CN113772449B - Powder metallurgy dust removing device and dust removing process - Google Patents

Powder metallurgy dust removing device and dust removing process Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113772449B
CN113772449B CN202111067899.5A CN202111067899A CN113772449B CN 113772449 B CN113772449 B CN 113772449B CN 202111067899 A CN202111067899 A CN 202111067899A CN 113772449 B CN113772449 B CN 113772449B
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China
Prior art keywords
dust
translation
powder
fixedly connected
servo motor
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CN202111067899.5A
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CN113772449A (en
Inventor
郑奇军
焦璐璐
谭震
陈江
郭刚
李韧杰
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Xinbosi Nanjing Intelligent Technology Co ltd
Nanjing Aobo Industrial Intelligent Technology Research Institute Co ltd
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Xinbosi Nanjing Intelligent Technology Co ltd
Nanjing Aobo Industrial Intelligent Technology Research Institute Co ltd
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Publication of CN113772449A publication Critical patent/CN113772449A/en
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65GTRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
    • B65G69/00Auxiliary measures taken, or devices used, in connection with loading or unloading
    • B65G69/18Preventing escape of dust
    • B65G69/185Preventing escape of dust by means of non-sealed systems
    • B65G69/186Preventing escape of dust by means of non-sealed systems with aspiration means
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65GTRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
    • B65G15/00Conveyors having endless load-conveying surfaces, i.e. belts and like continuous members, to which tractive effort is transmitted by means other than endless driving elements of similar configuration
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65GTRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
    • B65G23/00Driving gear for endless conveyors; Belt- or chain-tensioning arrangements
    • B65G23/02Belt- or chain-engaging elements
    • B65G23/04Drums, rollers, or wheels
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65GTRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
    • B65G47/00Article or material-handling devices associated with conveyors; Methods employing such devices
    • B65G47/22Devices influencing the relative position or the attitude of articles during transit by conveyors
    • B65G47/24Devices influencing the relative position or the attitude of articles during transit by conveyors orientating the articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65GTRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
    • B65G69/00Auxiliary measures taken, or devices used, in connection with loading or unloading
    • B65G69/18Preventing escape of dust
    • B65G69/185Preventing escape of dust by means of non-sealed systems
    • B65G69/188Preventing escape of dust by means of non-sealed systems with spraying means
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65GTRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
    • B65G2201/00Indexing codes relating to handling devices, e.g. conveyors, characterised by the type of product or load being conveyed or handled
    • B65G2201/04Bulk
    • B65G2201/042Granular material
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25Process efficiency

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Separation Of Particles Using Liquids (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)

Abstract

The utility model relates to the technical field of metallurgy powder preparation, in particular to a powder metallurgy dust removing device and a dust removing process. The rotary driven gear can realize that a plurality of water spray heads can rotate while spraying, so that the humidifying range of powder is further improved, the dust settling efficiency and the progress are ensured, and the dust settling effect is more outstanding.

Description

Powder metallurgy dust removing device and dust removing process
Technical Field
The utility model relates to the technical field of metallurgy powder preparation, in particular to a powder metallurgy dust removing device and a dust removing process.
Background
The utility model discloses a powder metallurgy dust collector, which comprises a support, a shield, an exhaust fan and an air nozzle, wherein a driving motor is arranged on the left side of the support, an eccentric wheel is arranged on the surface of the support, a vibrating plate is arranged at the top end of the eccentric wheel, a hose input end is communicated with the left side of the vibrating plate, a powder suction pipeline is communicated with the output end of the hose, the exhaust fan is arranged at the left side of the top end of the powder suction pipeline, the shield is fixedly connected with the bottom of the powder suction pipeline, and powder suction paper is detachably connected to the surface of the shield.
Foretell powder metallurgy dust collector has prevented effectively that the granule dust from wagging into the air, has reduced the injury of granule dust to the human body, blows powder efficiently, through being equipped with the universal wheel on guard shield right side top, when the condition of outage, uses the brush to clean, brush bottom fixedly connected with telescopic link, can be random regulation, multi-angle cleans the dust, easy operation is fit for being extensively promoted and use, but this kind of powder metallurgy dust collector, because the restriction of its structure, lead to in the in-service use, can not carry out the clearance of floating dust to the powder transportation in-process, the pollution that has led to working space is great, still can not carry out the spraying dust removal to the powder simultaneously, the powder that receives the transportation power effect can produce great dust, and then be unfavorable for metallurgical going on.
The present utility model has been made in view of this.
Disclosure of Invention
The utility model aims to solve the defects in the prior art, and provides a powder metallurgy dust removing device and a dust removing process.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present utility model adopts the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a powder metallurgy dust collector and dust removal technology, includes the equipment base, the vertical riser of one end fixedly connected with of base level on the equipment base, the other one end fixedly connected with dust removal jar of base level on the equipment base, the base level is located fixedly connected with conveyer belt supporting seat and servo motor supporting seat between riser and the dust removal jar on the equipment base, servo motor supporting seat is provided with servo driving motor, conveyer belt supporting seat both ends are provided with the transmission roller, should be provided with same conveyer belt between the transmission roller, dust removal jar lateral wall fixedly connected with and the parallel translation diaphragm of equipment base, should translate the diaphragm and be located conveyer belt upper portion, dust removal jar lateral wall still is provided with the dust absorption pump, the inside fixedly connected with of dust removal jar is with the parallel equipment platform of equipment base, should equipment platform bottom fixedly connected with U type support frame, dust removal jar lateral wall still is provided with the spray pump.
Further, the translation transverse plate outer wall sliding sleeve has connected the translation piece, this translation piece bottom fixedly connected with dust absorption mouth, the dust absorption mouth passes through the hose intercommunication with the dust absorption mouth of dust absorption pump.
Further, the inner wall fixedly connected with limiting plate that the translation diaphragm is close to the dust removal jar end, should limiting plate and the tip inner wall of translation diaphragm pass through ball bearing and rotate and be connected with same translation lead screw, translation lead screw thread cross-under is in the translation piece, limiting plate and translation diaphragm tip inner wall still fixedly connected with slip run through in the translation piece, the limiting plate is kept away from translation lead screw side and is provided with translation servo motor, translation servo motor's output shaft runs through in the lateral wall of limiting plate and with the tip fixed connection of translation lead screw.
Further, the inside base of U type support frame is connected with the aqueduct of vertical setting through ball bearing rotation, should the aqueduct bottom runs through in U type support frame bottom, the inside base of U type support frame still is provided with rotatory servo motor.
Further, the output shaft fixedly connected with drive gear of rotatory servo motor, drive gear meshing has the driven gear of fixed cup joint with the aqueduct outer wall, aqueduct top intercommunication has rotary seal to connect, this rotary seal connects the delivery port of top and spray pump and passes through same water pipe intercommunication.
Further, the bottom end of the water guide pipe is communicated with a shunt pipe, the outer wall of the shunt pipe is communicated with a plurality of water spraying heads, and the water spraying directions of the water spraying heads are positioned at the inner bottom of the dust removal tank.
Further, a sliding slope is arranged at the inner bottom of the dust removal tank, and a discharge hole is further formed in the side wall, close to the bottom end, of the dust removal tank.
Further, the dust removal tank top intercommunication has the cartridge filter, the cartridge filter is inside to be including a plurality of filtration plywood, the export of dust absorption pump is through pipeline and cartridge filter intercommunication.
Further, the dust removing process is provided,
s1, correctly assembling the equipment, starting a servo driving motor, driving a transmission belt to rotate by an output shaft of the servo driving motor through a transmission belt, placing powder on the transmission belt, brushing and transmitting the powder by the rotating transmission belt, enabling the transmitted powder to fall to a sliding slope, discharging the powder through a discharge hole through the sliding slope, and completing the whole powder conveying process;
s2, starting a translation servo motor, wherein an output shaft of the translation servo motor drives a translation screw rod to rotate, the rotating translation screw rod can drive a dust suction nozzle to move in a translation mode, and starting a dust suction pump, so that the dust suction nozzle can generate suction force while moving in the translation mode, dust can be removed from powder transported on a conveyor belt, and the dust removal effect is improved;
s3, starting a water spray pump, wherein the water spray pump can pump external dust fall water into a plurality of water spray heads, the dust fall water can be sprayed out through a water spray mode through the plurality of water spray heads, then powder is humidified, an effective dust fall effect is formed, starting a rotary servo motor, an output shaft of the rotary servo motor rotates a driving gear and a driven gear which are meshed with each other, the rotary driven gear can realize that the plurality of water spray heads can rotate when spraying, the humidifying range of powder is further improved, dust fall efficiency and progress are guaranteed, and the dust fall effect is more outstanding.
Compared with the prior art, the utility model provides a powder metallurgy dust removing device and a dust removing process, and has the following beneficial effects:
according to the powder metallurgy dust removing device and the dust removing process, the servo driving motor is started, the output shaft of the servo driving motor drives the conveying belt to rotate through the conveying belt, powder is placed on the conveying belt, the rotating conveying belt can carry out brush conveying on the powder, the conveyed powder can fall to the sliding slope, the powder is discharged through the discharging hole through the sliding slope, the whole powder conveying process is completed, the advantage of extremely high automatic operation is achieved, personnel input is saved, and the efficiency is improved;
according to the powder metallurgy dust removing device and the dust removing process, the translation servo motor is started, the translation screw rod is driven to rotate by the output shaft of the translation servo motor, the rotating translation screw rod can drive the dust suction nozzle to move in a translation mode, the dust suction pump is started, the dust suction nozzle can generate suction force during the translation operation, dust can be removed from powder transported on the conveyor belt, and therefore the dust removing effect is improved;
this powder metallurgy dust collector and dust removal technology, through starting the spray pump, the spray pump will extract external dust fall water and get into a plurality of sprinkler heads, can pass through the form blowout of water smoke with this dust fall water through a plurality of sprinkler heads, and then moisten the powder, form the effect of effective dust fall, start rotatory servo motor, rotatory servo motor's output shaft will drive intermeshing's driving gear and driven gear rotation, rotatory driven gear can realize that a plurality of sprinkler heads can also rotate in the spraying, and then promote the humidification scope to the powder, guarantee dust fall efficiency and progress, and the dust fall effect is comparatively outstanding.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a powder metallurgy dust removing device and a dust removing process according to the present utility model.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a portion a in fig. 1 of a dust removing device and a dust removing process for powder metallurgy according to the present utility model.
In the figure: 1. an equipment base; 2. a vertical plate; 3. a dust removal tank; 4. a conveyor belt support; 5. a servo drive motor; 6. a transmission belt; 7. translating the transverse plate; 8. a dust collection pump; 9. a U-shaped supporting frame; 10. a water jet pump; 11. a dust suction nozzle; 12. translating the screw rod; 13. a translation servo motor; 14. rotating the servo motor; 15. a drive gear; 16. a driven gear; 17. a water spray head; 18. a filter cartridge.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present utility model will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present utility model, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the utility model without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the utility model.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, a powder metallurgy dust removing device and dust removing process includes a device base 1, one end of a base surface on the device base 1 is fixedly connected with a vertical plate 2, the other end of the base surface on the device base 1 is fixedly connected with a dust removing tank 3, the base surface on the device base 1 is fixedly connected with a conveying belt supporting seat 4 and a servo motor supporting seat between the vertical plate 2 and the dust removing tank 3, the servo motor supporting seat is provided with a servo driving motor 5, two ends of the conveying belt supporting seat 4 are provided with conveying rollers, the same conveying belt 6 is arranged between the conveying rollers, the side wall of the dust removing tank 3 is fixedly connected with a translation transverse plate 7 parallel to the device base 1, the translation transverse plate 7 is positioned on the upper portion of the conveying belt 6, the side wall of the dust removing tank 3 is also provided with a dust collecting pump 8, the inner side wall of the dust removing tank 3 is fixedly connected with a device platform parallel to the device base 1, the bottom of the device platform is fixedly connected with a U-shaped supporting frame 9, the outer side wall of the dust removing tank 3 is also provided with a water spraying pump 10, and the conveyed powder can drop to a sliding slope, the powder is discharged through the sliding slope, and the whole powder conveying flow is completed.
The outer wall of the translation transverse plate 7 is sheathed with a translation block in a sliding way, the bottom of the translation block is fixedly connected with a dust collection nozzle 11, and the dust collection nozzle 11 is communicated with a dust collection port of the dust collection pump 8 through a hose.
The translation diaphragm 7 is close to the inner wall fixedly connected with limiting plate of dust removal jar 3 end, and this limiting plate rotates through ball bearing with the tip inner wall of translation diaphragm 7 and is connected with same translation lead screw 12, and translation lead screw 12 screw thread cross-under is in the translation piece, and limiting plate and translation diaphragm 7 tip inner wall still fixedly connected with slip run through in the translation piece, and the limiting plate is kept away from translation lead screw 12 side and is provided with translation servo motor 13, and translation servo motor 13's output shaft runs through in the lateral wall of limiting plate and with translation lead screw 12's tip fixed connection.
The inside base of U type support frame 9 rotates through ball bearing and is connected with the aqueduct of vertical setting, and this aqueduct bottom runs through in U type support frame 9 bottom, and the inside base of U type support frame 9 still is provided with rotatory servo motor 14.
The output shaft of the rotary servo motor 14 is fixedly connected with a driving gear 15, the driving gear 15 is meshed with a driven gear 16 fixedly sleeved on the outer wall of the water guide pipe, the top end of the water guide pipe is communicated with a rotary sealing joint, and the top end of the rotary sealing joint is communicated with the water outlet of the water spray pump 10 through the same water pipe.
The bottom end of the water guide pipe is communicated with a flow dividing pipe, the outer wall of the flow dividing pipe is communicated with a plurality of water spraying heads 17, and the water spraying direction of the water spraying heads 17 is positioned at the inner bottom of the dust removal tank 3.
The inner bottom of the dust removal tank 3 is provided with a sliding slope, and the side wall of the dust removal tank 3 close to the bottom end is also provided with a discharge hole.
The top of the dust removal tank 3 is communicated with a filter cartridge 18, the filter cartridge 18 comprises a plurality of filter plates, and an outlet of the dust collection pump 8 is communicated with the filter cartridge 18 through a pipeline.
When the powder conveying device is used, firstly, the servo driving motor 5 is started, the output shaft of the servo driving motor 5 drives the conveying belt 6 to rotate through the conveying belt, powder is placed on the conveying belt 6, the rotating conveying belt 6 can carry out brush conveying on the powder, the conveyed powder can fall to the sliding slope, the powder is discharged through the discharging hole through the sliding slope, the whole powder conveying process is completed, the advantage of extremely high automatic operation is achieved, the input of personnel is saved, and the efficiency is improved;
then, a translation servo motor 13 is started, an output shaft of the translation servo motor 13 drives a translation screw rod 12 to rotate, the rotating translation screw rod 12 can drive a dust suction nozzle 11 to move in a translation mode, a dust suction pump 8 is started, the dust suction nozzle 11 can generate suction force during the translation operation, dust can be removed from powder transported on a conveyor belt 6, and therefore the dust removal effect is improved;
finally, start spray pump 10, spray pump 10 will extract external dust fall water and get into among a plurality of sprinkler heads 17, can pass through the form blowout of water smoke with this dust fall water through a plurality of sprinkler heads 17, and then moisten the powder, form the effect of effective dust fall, start rotatory servo motor 14, the output shaft of rotatory servo motor 14 will drive intermeshing's driving gear 15 and driven gear 16 rotation, rotatory driven gear 16 can realize that a plurality of sprinkler heads 17 can also rotate in the spraying, and then promote the humidification scope to the powder, guarantee dust fall efficiency and progress, and the dust fall effect is comparatively outstanding.
In the description of the present utility model, it should be understood that the terms "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," and the like indicate or are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, merely to facilitate description of the present utility model and to simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present utility model.
Although embodiments of the present utility model have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the utility model, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (2)

1. The utility model provides a powder metallurgy dust collector, includes equipment base (1), its characterized in that, the one end fixedly connected with vertical riser (2) of base level on equipment base (1), the other one end fixedly connected with dust removal jar (3) of base level on equipment base (1), the base level is located between riser (2) and dust removal jar (3) fixedly connected with conveyer belt supporting seat (4) and servo motor supporting seat on equipment base (1), servo motor supporting seat is provided with servo driving motor (5), conveyer belt supporting seat (4) both ends are provided with the transfer roller, should be provided with same conveyer belt (6) between the transfer roller, translation diaphragm (7) of dust removal jar (3) lateral wall fixedly connected with and equipment base (1) parallel, should translation diaphragm (7) are located conveyer belt (6) upper portion, dust removal jar (3) lateral wall still is provided with dust absorption pump (8), dust removal jar (3) inside fixedly connected with and equipment platform parallel with equipment base (1), this equipment platform bottom fixedly connected with U type supporting frame (9), dust removal jar (10) lateral wall still is provided with spray pump (10).
The outer wall of the translation transverse plate (7) is sleeved with a translation block in a sliding manner, the bottom of the translation block is fixedly connected with a dust collection nozzle (11), and the dust collection nozzle (11) is communicated with a dust collection port of the dust collection pump (8) through a hose;
the inner wall of the translation transverse plate (7) close to the end of the dust removal tank (3) is fixedly connected with a limiting plate, the limiting plate and the inner wall of the end part of the translation transverse plate (7) are rotationally connected with the same translation screw (12) through ball bearings, the translation screw (12) is threaded and connected with a translation block in a penetrating mode, the limiting plate and the inner wall of the end part of the translation transverse plate (7) are fixedly connected with a sliding penetrating mode and are arranged on the translation block, a translation servo motor (13) is arranged on the side, away from the translation screw (12), of the limiting plate, and an output shaft of the translation servo motor (13) penetrates through the side wall of the limiting plate and is fixedly connected with the end part of the translation screw (12);
the bottom edge of the inner part of the U-shaped support frame (9) is rotationally connected with a vertically arranged water guide pipe through a ball bearing, the bottom end of the water guide pipe penetrates through the bottom of the U-shaped support frame (9), and the bottom edge of the inner part of the U-shaped support frame (9) is also provided with a rotary servo motor (14);
the output shaft of the rotary servo motor (14) is fixedly connected with a driving gear (15), the driving gear (15) is meshed with a driven gear (16) fixedly sleeved with the outer wall of the water guide pipe, the top end of the water guide pipe is communicated with a rotary sealing joint, and the top end of the rotary sealing joint is communicated with a water outlet of the water spraying pump (10) through the same water pipe;
the bottom end of the water guide pipe is communicated with a shunt pipe, the outer wall of the shunt pipe is communicated with a plurality of water spraying heads (17), and the water spraying directions of the water spraying heads (17) are positioned at the inner bottom of the dust removal tank (3);
a sliding slope is arranged at the inner bottom of the dust removal tank (3), and a discharge hole is further formed in the side wall, close to the bottom end, of the dust removal tank (3);
the dust removal tank is characterized in that a filter cartridge (18) is communicated with the top of the dust removal tank (3), a plurality of filter layers are arranged inside the filter cartridge (18), and an outlet of the dust collection pump (8) is communicated with the filter cartridge (18) through a pipeline.
2. A dust removing process of a powder metallurgy dust removing device according to claim 1, comprising the dust removing process,
s1, correctly assembling the equipment, starting a servo driving motor (5), driving an output shaft of the servo driving motor (5) to rotate through a conveying belt to drive a conveying belt (6), placing powder on the conveying belt (6), brushing and conveying the powder by the rotating conveying belt (6), enabling the conveyed powder to fall to a sliding slope, discharging the powder through a discharge hole through the sliding slope, and finishing the whole powder conveying process;
s2, starting a translation servo motor (13), wherein an output shaft of the translation servo motor (13) drives a translation screw rod (12) to rotate, the rotating translation screw rod (12) can drive a dust suction nozzle (11) to move in a translation mode, starting a dust suction pump (8) to enable the dust suction nozzle (11) to generate suction force while moving in the translation mode, and the suction force can remove dust on powder transported on a conveyor belt (6) so as to improve dust removal effect;
s3, start spray pump (10), spray pump (10) get into in a plurality of sprinkler heads (17) with the external dust fall water of extraction, can pass through the form blowout of water smoke with this dust fall water through a plurality of sprinkler heads (17), and then moisten the powder, form the effect of effective dust fall, start rotatory servo motor (14), the output shaft of rotatory servo motor (14) is rotatory with drive intermeshing' S driving gear (15) and driven gear (16), rotatory driven gear (16) can realize that a plurality of sprinkler heads (17) can also rotate in the spraying, and then promote the humidification scope to the powder, guarantee dust fall efficiency and progress, and the dust fall effect is comparatively outstanding.
CN202111067899.5A 2021-09-13 2021-09-13 Powder metallurgy dust removing device and dust removing process Active CN113772449B (en)

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CN117001000B (en) * 2023-10-07 2023-12-19 启东铝途机电科技有限公司 Dust collecting equipment for powder metallurgy

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