature, and the obtained particle extinction vertical distribution result is reliable. On the basis, the invention also carries out corresponding development and application research on the inversion of the vertical distribution of the trace gas.
(II) boundary layer particulate matter, temperature and humidity profile observation technology
The boundary layer water vapor and temperature laser radar technology utilizes laser to interact with atmospheric molecules in the transmission process, so that Raman scattering echo signals representing various atmospheric weather and physical information are generated, and then effective signals are separated, extracted and subjected to data inversion, so that corresponding temperature and humidity related element information is obtained. Because the laser radar can obtain Raman scattering, meter scattering and polarization information of a plurality of wavelengths, the micro-physical characteristics of the particles of the boundary layer can be comprehensively inverted, and haze distinguishing, particle mass concentration spatial distribution inversion and the like can be accurately carried out.
(1) Boundary layer temperature and humidity profile Raman laser radar system development
The boundary layer temperature and humidity profile laser radar uses 355nm and 532nm wavelengths as light sources, backscattering signals generated by interaction of laser pulses and atmosphere are received, temperature profile inversion is carried out by utilizing pure rotation Raman backscattering signals, inversion of a humidity profile is completed by receiving nitrogen and water vapor vibration Raman scattering signals, and detection of Rayleigh-meter scattering signals is carried out by using a 532nm wave band as a light source.
In the structure of the boundary layer temperature and humidity profile laser radar, a semiconductor laser emits high-frequency narrow-band 355nm/532nm wavelength laser beams, and the laser beams are emitted to the atmosphere after passing through a beam expander and light guide mirrors R1 and R2. The receiving optical system receives the back scattering signal of the emission beam, and the back scattering signal is guided into the light splitting optical system through the spatial filter and the optical fiber coupler. The pure rotation Raman signal is subjected to light beam collimation through a collimating lens L1, the collimated light beam passes through a double grating light splitting optical system G1 and G2 to separate high-order and low-order Raman scattering signals, the high-order Raman scattering signals enter a linear array PMT (linear array photomultiplier) through a focusing lens L2 and a light guide lens M1/M2, and the double grating light splitting optical system can separate light with the wavelength interval of 0.1nm and enter the linear array PMT with the wavelength interval of 1 mm; after the signal guided into the light splitting optical system by the optical fiber is split by the beam splitter B2, a part of 532nm Rayleigh-meter scattering signal is directly coupled into the PMT by the light splitting system. The other part of the vibration Raman echo signals enter a single grating light splitting optical system, are respectively focused into a PMT (photomultiplier tube) of an 8mm plane source after passing through a grating G3 and a collimating mirror L3, and the purpose of echo signal light splitting of the nitrogen vibration Raman signals and the water vapor vibration Raman signals can be realized through the design of the single grating light splitting optical system. And converting the obtained echo signals by a photon detection technology, and then processing data to obtain a temperature and humidity profile and an aerosol profile.
The boundary layer temperature and humidity profile laser radar mainly comprises four parts, namely a transmitting optical system, a receiving optical system, a beam splitting optical system and a signal acquisition and control unit.
(2) Development and improvement of particle radar in high-temperature and wet environment and networking observation under complex terrain
The radar faces high temperature and high humidity conditions in Chongqing areas, and aiming at the condition, the radar is designed to work as follows: aiming at the conditions that the laser generates heat when working and the outdoor temperature in summer is high, two sets of air conditioning systems are installed for the radar when in design, one set is a laser temperature control system and is used for independently cooling the laser, the other set is used for an internal radar temperature control system and is used for integrally cooling the radar, and meanwhile, 30 x 30 aluminum profiles are used, and the length of each aluminum profile is 600 mm, and two aluminum profiles are built up when the radar is in summer.
After the operation, because laser radar gathers work in succession and is summer in the season that the radar is located in addition, leads to temperature control system can't satisfy the condition, then considers insulating against heat from the outside, then carries out thermal insulation material to all radar surfaces and covers, except skylight light-emitting opening and air-conditioning air outlet, other positions all cover thermal insulation material.
In the Yu district, the surface temperature sometimes reaches more than 50 ℃ in the afternoon, and the radar with the thermal insulation layer is affected, so in the post-processing, the invention covers the radar for the second time, installs a sun-proof coat on the radar, and adds a sun-shading net on the radar to reduce the influence of the direct solar radiation on the temperature of the radar, so that the radar can work continuously and normally.
Aiming at high humidity conditions, a completely sealed state is adopted during radar redesigning, a sealing strip is additionally arranged on a casing door to prevent water vapor from entering, and data is remotely checked after radar debugging and installation are completed; and the air conditioner inside the radar has a dehumidification function, and water vapor inside the radar is discharged, so that the continuous and stable work of the radar is ensured.
(III) panoramic scanning polluted gas imaging DOAS system
The single collection of gaseous pollution imaging DOAS system is scanned to panorama, can acquire the scattered light information of each angle in the direction from level to 40 simultaneously, utilizes 360 scans of revolving stage to acquire the solar scattering spectrum of each direction. And the pollutant distribution in the area is observed by scanning and measuring the key area. The technology has the characteristics that the spatial resolution and the time resolution of data are improved, the distribution and the diffusion of pollution sources can be observed more visually, the pollution sources distributed at a close distance can be identified, and the technology realizes the rapid visual monitoring of the polluted gas. The large-view-field imaging spectrometer is carried on the two-dimensional rotating rotary table, and two-dimensional measurement is realized by horizontally rotating the control rotary table. The solar scattered light of different observation areas is obtained through horizontal scanning, and the nonuniformity of the concentration distribution of the polluted gas is finally calculated by utilizing the characteristic absorption structure of the polluted gas.
The solar scattered light in the target area is collected by the ultraviolet lens and then converged to the entrance slit, and is irradiated onto the area array CCD through the dispersion of the spectrometer grating, and is recorded by the computer after completing the photoelectric conversion. The area array CCD is 1024 × 1024 pixels, wherein one dimension corresponds to a space dimension, the other dimension corresponds to a spectrum dimension, namely, the spectrum of 1024 pixels on the A1-A2 longitudinal column can be obtained by each measurement, and each spectrum is subjected to DOAS inversion to obtain the trace gas information of the corresponding region. The spectrometer is arranged on a rotating table and horizontally rotates around an M axis, and after multiple measurements, a view field is gradually turned to B1-B2 from A1-A2, so that the two-dimensional distribution information of the trace gas in the area can be acquired.
The device scans and measures the smoke plume discharged by a chimney of the power plant according to the measured data of the device in the power plant area, can observe the distribution and diffusion trend of the polluted gas in the smoke plume, and can further calculate the data of the emission rate and the like.
(IV) regional atmosphere pollution vehicle test
1. Purpose of the experiment
Through the dynamic observation and monitoring of the navigation vehicle, the profile, the three-dimensional distribution and the flux distribution of regional particles and polluted gas are rapidly acquired, the three-dimensional distribution detection of the particle space and the conveying intensity evaluation of particle pollutants are realized, meanwhile, the positioning and tracking of pollution groups (pollutants transmitted across the boundary) are realized by combining geographic information, and data support is provided for the scientific researches such as the transmission analysis of atmospheric particles and pollution.
2. Number of devices
1 observation vehicle for atmospheric pollution.
3. Site environment requirement
(1) The weight of the navigation vehicle is less than 5T;
(2) when the vehicle is in motion, the height limit of the highway is more than or equal to 3.5 m;
(3) a charging place: charging a single-way 16A power socket for 12 hours at night;
(4) weather conditions: a non-rainy weather environment;
(5) site requirements: when observing, there is no block on the laser path.
The research and development of the air pollution vehicle-mounted navigation observation technology mainly comprise the prototype development of a radar and the prototype development of a navigation vehicle.
The navigation laser radar mainly comprises the design and the selection of a laser, the design and the development of an optical transceiving system, the design and the development of a scanning galvanometer technical system, the development of three-dimensional GIS software, the research of a flux algorithm, the development of scanning navigation acquisition software and the development of scanning navigation analysis software.
The model development of the navigation vehicle mainly comprises the work of model selection of a vehicle chassis, design and development of a radar damping system, vehicle modification and integration and the like.
5.1.4 monitor network design study
(I) Chongqing district transmission channel identification
(1) Meteorological data analysis
According to the data of the meteorological phenomena of the Sichuan province and the monitoring data, an obvious transmission channel (Guangan → Nanjian → Tunning → Xiyan → Meishan → Leshan → Yaan) exists in the middle area of the Sichuan basin. According to results of research on atmospheric pollution (dust-haze) characteristics and causes of city groups in Sichuan plain in Sichuan province, the method shows that the airflow entering Sichuan is conveyed in the Sichuan area to present diversified characteristics under the influence of special underlying surface terrain of the Sichuan basin. The transport of the boundary layer of contaminants has roughly three paths. The first one is: the airflow flows along the Kaihuan county and the Xuanhan county → Ba Zhong → Guangyuan and converges in the Mianyangjiang oil city; a second bar: the airflow flows along Guangan adjacent to the county, Xuan Han county and Wanyuan city → Nanjiang → Toning, Miyang south → Deyang, Yanyang Hedu → Meishan, and converges to Leshan and Yaan; and a third: the air flows along Luzhou Chinese iris and Hejiang → Nenjiang → Yugong → Yibin, forming vortex in Yibin and Luzhou. The second transmission path can make the air quality grade of the city on the transmission channel lower than that of the surrounding cities by 1-2 grades in autumn and winter.
(2) Air quality data analysis
Taking winter as a typical analysis period, carrying out measurement and calculation on 1-day and 2-day correlation coefficients of daily average concentration of each site in 2016, judging that the correlation is good when the correlation coefficient is larger than an average value, and from the viewpoint of one-day correlation among the sites, setting the average value of the correlation coefficients to be 0.62 and setting the average value to be yellow and highlighted when the correlation coefficient is larger than the average value, wherein each row represents the correlation coefficient of the 2 nd day of the city and other cities, high correlation indicates that the city is likely to be upwind, each column represents the correlation coefficient of the 1 st day of the city and other cities, and high correlation indicates that the city is likely to be downwind.
From the two-day correlation among the sites, the average value of the correlation coefficient is 0.62, the value larger than the average value is set as yellow highlight, each row represents the correlation coefficient of the city and other cities on the 3 rd day, the high correlation indicates that the city is likely to be upwind, each column represents the correlation coefficient of the city and other cities on the first 2 days, and the high correlation indicates that the city is likely to be downwind.
The site relevance comparison shows that the relevance between cities in the middle of the basin is good, sites have good representativeness, and possible transmission channels are between Chengdu and Leshan and between southeast areas of the basin, Chongqing and Luzhou.
The correlation of cities in the middle of the basin is found to be good by combining with air quality data observation and analysis, and meanwhile, the middle cities in the second boundary layer transmission path are found to have obvious pollution characteristic features on the pollution level, namely, the south charging-tunneling-yang-yan-meishan-ya-an first line.
In 2018, day 1 and 11, the cities on the transmission channel were good, the cities around the channel were slightly polluted above, and the cities were moderately polluted, wherein the cities were moderate.
In 21 months 12 and 2017, light pollution exists in Guangan, Nanjian, Tuoning, Yangyang, Meishan, Leshan and Yaan in cities on a transmission channel. City tributes around the channel are heavily polluted, while chengdu, deyang, mianyang, neijiang, luzhou, yibin and da zhou are moderately polluted.
(3) Important urban pollutant diffusion simulation in Yu-forming area
1) Simulation method
Simulating a meteorological field: the spatial resolution of the outer region (d01) and the inner region (d02) was 12km and 4km, respectively, using WRF for meteorological field simulation. The simulated initial field and boundary conditions are provided by the NCEP FNL 0.25 degree resolution analysis data. And starting WRF simulation at 00UTC every day, continuously simulating for 36 hours, and splicing hourly meteorological fields simulated from 13 th to 36 th hours to obtain a long-time continuous simulation result.
Diffusion simulation: pollutant diffusion simulation is carried out by using a HYSPLIT4 model, the simulation range is a d02 area, and the meteorological field is provided by WRF simulation results. The simulation time periods are 2016, 1, 4, 7 and 10 months and respectively represent four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. The simulated cities include Chengdu, Leshan, Yibin, Luzhou, Ziyang, Tunning, Nenjiang, Nanchong, Dazhou and Chongqing. Each city was set to discharge tracer pollutant starting at 00 hours at a rate of 10000kg/hr for 24 hours and simulating the subsequent 72 hours of pollutant dispersion. The diffusion simulation output result is the average pollutant concentration distribution of 100-.
It should be noted that the embodiments of the present invention can be realized by hardware, software, or a combination of software and hardware. The hardware portion may be implemented using dedicated logic; the software portions may be stored in a memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system, such as a microprocessor or specially designed hardware. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the apparatus and methods described above may be implemented using computer executable instructions and/or embodied in processor control code, such code being provided on a carrier medium such as a disk, CD-or DVD-ROM, programmable memory such as read only memory (firmware), or a data carrier such as an optical or electronic signal carrier, for example. The apparatus and its modules of the present invention may be implemented by hardware circuits such as very large scale integrated circuits or gate arrays, semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable logic devices, etc., or by software executed by various types of processors, or by a combination of hardware circuits and software, e.g., firmware.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and the appended claims are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and improvements that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. An integrated real-time monitoring method for atmospheric pollution space-air ground is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring air quality, pollution source information, meteorological conditions and other relevant basic data in a monitored area;
step two, performing statistical analysis on historical air quality data, meteorological data and other basic data in the monitoring area, performing pollutant diffusion simulation by using an air quality diffusion model in combination with terrain and landform, urban development, vegetation coverage and other information, determining the distribution and diffusion track of main pollutants, and judging a main pollution transmission channel in the area;
determining an observation point distribution scheme in the research area, and performing comparison and verification according to air quality model simulation and other means;
constructing an integrated real-time monitoring network of the air pollution sky ground on the basis of the framework of the air quality monitoring network, and constructing a particulate component observation network, a photochemical pollution observation network and a foundation remote sensing system in a main transmission channel; carrying observation equipment to carry out comprehensive observation in a main pollution source centralized emission area through a vehicle-mounted navigation, an unmanned aerial vehicle and a mooring airship, acquiring the distribution of pollutants in the area from the ground to a vertical space, and carrying out regional transmission analysis;
and fifthly, combining satellite inversion and meteorological field and pollution source simulation methods, performing integrated comprehensive observation of space and ground in the area, acquiring pollutant distribution characteristics in the area, judging the mutual transmission relationship among cities, determining the particulate matter conveying flux, and performing heavy pollution characteristic analysis and early warning.
2. The integrated real-time monitoring method for the atmospheric pollution space-air ground as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step one is preceded by the steps of: and performing performance verification and source tracing calibration of the observation equipment.
3. The integrated real-time atmospheric pollution space-air-ground monitoring method as claimed in claim 1, wherein before obtaining the distribution characteristics of the pollutants in the area, the following steps are carried out: aiming at the same monitoring element, the monitoring data is verified by carrying out cross comparison on monitoring instruments of various platforms and means;
and carrying out data validity judgment, abnormal data rejection and quality control data rejection on the observation data.
4. The integrated real-time atmospheric pollution space-air-ground monitoring method as claimed in claim 3, wherein said checking the monitoring data by cross-comparing the monitoring instruments of various platforms and means for the same monitoring element further comprises:
carrying out space matching by using the ground observation data or other satellite data, and comparing and verifying the satellite inversion result;
cross comparison is carried out among the observation results of the base, the vehicle-mounted MAX-DOAS/scanning imaging DOAS, and after space matching, comparison is carried out with the observation result of the gas monitor of the base station;
PM and O carried by unmanned aerial vehicle and mooring airship3Cross comparison of black carbon, particle size spectrum and other sensor observation data; and cross comparison is carried out on the pollutant and meteorological parameter vertical profile observed by the mooring airship and the ground radar observation profile.
5. The atmospheric pollution space-air-ground integrated real-time monitoring method of claim 3, wherein in the fifth step, the integrated comprehensive observation of the space-air-ground in the area by combining the satellite inversion and the meteorological field and pollution source simulation method comprises:
(1) performing data fusion and integration, performing air quality index statistics, site AQI calendar same-ratio analysis and ring-ratio analysis, time sequence analysis of air quality parameters, frequency histogram analysis, pollution characteristic analysis-same-ratio analysis, pollution characteristic analysis-ring-ratio analysis, pollution rose diagram analysis, correlation analysis and data quality control on the basis of integrated data, and generating air quality daily reports, monthly reports and heavy pollution process analysis reports;
(2) carrying out monitoring data time sequence visualization, two-dimensional or three-dimensional distribution visualization, satellite remote sensing inversion product receiving, analysis and display, and carrying out wind rose/polluted wind rose analysis, circulation situation analysis and meteorological parameter three-dimensional distribution visualization based on meteorological parameters;
(3) carrying out backward track analysis, forward track analysis, backward track cluster analysis in an optional time period, backward track PSCF/CWT analysis and laser radar networking transmission process analysis on a pollution case;
(4) and carrying out mode source analysis, sampling analysis source analysis, single-particle mass spectrum source analysis result analysis and pollution characteristic comprehensive analysis in the pollution process.
6. The integrated real-time monitoring method for the atmospheric pollution space-air ground as claimed in claim 5, wherein in the step (1), the data fusion and integration comprises:
1) carrying out data closing verification: acquiring aerosol optical thickness estimation by utilizing vertical distribution of particles detected by a mooring airship and a foundation laser radar through optical parameter calculation and vertical segmentation, and closing the aerosol optical thickness estimation with ground observation and satellite remote sensing data; PM, black carbon, particle size spectra and other sensor observation data carried by the captive airship are used for estimating the extinction characteristic, the backscattering characteristic and other optical characteristics of the particles, the relative vertical distribution of laser radar detection signals is further simulated and calculated, and the relative vertical distribution of the laser radar detection signals and the laser radar observation data are closed;
2) parameter correction: based on cross comparison and a closed inspection result, correcting the prior parameters, physically closing each parameter, and obtaining the horizontal distribution and the vertical profile of each pollutant;
3) and assimilating the three-dimensional simulation data and the regional observation data of the pollutants by means of a chemical transmission model aiming at regional multi-site observation to obtain the reanalysis three-dimensional distribution of the regional pollutants.
7. The integrated real-time atmospheric pollution space-air-ground monitoring method of claim 5, wherein the correction of the prior parameters based on the cross-comparison and the closed test results comprises: correcting aerosol backscattering characteristics, radar constants and other parameters in the inversion process of the laser radar by utilizing the exploration data of the mooring airship; correcting profile information in an algorithm for inverting the concentration of the ground particulate matters by the aid of the sonde of the mooring airship and observation data of the laser radar; correcting aerosol and polluted gas prior parameters in the inversion process of MAX-DOAS and scanning imaging DOAS polluted gas by utilizing the exploration of the captive airship and the observation data of the laser radar;
the air quality index statistics comprise pollution AQI calendar, grading statistics, standard exceeding statistics, first pollutant statistics and pollutant grade concentration contribution.
8. An integrated real-time monitoring system for an atmospheric pollution sky-space-ground, which implements the integrated real-time monitoring method for the atmospheric pollution sky-space-ground of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the integrated real-time monitoring system for the atmospheric pollution sky-space-ground comprises:
the integrated real-time monitoring network of the air pollution sky ground is used for carrying on the monitoring of atmospheric particulate matter and volatile organic compounds;
the sky-ground integrated data acquisition and analysis platform is used for performing element space-time distribution analysis, element statistical analysis, air quality report generation, early warning, forecasting and assimilating analysis, element space-time feature-based prevention and control measure evaluation, operation and maintenance quality control, data auditing, pollutant three-dimensional distribution visualization, meteorological field analysis visualization, pollutant transmission visualization, source analysis visualization and basic data superposition on the basis of observation data.
9. The atmospheric pollution sky-ground integrated real-time monitoring system of claim 8, wherein the atmospheric pollution sky-ground integrated real-time monitoring network comprises:
the atmospheric space-based observation platform is used for acquiring timed remote sensing data according to the transit time of the polar orbit satellite or the signal interval time of the geostationary satellite;
atmospheric air-based observation platform, comprising unmanned aerial vehicle, mooring airship and aircraft aerial survey equipment, for carrying out PM2.5、O3、SO2、NO2Acquiring data of the spatial profile distribution and the mass concentration distribution;
the atmospheric foundation observation platform is used for carrying out quantitative observation on air components, concentration, ultraviolet radiation intensity, extinction coefficient, wind field parameters and other corresponding parameters by utilizing atmospheric foundation observation equipment aiming at important regional observation stations or specific atmospheric pollution source regions.
10. The atmospheric pollution space-ground integrated real-time monitoring system of claim 8, wherein the space-ground integrated data collection and analysis platform comprises:
the data server is used for collecting the observation data of each observation device, managing a database and distributing the data facing to the user;
the data uploading module is used for uploading the continuous and automatic ground observation data to the data server once per hour; uploading the space-based observation data and the space-based observation data to a data server once a day;
the normalization processing module is used for carrying out data format normalization processing on the data observed by each observation device;
the front-end equipment, the user and the data server are interacted through the Internet; the data of the front-end equipment is actively uploaded or accessed to a data server in other modes.
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