CN112858594A - Method, medium and computer equipment for distributing air quality monitoring points in mountain city - Google Patents
Method, medium and computer equipment for distributing air quality monitoring points in mountain city Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of science and technology, and discloses a method, a medium and computer equipment for distributing air quality monitoring points in a mountain city, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of determining the monitoring purpose, determining the monitoring area range, and collecting local related data; screening a proper sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding distribution monitoring in a monitoring area and carrying out method verification; determining the point positions and the quantity of the air quality monitoring points of the mountain city environment by using a clustering analysis method; selecting a CALPUFF air quality model to perform regional gridding simulation on air pollutants, and optimizing to obtain the air quality monitoring point positions and the number of the air quality monitoring point positions in the mountain city; and comparing point location optimization results of different methods, and determining an optimized layout scheme of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain cities. The method has strong pertinence, is the first systematic research in the field of domestic environmental protection, ensures the representativeness of the air monitoring point and the trueness and reliability of data, improves the accuracy and pertinence of data analysis, and has huge social benefit and economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of science and technology, and particularly relates to a method, a medium and computer equipment for distributing air quality monitoring points in a mountain city.
Background
At present, a mountain city is a city built on an uneven terrain with a certain gradient or in a complex terrain and natural environment condition and has the characteristics of specific vertical gradient change, terrain and landform and spatial layout.
The mountain city has different landform and meteorological conditions from plain city, and has different atmospheric pollution diffusion conditions and city functional area distribution, such as Chongqing, Panzhihua, Guiyang, Lanzhou, etc. The mountainous city not only causes special polluted meteorological conditions due to climatic meteorological characteristics including wind direction and wind power, air temperature, precipitation, sunlight intensity, relative humidity and the like, but also divides the city into relatively independent urban areas in districts due to topographic conditions, ecological environment and other factors, so that the city development cannot be connected into one piece to form a plurality of independent groups, and the plurality of independent groups form the whole mountainous city. The three-dimensional lower cushion surface of the mountain land blocks the flow of wind and blocks the heat and humidity exchange of air inside and outside the mountain land, so that the mountain land climate has relative sealing property; due to the shielding effect of the terrain, cold air is not easy to intrude in winter, hot air is not easy to disperse in summer, and the heat island effect of mountain cities is enhanced. These characteristics make it difficult to effectively diffuse the atmospheric pollutants in mountain cities, and make improvement of human living environment in mountain cities more difficult. Mountain cities can be divided into various types such as hilly type, river valley type and gully type according to different landforms; the mountain cities can be divided into various structural types such as centralized compact type, cluster type, belt type and the like according to different space structures.
The purpose of the ambient air monitoring is how to completely and accurately reflect the overall ambient air quality of a certain area by using as few monitoring point data as possible, so that the selection of representative monitoring points is a decisive factor for accurately representing the air quality condition and the environmental pollution degree. The traditional method, standard and technical specification for arranging the environmental air quality monitoring point locations are made according to the characteristics of the plain cities in China, and the specific requirements for arranging the air quality monitoring point locations in mountain regions are very few. China is a multi-mountain country, the area of mountainous regions accounts for about two thirds of the area of national soil, and mountain towns account for about half of the total number of towns. The mountainous city has different landforms and meteorological characteristics from plain cities, the pollutant diffusion conditions and the urban functional area distribution are different, and the arrangement part of the environmental air quality monitoring network point locations in the existing environmental air quality monitoring standards (trial) temporarily does not separately provide requirements for the arrangement of the mountainous region air quality monitoring point locations. Therefore, a special 'mountain region area air quality monitoring point location arrangement technical research' project in 2009 annual public welfare industry is set in the department of environmental protection, the aim is to mainly research an optimized point arrangement technical method for mountain city air quality monitoring, and a technical method guide for mountain city air quality monitoring point location arrangement is provided.
Through the above analysis, the problems and defects of the prior art are as follows: in the existing environmental air quality monitoring standard (trial run), the arrangement part of the environmental air quality monitoring network point locations temporarily does not separately provide requirements for the arrangement of the air quality monitoring point locations in mountain areas.
The difficulty in solving the above problems and defects is: the mountain city has different landforms and topographic features and meteorological features which are obviously different from those of plain cities, the pollutant diffusion conditions and the urban functional area distribution are different, the system error in sampling monitoring data acquisition is eliminated as much as possible at a certain scale level, data fitting analysis and clustering comparison are performed on the same reference, and a representative monitoring point position is optimized.
The significance of solving the problems and the defects is as follows: the technology is provided, and the method has important significance for solving comparability of monitoring data in mountain areas and plain areas and ensuring representativeness of air monitoring points and trueness and reliability of data, so that accuracy and pertinence of data analysis are improved, and technical support target definition is provided for environmental management.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method, a medium and computer equipment for distributing air quality monitoring points in mountain cities.
The invention is realized in such a way that a method for distributing air quality monitoring points of a mountain city comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of firstly, defining a monitoring purpose, determining a monitoring area range, and collecting local related data;
the first step is mainly to clearly study the basic situation of an application area or a city and provide necessary historical data for developing monitoring experiments and model analysis. (basic data of investigation)
Screening a proper sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding point distribution monitoring in a monitoring area and carrying out method verification;
and determining a proper actual measurement technology, such as the passive sampling monitoring method recommended by the invention, and carrying out experiments by dividing grids to obtain actual measurement data. (obtaining measured data)
Determining the point positions and the quantity of the air quality monitoring points of the mountain city environment by using a clustering analysis method;
the step is to carry out statistical analysis by utilizing the measured data in the second step, and cluster and optimize to obtain a group of monitoring point positions. (optimization monitoring points location)
Selecting a CALPUFF air quality model to perform regional gridding simulation on the air pollutants, and optimizing to obtain the air quality monitoring point positions and the number of the mountain city;
the step is that a group of monitoring point locations are obtained through optimized calculation by inputting historical data, meteorological parameters and other data through an air quality model method and according to relevant diffusion parameter conditions and the like embedded in the model. (verification of optimized Point locations)
And fifthly, comparing point location optimization results of different methods, and determining an optimized layout scheme of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain cities.
And comprehensively analyzing the actual situation of the monitoring point locations respectively obtained in the third step and the fourth step, and then performing final optimization to determine a final point location layout scheme. (determination of Point distribution scheme)
Further, in step one, the collected local related data and data includes: the method comprises the steps of monitoring the topographic profile, meteorological features, pollution source lists, 3-5 years of atmospheric pollutant emission historical data, relevant relations of all parameters, the overall environmental air quality condition and the variation trend of the overall environmental air quality condition of the monitored area.
Further, in the first step, the determining the monitoring area range for the purpose of explicit monitoring and collecting local related data and data includes:
(1) counting the waste gas pollution sources in the monitoring area, and classifying the source types;
(2) analyzing the air quality monitoring data of the past year, combining with the meteorological data of the same period, obtaining the air quality change trend of the research area of the past year, evaluating the air quality current situation of the mountain city, and analyzing the future development change rule of the air quality.
Further, the source types include a point source and an area source.
Further, in the second step, the screening of the appropriate sampling analysis technology, the monitoring of the gridding distribution of points in the monitoring area and the method verification thereof include:
(1) screening out a passive diffusion sampling technology which accords with the local economic level, the geographic condition and the conditions of manpower and material resources according to local related research data and data, and carrying out grid point distribution monitoring sampling according to the requirement of the distribution of environmental air quality monitoring point positions;
(2) when a passive sampling monitoring method is selected, important consideration factors of sampling convenience, frequency of monitoring experiments and working strength need to be considered;
(3) the data obtained by passive sampling can be used for comparing and verifying data of automatic monitoring point data of the air quality of the urban environment in the same period, and the reliability of the selected method is evaluated.
Further, in step three, determining the point location and the quantity of the air quality monitoring of the mountain city environment by using a cluster analysis method includes:
(1) the method comprises the steps of utilizing urban air quality grid hanging piece monitoring data, selecting a mode of combining two clustering analysis methods of hierarchical clustering and division clustering, determining the optimal clustering number and a preliminary clustering result through agglomeration hierarchical clustering, and then further clustering each subclass by adopting a K-Means rapid classification method;
(2) comprehensively analyzing the clustered results according to the functional division and geographical position factors of the area where each point is located, and optimizing the urban environment air quality monitoring point;
(3) and (4) further verifying the optimized result, and if the concentration measured at the optimized point position can represent that the average concentration deviation of the city is within 10%, determining that the optimized point position scheme is reasonable.
Further, in the fourth step, selecting the CALPUFF air quality model to perform regional gridding simulation of the air pollutants, and optimizing to obtain the air quality monitoring point positions and the quantity of the mountain city, including:
(1) utilizing a calpuff air quality model system to perform receptor gridding on a research area and simulate the spatial distribution of pollutant concentration along with time;
(2) selecting representative point locations by adopting methods such as grid receptor clustering analysis or isoconcentration lines and the like, and performing overall optimization layout on air quality monitoring point locations according to different mountain city characteristics;
(3) and (5) inspecting whether the average concentration of the selected monitoring point is more consistent with the overall average concentration of the region, wherein the deviation is within 10%.
Further, in the fifth step, the step of comparing the point location optimization results of the different methods to determine the optimal layout scheme of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain city includes:
(1) comparing the clustering analysis of the grid measured data with the optimization result of the Calpuff model simulation;
(2) and finally determining the positions and the number of the air quality monitoring points of the mountain city environment according to the actual conditions of the research area and by combining local landform, economic development and functional zoning factors.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a computer program product stored on a computer readable medium, comprising a computer readable program for providing a user input interface to implement the mountain city air quality monitoring point arrangement method when executed on an electronic device.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to execute the method for laying air quality monitoring points in mountain cities.
By combining all the technical schemes, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that: according to the method for distributing the air quality monitoring points in the mountain city, provided by the invention, on the basis of researching and evaluating the technical method for distributing the air quality monitoring points, the technical method for distributing the air quality monitoring points in the mountain area is screened, and the applicability of the point distribution technical method in the mountain city is demonstrated; selecting two typical mountain land type cities of a main city of Chongqing city and a Guiyang city as research objects, adopting a method of combining field experiments, statistical analysis and air quality model simulation, and adjusting and perfecting a technical method for arranging air quality monitoring point positions of mountain cities by carrying out comparison analysis and inversion verification on field experiments and model simulation results; environmental air quality monitoring point locations of two typical mountain cities of a main city of Chongqing city and Guiyang city are researched, and corresponding point location arrangement and optimization schemes are provided. Finally, on the basis of summarizing and summarizing typical mountain city research cases, a relevant program for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is provided, and a technical guide (draft) for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is compiled. The general working procedure for obtaining the air quality monitoring point location layout of the mountain city comprises the following steps: (1) the method comprises the steps of determining the monitoring purpose, determining the monitoring area range, and collecting local related research data and data; (2) screening out a proper sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding point distribution monitoring and carrying out method verification; (3) researching the point location and the quantity of the air quality monitoring of the mountain city by using a clustering analysis method; (4) performing regional gridding simulation on air pollutants by using a Calpuff air quality model, and researching air quality monitoring point positions and quantity of mountain cities; and (5) comparing point location optimization results of the two methods, and finally determining a mountain city air quality monitoring point location layout scheme. Meanwhile, a technical guideline for the arrangement of the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain cities (draft) proposes a proposal on the aspects of an air monitoring point location arrangement method, point location setting quantity, operation evaluation and the like aiming at the unique topographic features and physiognomic characteristics of the mountain cities.
The purpose of the environmental air quality monitoring and distribution optimization is to use a small number of monitoring point locations, namely, use as little manpower, material resources and financial resources as possible, and truly, objectively and scientifically reflect the space-time distribution and evolution rules of atmospheric pollutants in mountainous cities. The invention is closely combined with the actual work, has strong pertinence, is the first systemic research in the field of domestic environmental protection, and both the monitoring distribution and the optimization method developed and proposed are applied to the environmental air quality monitoring distribution optimization of Chongqing city and Guiyang city, and obtain ideal effects. The project achievements are submitted to the science and technology standard department of the environmental protection department as technical support for organizing and compiling relevant specifications of environmental air quality monitoring stationing optimization of mountain cities in China, and are actively popularized and applied to environmental protection departments at all levels of mountain cities in China through the work of environmental monitoring technical business, environmental protection planning at all levels of China and places, strategic environmental impact evaluation and the like. Therefore, the invention has great social benefit and economic benefit. Meanwhile, the method has important significance for solving the comparability of monitoring data in mountain areas and plain areas and ensuring the representativeness of air monitoring points and the trueness and reliability of the data, thereby improving the accuracy and pertinence of data analysis and providing technical support for environment management; meanwhile, the project research result has important reference value and technical support effect on the supplement and the perfection of the environmental air quality monitoring standard (trial).
According to the invention, through technical methods such as field experiments, model simulations and the like, environmental air quality monitoring point locations of two typical mountain cities of the main city and the Guiyang city of Chongqing city are researched, and corresponding point location layout and optimization schemes are provided. The main innovation points are as follows: firstly, a HandySONOX passive sampler of Nippon green-blue company is introduced for the first time to carry out a mountain city grid distribution monitoring experiment, and a membrane is used for simultaneously measuring SO2、NO2Two kinds of contaminants. Experiments prove that the method can better reflect the concentration level of pollutants, is a reliable atmospheric pollution monitoring method, can be used as effective supplement of an active observation method, and is independently used for rapid evaluation of the concentration level of regional pollution. And secondly, systematically adopting a CALPUFF air quality model to carry out gridding simulation analysis, carrying out distribution and optimization of air quality monitoring point locations in the Chongqing main city and the Guiyang city by using two methods of cluster analysis and isoconcentration line, and comparing and verifying the point location scheme obtained by optimizing after directly carrying out cluster analysis by using grid point distribution hanging piece monitoring experiment data, wherein the results are basically consistent, and the application reliability of the CALPUFF model under the condition of complex mountainous terrain is proved. Thirdly, applying a geostatistical method to the space distribution research of pollutant concentration data, and adopting an ArcGIS software geostatisical analysis geostatistical ground statistical analysis module to carry out SO analysis2、 NO2And carrying out inverse distance weight interpolation, half variation analysis and kriging interpolation on the actually measured concentration data, and analyzing to provide an air quality monitoring stationing optimization suggestion. The geostatistics not only considers the size of a sample value, but also pays attention to the spatial position of the sample and the distance between the samples, and makes up for the defect that the classical statistics neglects the spatial orientation.
On the basis of summarizing and summarizing typical mountain city research cases, a relevant program for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is provided, and a technical guide (draft) for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is compiled. And a monograph of 'technology and method for distributing air quality monitoring point positions in mountain cities' is published, and reference is provided for management and technical departments engaged in environmental air quality monitoring in mountain cities at all levels in China.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for laying air quality monitoring points in a mountain city according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the location arrangement work of the mountain city air quality monitoring points provided by the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3(a) -3 (b) are schematic structural diagrams of the andysonox passive sampler of japan green-blue corporation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows the main city SO in Chongqing city according to an embodiment of the present invention2And NO2Contour line and optimization point distribution schematic diagram.
FIG. 5 shows an example of a Guiyang city SO2And NO2Contour line and optimization point distribution schematic diagram.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a general working procedure of the location arrangement of the air quality monitoring points in the mountain city according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method, a medium and computer equipment for distributing air quality monitoring points in mountain cities, and the invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the method for laying air quality monitoring points in a mountain city provided by the embodiment of the invention includes the following steps:
s101, defining the monitoring purpose, determining the monitoring area range, and collecting local related data;
s102, screening a proper sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding point distribution monitoring in a monitoring area and carrying out method verification;
s103, determining the point positions and the quantity of the air quality monitoring points of the mountain city environment by using a clustering analysis method;
s104, selecting a CALPUFF air quality model to perform regional gridding simulation on air pollutants, and optimizing to obtain the air quality monitoring point positions and the number of the mountain city;
and S105, comparing point location optimization results of different methods, and determining an optimized layout scheme of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain cities.
Ordinary technicians in the mountain city air quality monitoring point arrangement method provided by the invention can also adopt other steps to implement, and the mountain city air quality monitoring point arrangement method provided by the invention in fig. 1 is only a specific embodiment.
The technical solution of the present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
The traditional method, standard and technical specification for arranging the environmental air quality monitoring point locations are made according to the characteristics of the plain cities in China, and the specific requirements for arranging the air quality monitoring point locations in mountain regions are very few. China is a multi-mountain country, the area of mountainous regions accounts for about two thirds of the area of national soil, and mountain towns account for about half of the total number of towns. The mountainous city has different landforms and meteorological characteristics from plain cities, the pollutant diffusion conditions and the urban functional area distribution are different, and the arrangement part of the environmental air quality monitoring network point locations in the existing environmental air quality monitoring standards (trial) temporarily does not separately provide requirements for the arrangement of the mountainous region air quality monitoring point locations. Therefore, a special 'mountain region area air quality monitoring point location arrangement technical research' project in 2009 annual public welfare industry is set in the department of environmental protection, the aim is to mainly research an optimized point arrangement technical method for mountain city air quality monitoring, and a technical method guide for mountain city air quality monitoring point location arrangement is provided.
On the basis of investigating and evaluating an air quality monitoring point location arrangement technical method, the technical method for arranging the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain region is screened, and the applicability of the point location arrangement technical method in the mountain city is demonstrated; selecting two typical mountain land type cities of a main city of Chongqing city and a Guiyang city as research objects, adopting a method of combining field experiments, statistical analysis and air quality model simulation, and adjusting and perfecting a technical method for arranging air quality monitoring point positions of mountain cities by carrying out comparison analysis and inversion verification on field experiments and model simulation results; environmental air quality monitoring point locations of two typical mountain cities of a main city of Chongqing city and Guiyang city are researched, and corresponding point location arrangement and optimization schemes are provided. Finally, on the basis of summarizing and summarizing typical mountain city research cases, a relevant program for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is provided, and a technical guide (draft) for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is compiled. The general working procedure of the mountain city air quality monitoring point location layout obtained by the invention comprises the following steps: (1) the method comprises the steps of determining the monitoring purpose, determining the monitoring area range, and collecting local related research data and data; (2) screening out a proper sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding point distribution monitoring and carrying out method verification; (3) researching the point location and the quantity of the air quality monitoring of the mountain city by using a clustering analysis method; (4) performing regional gridding simulation on air pollutants by using a Calpuff air quality model, and researching air quality monitoring point positions and quantity of mountain cities; (5) and comparing point location optimization results of the two methods, and finally determining a mountain city air quality monitoring point location layout scheme. Meanwhile, a technical guideline for the arrangement of the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain cities (draft) proposes a proposal on the aspects of an air monitoring point location arrangement method, point location setting quantity, operation evaluation and the like aiming at the unique topographic features and physiognomic characteristics of the mountain cities.
The purpose of the environmental air quality monitoring and distribution optimization is to use a small number of monitoring point locations, namely, use as little manpower, material resources and financial resources as possible, and truly, objectively and scientifically reflect the space-time distribution and evolution rules of atmospheric pollutants in mountainous cities. The invention is closely combined with the actual work, has strong pertinence, is the first systemic research in the field of domestic environmental protection, and both the monitoring distribution and the optimization method developed and proposed are applied to the environmental air quality monitoring distribution optimization of Chongqing city and Guiyang city, and obtain ideal effects. The project achievements are submitted to the science and technology standard department of the environmental protection department as technical support for organizing and compiling relevant specifications of environmental air quality monitoring stationing optimization of mountain cities in China, and are actively popularized and applied to environmental protection departments at all levels of mountain cities in China through the work of environmental monitoring technical business, environmental protection planning at all levels of China and places, strategic environmental impact evaluation and the like. Therefore, the project research has huge social benefit and economic benefit.
The method has important significance for solving the comparability of monitoring data of mountain areas and plain areas and ensuring the representativeness of air monitoring points and the trueness and reliability of the data, thereby improving the accuracy and pertinence of data analysis and providing technical support for environment management; meanwhile, the achievement of the invention has important reference value and technical support function for the supplement and the perfection of the environmental air quality monitoring standard (trial).
Example 2
On the basis of analyzing and researching the technical method for distributing the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain region, two typical mountain land cities, namely a Chongqing city main city and a Guiyang city, are selected as research objects, a method combining statistical analysis, numerical simulation and field experiment is adopted, the technical method for distributing the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain region is screened, and the applicability of the point distribution technical method in the mountain city is demonstrated; and the technical method for the distribution of the air quality monitoring point positions of the mountain cities is adjusted and perfected by carrying out mathematical statistics analysis and numerical simulation comparative analysis on field experiment results and utilizing an inversion verification means. And finally, researching and compiling a technical guide for the arrangement and optimization of the air quality monitoring point positions of the mountain cities. The main research contents of the project comprise:
(1) the technical method for the distribution of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountainous cities is analyzed and researched by investigating the quantity, types and adjustment of the distribution of the air quality monitoring point locations of the nationwide cities, and the technical method is screened and optimally combined.
(2) Monitoring point positions are arranged by adopting a grid method, and SO in ambient air is measured by utilizing a passive diffusion monitoring technology2And NO2And researching the layout and optimization of the environmental air monitoring points in Chongqing city and Guiyang city by using a clustering analysis method, a geostatistics method, an isoconcentration line method, a Calpuff air quality model simulation method and the like.
(3) According to the technical requirements of air monitoring point location arrangement, the point location arrangement and optimization scheme of environmental air quality monitoring in Chongqing and Guiyang cities is provided, and the scientific feasibility of the selected method and the point location arrangement scheme is verified.
(4) According to the research method and the conclusion, a relevant program for the arrangement of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain cities is provided, and a technical guideline for the arrangement of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain cities is compiled.
According to the invention, through technical methods such as field experiments, model simulations and the like, environmental air quality monitoring point locations of two typical mountain cities of the main city and the Guiyang city of Chongqing city are researched, and corresponding point location layout and optimization schemes are provided. On the basis of summarizing and summarizing typical mountain city research cases, a relevant program for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is provided, and a technical guide for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is compiled. And a monograph of 'technology and method for distributing air quality monitoring point positions in mountain cities' is published, and reference is provided for management and technical departments engaged in environmental air quality monitoring in mountain cities at all levels in China.
The invention obtains the procedure steps of the mountain city air quality monitoring point location layout (namely the mountain city air quality monitoring point location layout technical guide) as follows:
(1) determining the extent of the study area and collecting locally relevant study data and data
Before the air quality monitoring point locations of mountain cities are arranged, relevant data such as local terrain, weather, pollution sources and historical air quality data are collected, natural geographic overview and social economic development planning of a research area are mastered, and a certain screening mechanism is provided for determining the monitoring point locations. Meanwhile, counting the waste gas pollution sources in the research area, classifying the source types (point source and surface source), and providing a certain data basis for model simulation; analyzing the air quality monitoring data of the past year, combining with the meteorological data of the same period, obtaining the air quality change trend of the research area of the past year, evaluating the air quality current situation of the mountain city, and analyzing the future development change rule of the air quality.
(2) Screening suitable sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding distribution monitoring in a research area and carrying out method verification
According to local relevant research data and data, screening out a passive diffusion sampling technology which meets a plurality of conditions such as local economic level, geographic conditions, manpower and material resources, and carrying out grid point distribution monitoring sampling according to the requirement of the distribution of environmental air quality monitoring point positions. When the passive sampling monitoring method is selected, sampling convenience needs to be considered, and because the passive monitoring experiment is mainly used for carrying out a large number of hanging-piece type monitoring after points are distributed in a city through grids so as to obtain the ambient air quality level of each place in the city, the frequency, the working strength and the like of the monitoring experiment become important consideration factors for method selection. Meanwhile, data obtained by passive sampling can be used for comparing and verifying data with data of automatic monitoring points of the air quality of the urban environment in the same period, and the reliability of the selected method is evaluated.
(3) Method for researching air quality monitoring point positions and quantity of mountain city environment by utilizing cluster analysis method
The method comprises the steps of utilizing urban air quality grid hanging piece monitoring data, selecting a mode of combining two clustering analysis methods (hierarchical clustering and division clustering), firstly determining the optimal clustering number and a primary clustering result through agglomeration hierarchical clustering, and then further clustering each subclass by adopting a K-Means rapid classification method. And comprehensively analyzing the clustered results according to factors such as functional divisions, geographical positions and the like of the areas where the various points are located, and optimizing the urban environment air quality monitoring points. The optimized result needs further verification, and if the measured concentration of the optimized point location can represent the average concentration of the city (the deviation is within 10%), the optimized point location scheme is considered to be reasonable.
(4) Selecting a Calpuff air quality model to carry out regional gridding simulation on air pollutants, and optimizing to obtain air quality monitoring point positions and quantity of mountain cities
And (3) carrying out receptor gridding on the research area by using a calpuff air quality model system, and simulating the spatial distribution of pollutant concentration along with time. Selecting representative point locations by adopting methods such as grid receptor clustering analysis or isoconcentration lines and the like, carrying out overall optimization layout on air quality monitoring point locations according to different mountain city characteristics, and simultaneously, observing whether the average concentration of the selected monitoring point locations is consistent with the overall average concentration of a region or not, wherein the deviation is within 10%.
(5) Optimal layout scheme for determining air quality monitoring point positions of mountain cities by comparing point position optimization results of different methods
And comparing the clustering analysis of the grid measured data with the optimization result of the Calpuff model simulation, and finally determining the positions and the number of the air quality monitoring points of the mountain city environment according to the actual condition of the research area and by combining a plurality of factors such as local landform, economic development, functional zoning and the like.
Example 3
1. In order to standardize the work of monitoring the ambient air quality, the former national environmental protection agency issued "regulations (trial) for monitoring the ambient air quality" (hereinafter referred to as "regulations") in 2007. The 'Specification' makes relevant provisions on the design of an ambient air quality monitoring network, the setting requirements of monitoring point locations, the determination of the number of regional monitoring point locations, the setting and adjustment of the monitoring network and the management aspect of air quality monitoring. The standard is suitable for routine environmental air quality monitoring activities carried out by national and local environmental protection administrative departments at all levels to determine the environmental air quality condition and prevent and control air pollution. The 'Specification' clearly provides the overall targets and monitoring requirements of the monitoring network, specifies the method and the standard for laying the monitoring point locations, and has universal applicability to the work of laying the environmental air quality monitoring point locations of plain cities and mountain-land cities in China.
2. Mountain city and its characteristics
The mountain city is a city built on an uneven terrain with a certain gradient or in a complex terrain and natural environment condition and has the characteristics of specific vertical gradient change, terrain and landform and spatial layout.
The mountain city has different landform and meteorological conditions from plain city, and has different atmospheric pollution diffusion conditions and city functional area distribution, such as Chongqing, Panzhihua, Guiyang, Lanzhou, etc. The mountainous city not only causes special polluted meteorological conditions due to climatic meteorological characteristics including wind direction and wind power, air temperature, precipitation, sunlight intensity, relative humidity and the like, but also divides the city into relatively independent urban areas in districts due to topographic conditions, ecological environment and other factors, so that the city development cannot be connected into one piece to form a plurality of independent groups, and the plurality of independent groups form the whole mountainous city. The three-dimensional lower cushion surface of the mountain land blocks the flow of wind and blocks the heat and humidity exchange of air inside and outside the mountain land, so that the mountain land climate has relative sealing property; due to the shielding effect of the terrain, cold air is not easy to intrude in winter, hot air is not easy to disperse in summer, and the heat island effect of mountain cities is enhanced. These characteristics make it difficult to effectively diffuse the atmospheric pollutants in mountain cities, and make improvement of human living environment in mountain cities more difficult.
Mountain cities can be divided into various types such as hilly type, river valley type and gully type according to different landforms; the mountain cities can be divided into various structural types such as centralized compact type, cluster type, belt type and the like according to different space structures.
3. Arrangement of air quality monitoring point locations in mountain cities
3.1 principle of distribution of air quality monitoring point locations in mountain cities
(1) Principle of purpose
A monitoring network is established according to the characteristics of the mountain cities, and the monitoring result represents the whole condition and the variation trend of the environmental air quality of the whole mountain cities.
(2) Principle of hierarchy
China is well-defined in administrative management level, and governments in each administrative level determine to establish an air quality monitoring network suitable for mountain cities according to environmental management requirements and the like of jurisdictions.
(3) Representative principles
The air quality monitoring network must have definite representativeness, including spatial representativeness, time representativeness, pollutant concentration representativeness, representativeness of special required attributes and the like, so as to ensure that the monitoring result can truly, objectively and scientifically evaluate the air quality of the monitoring area.
(4) Principle of completeness
Integrity includes geospatial integrity and temporal integrity. The air quality monitoring stationing must cover the whole monitoring planning area, can comprehensively represent the characteristics of the air quality of the monitoring area, and can completely represent the air quality condition in the whole evaluation period (such as the year).
(5) Principle of feasibility
The monitoring point location layout and optimization scheme is based on feasibility, needs are combined with feasibility, and economic and technical accessibility are comprehensively considered.
(6) Administrative division principle
Due to the particularity of administrative management in China, in order to meet the requirements of administrative management at all levels, one or more monitoring points need to be laid in each administrative unit of a region.
3.2 working step of arrangement of air quality monitoring point locations in mountain cities
(1) Defining the purpose of monitoring, determining the scope of the monitored area, and collecting relevant local research data and data
Collecting local relevant research data and data, including topographic and geomorphic profiles, meteorological features, pollution source lists, historical data (3-5 years) of atmospheric pollutant emission, relevant relations of all parameters, and overall environmental air quality conditions and variation trends thereof in the monitored area.
(2) Screening out proper sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding point distribution monitoring and carrying out method verification
And screening out a passive diffusion sampling technology which meets economic and technical conditions and has feasibility according to the collected related data, and carrying out a grid point distribution monitoring experiment according to the environment air quality monitoring point distribution requirement. When a passive sampling monitoring method is selected, whether sampling is convenient or not, and whether monitoring frequency and working strength are reasonable or not are mainly considered. And comparing the passive monitoring experiment result with the automatic monitoring data of the ambient air in the same period for verifying whether the selected method is scientific and reliable.
(3) Method for researching air quality monitoring point positions and quantity of mountain cities by utilizing cluster analysis method
The method comprises the steps of obtaining air quality monitoring point positions of mountain city environment by means of research through a clustering analysis method, namely utilizing distribution monitoring experiment data, combining hierarchical clustering and partition clustering methods, determining the optimal clustering number through a hierarchical clustering method, and further clustering each subclass through the partition clustering method. If the concentration measured at the clustering optimization point can represent the average concentration of the city (the deviation is within 10%), the point optimization scheme is considered to be reasonable.
(4) Regional gridding simulation of air pollutants is carried out by applying Calpuff air quality model, and point positions and quantity of air quality monitoring in mountain cities are researched
And (3) carrying out receptor meshing on the whole monitoring area according to an actual measurement scale by using a Calpuff air quality model, and simulating the space-time distribution of the pollutant concentration. And selecting representative point positions by adopting methods such as receptor point simulation data clustering analysis or isoconcentration lines and the like, and performing overall optimization layout on the air quality monitoring point positions according to economic technology accessibility. And simultaneously, whether the average concentration of the selected monitoring point is more consistent with the overall average value of the region or not (deviation is less than 10%) is examined.
(5) Comparing point location optimization results of the two methods, and finally determining a mountain city air quality monitoring point location layout scheme
And comparing the point location optimization results of the clustering analysis and the Calpuff model simulation, and finally determining the number and the positions of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain cities according to the actual situation of the monitored area and in combination with a plurality of factors such as local landform, economic development level, administrative management requirements and the like.
The general steps of the mountainous city air quality monitoring point location layout work are shown in fig. 2.
3.3 proposal for layout of air quality monitoring point locations in mountain cities
The following suggestions are proposed to supplement the technical requirements of the 'specification' on the arrangement of urban air quality monitoring point locations aiming at the unique topographic features and physiographic features of mountain cities.
(1) Fully considering the features of mountainous city terrain and meteorological phenomena
Compared with a plain city and a mountain city, the mountain city has fluctuating surface height, the concentration of pollutants at different heights is different under the influence of microclimate conditions, but no obvious time-space change rule exists at the height within 100 meters near the ground, so that more consideration is given to the arrangement of near-ground point locations, the work is convenient, the logistics guarantee conditions are reliable, and the like; influenced by terrain, the near ground of mountain cities has no definite main wind direction, monitoring point positions can be arranged upstream and downstream of the main wind with the height of 200 m, and the area of an independent urban cluster is 16-30 km21 monitoring point should be added separately.
(2) In order to more comprehensively understand the distribution of atmospheric pollution sources in mountainous cities, each pollution source is comprehensively evaluated, and the total pollutant emission amount, the unit area emission intensity and the time-varying trend of the pollution sources are respectively investigated according to a point source, a line source and a surface source.
(3) And recommending a method combining a passive monitoring experiment and air quality model simulation so as to determine the maximum value, the minimum value and the average value of the concentration of the atmospheric pollutants and corresponding point positions thereof, and determining the number of the monitored point positions by adopting a clustering analysis method.
(4) And determining the number and the positions of the air monitoring point positions by adopting methods such as a population distribution method, a cluster analysis method and an area weight method and combining the requirements of environmental management. The number of the point locations should meet the requirements of the 'standard' and the guide at the same time, namely, the number of the monitoring point locations arranged in the mountain city should be selected according to the maximum value of the number specified in the 'standard' or the number determined by the guide method.
(5) Monitoring network evaluation
The space representativeness of each monitoring point is verified by running for a period of time (1 year is recommended), so that the scientificity of all the air monitoring points is evaluated.
Example 4
1. Summary of the invention
On the basis of investigating and evaluating an air quality monitoring point location arrangement technical method, the technical method for arranging the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain region is screened, and the applicability of the point location arrangement technical method in the mountain city is demonstrated; selecting two typical mountain land type cities of a main city of Chongqing city and a Guiyang city as research objects, adopting a method of combining field experiments, statistical analysis and air quality model simulation, and adjusting and perfecting a technical method for arranging air quality monitoring point positions of mountain cities by carrying out comparison analysis and inversion verification on field experiments and model simulation results; environmental air quality monitoring point locations of two typical mountain cities of a main city of Chongqing city and Guiyang city are researched, and corresponding point location arrangement and optimization schemes are provided. Finally, on the basis of summarizing and summarizing typical mountain city research cases, a relevant program for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is provided, and a technical guide (draft) for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is compiled. The general working procedure for obtaining the air quality monitoring point location layout of the mountain city comprises the following steps: (1) the method comprises the steps of determining the monitoring purpose, determining the monitoring area range, and collecting local related research data and data; (2) screening out a proper sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding point distribution monitoring and carrying out method verification; (3) researching the point location and the quantity of the air quality monitoring of the mountain city by using a clustering analysis method; (4) performing regional gridding simulation on air pollutants by using a CALPUFF air quality model, and researching the point position and the quantity of the air quality monitoring of the mountain city; (5) and comparing point location optimization results of the two methods, and finally determining a mountain city air quality monitoring point location layout scheme.
The method is closely combined with actual work, has strong pertinence, is mature in researched technical method, safe and reliable, is suitable for air quality monitoring point location arrangement and optimization work of mountain type cities, and is the first systematic research in the field at home. A publication monograph of 'technology and method for distributing air quality monitoring point positions in mountain cities' provides reference for management and technical departments engaged in environmental air quality monitoring in mountain cities at all levels in China. A technical guideline (draft) for arrangement of air quality monitoring point locations in mountain cities proposes suggestions on aspects of an air monitoring point location arrangement method, point location setting quantity, operation evaluation and the like aiming at unique topographic features and meteorological features of the mountain cities, and plays important reference values and technical support roles in supplement and perfection of environmental air quality monitoring specifications (trial) and establishment of environmental air quality monitoring point location arrangement technical specifications (trial) (HJ 664-2013).
2. Detailed contents of science and technology
On the basis of analyzing and researching the technical method for distributing the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain region, two typical mountain land cities, namely a Chongqing city main city and a Guiyang city, are selected as research objects, a method combining statistical analysis, numerical simulation and field experiment is adopted, the technical method for distributing the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain region is screened, and the applicability of the point distribution technical method in the mountain city is demonstrated; and the technical method for the distribution of the air quality monitoring point positions of the mountain cities is adjusted and perfected by carrying out mathematical statistics analysis and numerical simulation comparative analysis on field experiment results and utilizing an inversion verification means. Finally, the invention compiles a technical guide for the distribution and optimization of the air quality monitoring point positions of the mountain cities. The main research contents of the project comprise:
the method comprises the following steps of (A) investigating the quantity, types and adjustment of the distribution of air quality monitoring point locations in national cities, analyzing and researching the technical method of the distribution of the air quality monitoring point locations in mountain cities, and screening and optimally combining the technical method.
The design specifications of the environmental air monitoring network in developed countries in Europe and America and China are researched, the design thought and the development current situation of the environmental air quality monitoring network in China are researched, and the main design methods of the current air quality monitoring network such as a space correlation analysis method, a rule mode method, an isoconcentration line method, a system selection method and the like are analyzed and evaluated. Geographic climate characteristics of two typical mountain cities of Chongqing and Guiyang are analyzed in detail, and basic principles that pollution sources and industrial distribution, concentration distribution of atmospheric pollutants, standard exceeding conditions, population density, monitoring types and the like are comprehensively considered in point distribution optimization are put forward. The method is characterized in that the air quality monitoring point distribution technologies and optimization methods such as a cluster analysis method, a factor analysis method, a correlation analysis method, a matter element analysis method, a BP artificial neural network method, a shannon information index method, a multi-target planning method and a comprehensive method are analyzed and screened, the analysis processing process and the applicability of the methods are comprehensively considered, and the cluster analysis method is selected to carry out optimization analysis on the distribution of the air monitoring point positions on the grid monitoring data according to the basis of a large number of existing grid point distribution actual measurement and historical monitoring data.
By evaluating and comparing the CALPUFF model, the CMAQ model and the ADMS model, the CALPUFF considers the simulation of complex terrain conditions, sets a complex terrain algorithm, and can be suitable for the simulation of complex terrain and complex meteorological conditions in mountain areas. Meanwhile, the application case also shows that CALPUFF has the advantages of easily mastered mode and relatively small calculated amount, and particularly can simulate the influence of complex terrain, so that the CALPUFF is very suitable for the simulation research of the air quality of mountain cities. By comprehensively considering the requirements and mode characteristics of the subject, the CALPUFF model is not the most advanced mode in wind field simulation, diffusion mode, chemical reaction and pollutant types, but the CALPUFF model has a wide application range and can accurately simulate the diffusion of inert atmospheric substances and the contained complex terrain algorithm, so that the CALPUFF model is preferably selected as the air quality model for the research of the subject.
(II) laying monitoring point positions by adopting a grid method, and measuring SO in ambient air by utilizing a passive diffusion monitoring technology2And NO2And researching the layout and optimization of the environmental air monitoring points in Chongqing city and Guiyang city by using a clustering analysis method, a geostatistics method, an isoconcentration line method, CALPUFF air quality model simulation method and the like. According to the technical requirements of air monitoring point location arrangement, the point location arrangement and optimization scheme of environmental air quality monitoring in Chongqing and Guiyang cities is provided, and the scientific feasibility of the selected method and the point location arrangement scheme is verified.
(1) Passive monitoring experimental method
The passive monitoring experiment is mainly used for carrying out a large amount of paving type monitoring after the urban distribution is carried out through grids so as to obtain the ambient air quality level of each region of the urban area and monitorThe frequency, working strength and the like of the test become important consideration factors for selecting the method. By researching and investigating a plurality of field monitoring experiment methods such as multilayer filter membrane method passive sampling, alkali sheet method sulfation rate determination, passive sampling tube and the like, various methods can easily and conveniently realize passive monitoring of air quality, have very good representativeness, comprehensively analyze various characteristics of various passive monitoring experiment technologies, and select the passive monitoring technology produced by Japan green blue company. The main reason is that the method can simultaneously absorb SO in the ambient air by only adopting one membrane2、NO2The single monitoring frequency of the two pollutants can be controlled within 10 days to 3 months, and meanwhile, the membrane reagent can be realized through self-configuration, and has the advantages of accurate and reliable monitoring data, low price, small volume, no need of a power supply, suitability for regional point distribution sampling and determination and the like.
The monitoring experiment adopts a Handy SONOX passive sampler of Nippon green-blue company, and the passive sampler is used for sampling by immersing a filter membrane in an absorption liquid and then exposing the filter membrane to the atmosphere by utilizing the principle of a molecular diffusion method. The sampling filter membrane is prepared by soaking 30% of TEA and 10% of glycerol, and when the sampler is exposed for sampling, TEA in the absorption liquid and SO in the air2、NO2Generate SO by chemical reaction3 2-、NO2 -And quantitatively determining SO in the sample by using an ion chromatograph4 2-，NO2 -(due to SO)3 2-Unstable, addition of H2O2Make SO3 2-By oxidation to SO4 2-) Thereby calculating the SO in the air2、NO2The concentration of (c).
Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the structure of the Handy SONOX passive sampler of Nippon Green-blue.
The selection of the monitoring experiment point location follows a selective encryption grid point distribution method, namely, according to the atmospheric environment pollution level, population density, industrial layout and the like, the points are distributed in a central area and a densely populated area of a city, and the points are distributed in an edge area and a sparsely populated area of the city.
By adopting the method, firstly, grids are divided into 4km multiplied by 4km in a built-up area of a Chongqing main city, and then the grids are encrypted into 2km multiplied by 2km in a central area (except for river and mountain land occupation). The grid division also focuses on considering typical mountain characteristic factors of main city areas of Chongqing city, namely, a plurality of relatively independent groups are distributed in the city areas, the city construction in the groups is basically distributed according to mountain terrains, functional areas in the groups are distributed relatively completely, the grids are divided in key group areas independently, and meanwhile, in order to know the distribution of air quality at different gradients and altitudes, a representative area is selected for a height hanging piece experiment to research the air quality characteristics at different gradients of the mountain cities; the air quality of different heights in urban areas utilizes different floors of high-rise buildings to carry out monitoring experiments. According to the grid distribution principle, a 501 square kilometer built-up area of a main city in Chongqing city is subjected to grid division, and 117 grids with different sizes are arranged. According to a grid distribution monitoring scheme and an actual working condition, an environment monitoring center in Chongqing city monitors 35 grids of 4 kilometers multiplied by 4 kilometers, wherein 18 grids are encrypted and monitored, and 59 monitoring points (including the existing automatic air quality monitoring points) are arranged. The environment monitoring central station of the Guiyang city is divided according to the administrative divisions of the Guiyang city: the urban areas (cloud rock areas, south-Ming areas and small river areas), suburban areas (Huaxi areas, Udang areas and white cloud areas) and three counties (Qing town cities, Xiwen counties, Beacon counties and Kaiyang counties) are subjected to air quality monitoring and stationing, and 53 monitoring points are arranged in total. The hanging film monitoring experiment in the main city area of Chongqing city is carried out for 7 times, the hanging film monitoring experiment in Guiyang city is carried out for 10 times, and the hanging film monitoring period of each time is about 1 month.
(2) Air quality monitoring distribution and optimization in Chongqing city
Performing gridding simulation analysis by using a CALPUFF air quality model, wherein optimization results of air quality monitoring point locations in a main city area of Chongqing obtained by two methods of cluster analysis and isoconcentration line are basically consistent, and 15 optimized monitoring point locations are determined; compared with the point location scheme obtained by optimizing after directly carrying out cluster analysis by using the grid point arrangement hanging piece monitoring experiment data, the point location scheme comprises most point locations of the point location scheme, and is more comprehensive, scientific and reasonable in layout. The front and the back have mutual inspection relationship, which shows that the selected method is suitable for optimizing the air quality monitoring point position.
According to cluster analysis and point location screening of hanging piece monitoring data, geostatistical method analysis and simulation analysis and optimization verification of a CALPUFF air quality model, point location optimization analysis results of various methods are compared, factors such as functional divisions and geographic positions of areas where the point locations are located are comprehensively analyzed, and finally the optimization scheme for determining the air quality monitoring point locations of the main city of Chongqing is 15 monitoring point locations screened out by CALPUFF simulation analysis, namely, the 15 monitoring point locations of heaven, Huxi, white market, Tangjia, Gaojia garden, Gift, tea garden, airport, people and fish new streets, poplar terraces, south terrace, Zongshen service center, new mountain village and liberation tablet.
Chongqing city main city SO2And NO2The contour line and the optimized point location distribution diagram are shown in FIG. 4.
(3) Guiyang city air quality monitoring distribution and optimization
Performing gridding simulation analysis by using a CALPUFF air quality model, wherein the optimized results of the air quality monitoring point positions of urban areas in Guiyang city obtained by two methods of cluster analysis and isoconcentration line are basically consistent, and totally determining 10 optimized monitoring point positions; compared with the point location scheme obtained by optimizing after directly carrying out cluster analysis by using the grid point arrangement hanging piece monitoring experiment data, the point location scheme comprises most point locations of the point location scheme, and is more comprehensive, scientific and reasonable in layout. The front and the back have mutual inspection relationship, which shows that the selected method is suitable for optimizing the air quality monitoring point position.
According to cluster analysis and point location screening of hanging piece monitoring data and simulation analysis and optimization verification of a CALPUFF air quality model, point location optimization analysis results of various methods are compared, factors such as functional divisions, geographic positions and the like of areas where all the points are located are comprehensively analyzed, and finally the optimization scheme for determining the air quality monitoring point locations in the Guiyang city is 10 monitoring point locations screened out by CALPUFF simulation analysis, namely a Huaxi district (Huaxi society), a Udang district (Udang government), a Hongbangmen, a Masadian, a Taici bridge, an environmental protection city bureau, a Baiyang district second hospital, a metallurgy hall, a Jinyang new district and a small river district (small river district government).
Guiyang city SO2And NO2The contour line and the optimized point location distribution diagram are shown in FIG. 5.
And (III) according to the research method and the conclusion, providing a relevant program for the arrangement of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain cities, and compiling a technical guideline (draft) for the arrangement of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain cities.
The program steps (namely the technical guide for the distribution of the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain cities) of the distribution of the air quality monitoring point locations in the mountain cities obtained by the project research are as follows:
(1) determining the extent of the study area and collecting locally relevant study data and data
Before the air quality monitoring point locations of mountain cities are arranged, relevant data such as local terrain, weather, pollution sources and historical air quality data are collected, natural geographic overview and social economic development planning of a research area are mastered, and a certain screening mechanism is provided for determining the monitoring point locations. Meanwhile, counting the waste gas pollution sources in the research area, classifying the source types (point source and surface source), and providing a certain data basis for model simulation; analyzing the air quality monitoring data of the past year, combining with the meteorological data of the same period, obtaining the air quality change trend of the research area of the past year, evaluating the air quality current situation of the mountain city, and analyzing the future development change rule of the air quality.
(2) Screening suitable sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding distribution monitoring in a research area and carrying out method verification
According to local relevant research data and data, screening out a passive diffusion sampling technology which meets a plurality of conditions such as local economic level, geographic conditions, manpower and material resources, and carrying out grid point distribution monitoring sampling according to the requirement of the distribution of environmental air quality monitoring point positions. When the passive sampling monitoring method is selected, sampling convenience needs to be considered, and because the passive monitoring experiment is mainly used for carrying out a large number of hanging-piece type monitoring after points are distributed in a city through grids so as to obtain the ambient air quality level of each place in the city, the frequency, the working strength and the like of the monitoring experiment become important consideration factors for method selection. Meanwhile, data obtained by passive sampling can be used for comparing and verifying data with data of automatic monitoring points of the air quality of the urban environment in the same period, and the reliability of the selected method is evaluated.
(3) Method for researching air quality monitoring point positions and quantity of mountain city environment by utilizing cluster analysis method
The method comprises the steps of utilizing urban air quality grid hanging piece monitoring data, selecting a mode of combining two clustering analysis methods (hierarchical clustering and division clustering), firstly determining the optimal clustering number and a primary clustering result through agglomeration hierarchical clustering, and then further clustering each subclass by adopting a K-Means rapid classification method. And comprehensively analyzing the clustered results according to factors such as functional divisions, geographical positions and the like of the areas where the various points are located, and optimizing the urban environment air quality monitoring points. The optimized result needs further verification, and if the measured concentration of the optimized point location can represent the average concentration of the city (the deviation is within 10%), the optimized point location scheme is considered to be reasonable.
(4) Selecting a CALPUFF air quality model to perform regional gridding simulation on air pollutants, and optimizing to obtain air quality monitoring point positions and quantity of mountain cities
And (3) carrying out receptor meshing on the research area by using a CALPUFF air quality model system, and simulating the spatial distribution of the pollutant concentration along with time. Selecting representative point locations by adopting methods such as grid receptor clustering analysis or isoconcentration lines and the like, carrying out overall optimization layout on air quality monitoring point locations according to different mountain city characteristics, and simultaneously, observing whether the average concentration of the selected monitoring point locations is consistent with the overall average concentration of a region or not, wherein the deviation is within 10%.
(5) Optimal layout scheme for determining air quality monitoring point positions of mountain cities by comparing point position optimization results of different methods
And comparing the clustering analysis of the grid measured data with the optimization result of CALPUFF model simulation, and finally determining the positions and the number of the air quality monitoring points of the mountain city environment according to the actual condition of a research area by combining a plurality of factors such as local landform, economic development, functional zoning and the like.
The general working procedure of the mountainous city air quality monitoring point location layout is shown in fig. 6.
3. Discovery, invention, and innovation point
According to the invention, through technical methods such as field experiments, model simulations and the like, environmental air quality monitoring point locations of two typical mountain cities of the main city and the Guiyang city of Chongqing city are researched, and corresponding point location layout and optimization schemes are provided. The main innovation points are as follows: firstly, a HandySONOX passive sampler of Nippon green-blue company is introduced for the first time to carry out a mountain city grid distribution monitoring experiment, and a membrane is used for simultaneously measuring SO2、NO2Two kinds of contaminants. Experiments prove that the method can better reflect the concentration level of pollutants, is a reliable atmospheric pollution monitoring method, can be used as effective supplement of an active observation method, and is independently used for rapid evaluation of the concentration level of regional pollution. And secondly, systematically adopting a CALPUFF air quality model to carry out gridding simulation analysis, carrying out distribution and optimization of air quality monitoring point locations in the Chongqing main city and the Guiyang city by using two methods of cluster analysis and isoconcentration line, and comparing and verifying the point location scheme obtained by optimizing after directly carrying out cluster analysis by using grid point distribution hanging piece monitoring experiment data, wherein the results are basically consistent, and the application reliability of the CALPUFF model under the condition of complex mountainous terrain is proved. Thirdly, applying a geostatistical method to the space distribution research of pollutant concentration data, and adopting an ArcGIS software geostatisical analysis geostatistical ground statistical analysis module to carry out SO analysis2、NO2And carrying out inverse distance weight interpolation, half variation analysis and kriging interpolation on the actually measured concentration data, and analyzing to provide an air quality monitoring stationing optimization suggestion. The geostatistics not only considers the size of a sample value, but also pays attention to the spatial position of the sample and the distance between the samples, and makes up for the defect that the classical statistics neglects the spatial orientation.
On the basis of summarizing and summarizing typical mountain city research cases, a relevant program for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is provided, and a technical guide (draft) for arrangement of mountain city air quality monitoring point locations is compiled. And a monograph of 'technology and method for distributing air quality monitoring point positions in mountain cities' is published, and reference is provided for management and technical departments engaged in environmental air quality monitoring in mountain cities at all levels in China.
4. Compared with the current similar research and similar technology at home and abroad (including the aspects of main parameters, benefits, market competitiveness, etc.)
Since the six seventies of the last century, developed countries in europe and the united states develop a great deal of research on how to design efficient and representative ambient air quality monitoring point locations, and through continuous exploration for more than 30 years, the developed countries in europe and the united nations have a set of ambient air quality monitoring point location setting standards which are relative to systems and suitable for monitoring requirements of the countries and the united nations at present, and the standards are continuously corrected along with changes of pollution situations. Developed countries such as the united states, europe and japan currently establish regional air quality monitoring networks that dominate photochemical smog and aerosol pollution. The layout of these sites is determined using a series of optimization techniques, including mathematical methods using statistical analysis such as correlation and cluster analysis techniques or multiobjective optimization. In recent years, China also develops optimization methods and technical researches of air quality monitoring networks, but at present, the optimization is only limited to urban-scale monitoring networks, the types of the monitoring networks are single, and the monitoring projects mainly use conventional atmospheric pollutants PM10, PM2.5 and SO2And NO2Mainly, research on the regional air quality monitoring network stationing optimization method is less, and no normative regional air quality monitoring network stationing optimization method system and standard are established.
The invention is closely combined with actual work, has strong pertinence, is the first systematic research in the field of domestic environmental protection, and achieves the aim of using as few monitoring points as possible, namely using as little manpower, material resources and financial resources as possible, truly, objectively and scientifically reflecting the space-time distribution and evolution rule of the atmospheric pollutants in mountainous cities, namely optimizing the environmental air quality monitoring distribution. The technical method obtained by the project research is mature, safe and reliable, is suitable for the air quality monitoring point location arrangement and optimization work of mountain type cities, solves the comparability of monitoring data of mountain regions and plain regions, and ensures the representativeness and the trueness and the reliability of the air monitoring point location, so that the accuracy and the pertinence of data analysis are improved, and the important significance is achieved for providing technical support for environmental management.
5. The monitoring distribution and optimization method is developed and proposed by taking the Chongqing city and the Guiyang city as typical mountain cities as research objects, is applied to the environmental air quality monitoring distribution optimization of the Chongqing city and the Guiyang city, and obtains ideal effects. The research work plays an important role in the aspects of environmental monitoring technical problems urgently needed to be solved in Chongqing and Guiyang and scientific and policy problems urgently needed to be answered in environmental protection major decisions.
The achievement obtained by the invention is submitted to the science and technology standard department of the environmental protection department as a technical support for organizing and compiling the environmental air quality monitoring and stationing optimization specification of mountain cities at the present stage of China, and the achievement of the project is actively popularized and applied to the environmental protection departments of all levels of mountain cities of China through the work of environmental monitoring technical business, national and local environmental protection plans of all levels, strategic environmental impact evaluation and the like so as to guide or guide the environmental monitoring stations of all levels of mountain cities to reasonably and scientifically adjust and optimize the automatic monitoring point positions. Meanwhile, project research results play important reference values and technical support roles in supplement and improvement of environmental air quality monitoring specifications (trial) and establishment of environmental air quality monitoring point location technical specifications (trial) HJ 664-2013. Therefore, the project research has huge social benefit and economic benefit.
The monitoring distribution and optimization method developed and provided by the invention is applied to the environmental air quality monitoring distribution optimization of Chongqing city and Guiyang city, and the determined urban air quality monitoring point location is used as a national control air quality evaluation point location, so that the air quality level and the development change trend of two cities are objectively and accurately reflected, and the method plays an important role in the work of air pollution prevention and air quality continuous improvement.
In the above embodiments, the implementation may be wholly or partially realized by software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. When used in whole or in part, can be implemented in a computer program product that includes one or more computer instructions. When loaded or executed on a computer, cause the flow or functions according to embodiments of the invention to occur, in whole or in part. The computer may be a general purpose computer, a special purpose computer, a network of computers, or other programmable device. The computer instructions may be stored in a computer readable storage medium or transmitted from one computer readable storage medium to another, for example, the computer instructions may be transmitted from one website site, computer, server, or data center to another website site, computer, server, or data center via wire (e.g., coaxial cable, fiber optic, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), or wireless (e.g., infrared, wireless, microwave, etc.)). The computer-readable storage medium can be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer or a data storage device, such as a server, a data center, etc., that includes one or more of the available media. The usable medium may be a magnetic medium (e.g., floppy Disk, hard Disk, magnetic tape), an optical medium (e.g., DVD), or a semiconductor medium (e.g., Solid State Disk (SSD)), among others.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and the appended claims are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and improvements that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for distributing air quality monitoring points in mountain cities is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of determining the monitoring purpose, determining the monitoring area range, and collecting local related data;
screening a proper sampling analysis technology, carrying out gridding distribution monitoring in a monitoring area and carrying out method verification;
determining the point positions and the quantity of the air quality monitoring points of the mountain city environment by using a clustering analysis method;
selecting a CALPUFF air quality model to perform regional gridding simulation on air pollutants, and optimizing to obtain the air quality monitoring point positions and the number of the air quality monitoring point positions in the mountain city;
and comparing point location optimization results of different methods, and determining an optimized layout scheme of the air quality monitoring point locations of the mountain cities.
2. The method for deploying mountain city air quality monitoring points as claimed in claim 1, wherein the collected local related data and data comprises: the method comprises the steps of monitoring the topographic profile, meteorological features, pollution source lists, 3-5 years of atmospheric pollutant emission historical data, relevant relations of all parameters, the overall environmental air quality condition and the variation trend of the overall environmental air quality condition of the monitored area.
3. The method for deploying mountain city air quality monitoring points as claimed in claim 1, wherein the determining of the monitoring purpose, the determining of the monitoring area range, and the collecting of local related data comprises:
(1) counting the waste gas pollution sources in the monitoring area, and classifying the source types;
(2) analyzing the air quality monitoring data of the past year, combining with the meteorological data of the same period, obtaining the air quality change trend of the research area of the past year, evaluating the air quality current situation of the mountain city, and analyzing the future development change rule of the air quality.
4. The mountain city air quality monitoring point deployment method of claim 3, wherein the source types include a point source and a surface source.
5. The method for distributing the mountain city air quality monitoring points as claimed in claim 1, wherein the screening of the appropriate sampling analysis technology, the monitoring of the gridding distribution of points in the monitoring area and the verification thereof, comprises:
(1) screening out a passive diffusion sampling technology which accords with the local economic level, the geographic condition and the conditions of manpower and material resources according to local related research data and data, and carrying out grid point distribution monitoring sampling according to the requirement of the distribution of environmental air quality monitoring point positions;
(2) when a passive sampling monitoring method is selected, important consideration factors of sampling convenience, frequency of monitoring experiments and working strength are considered;
(3) the data obtained by passive sampling can be used for comparing and verifying data of automatic monitoring point data of the air quality of the urban environment in the same period, and the reliability of the selected method is evaluated.
6. The method for distributing mountain city air quality monitoring points as claimed in claim 1, wherein the determining of the mountain city environment air quality monitoring points and quantity by using the cluster analysis method comprises:
(1) the method comprises the steps of utilizing urban air quality grid hanging piece monitoring data, selecting a mode of combining two clustering analysis methods of hierarchical clustering and division clustering, determining the optimal clustering number and a preliminary clustering result through agglomeration hierarchical clustering, and then further clustering each subclass by adopting a K-Means rapid classification method;
(2) comprehensively analyzing the clustered results according to the functional division and geographical position factors of the area where each point is located, and optimizing the urban environment air quality monitoring point;
(3) and (4) further verifying the optimized result, and if the concentration measured at the optimized point position can represent that the average concentration deviation of the city is within 10%, determining that the optimized point position scheme is reasonable.
7. The method for distributing mountain city air quality monitoring points as claimed in claim 1, wherein the selecting a CALPUFF air quality model to perform regional gridding simulation of air pollutants, and optimizing to obtain mountain city air quality monitoring points and quantity comprises:
(1) utilizing a calpuff air quality model system to perform receptor gridding on a research area and simulate the spatial distribution of pollutant concentration along with time;
(2) selecting representative point locations by adopting methods such as grid receptor clustering analysis or isoconcentration lines and the like, and performing overall optimization layout on air quality monitoring point locations according to different mountain city characteristics;
(3) and (5) inspecting whether the average concentration of the selected monitoring point is more consistent with the overall average concentration of the region, wherein the deviation is within 10%.
8. The method for arranging mountain city air quality monitoring points as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of comparing the point location optimization results of different methods to determine the optimized arrangement scheme of the mountain city air quality monitoring point locations comprises:
(1) comparing the clustering analysis of the grid measured data with the optimization result of the Calpuff model simulation;
(2) and finally determining the positions and the number of the air quality monitoring points of the mountain city environment according to the actual conditions of the research area and by combining local landform, economic development and functional zoning factors.
9. A computer program product stored on a computer readable medium, comprising a computer readable program for providing a user input interface to implement the mountain city air quality monitoring point distribution method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 when executed on an electronic device.
10. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to execute the mountain city air quality monitoring point arrangement method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
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