CN113728949B - 一种草食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类烂身病的防控方法 - Google Patents
一种草食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类烂身病的防控方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种草食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类烂身病的防控方法。本发明研究发现饲料中膳食纤维过高可以引起草鱼、鳊鱼、黄颡鱼、鲫鱼等发生烂身病，而且相同水平不同种类的膳食纤维其致病性不同。本发明通过原料选择和配方优化控制饲料中膳食纤维总量和高致病性膳食纤维含量，通过调控脂类物质种类和含量缓解膳食纤维的生理冲击，通过控制投饲量降低鱼类负载膳食纤维的增幅，可有效防范和治疗草食性和杂食性鱼类烂身病。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种草食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类烂身病的防控方法，属于鱼类养殖技术领域。
背景技术
鱼类烂身病又称溃疡病、腐皮病，表现为体表不规则红肿、溃烂、腐蚀、黏液多；病灶表皮、真皮腐烂，严重的病灶腐蚀溃烂露出脊骨及内脏，周围有红点、红斑；鳍条腐烂。该病发病急，死亡率高。高密单养池塘在夏季高温季节极易暴发此病，导致养殖户损失惨重。多年来，不少专家学者开展了针对该病病因和防控技术的研究。
目前关于该病的研究集中在病原生物的分离和鉴定。许悦(2018)等开展了海南地区石斑鱼皮肤溃疡病病原的分离、鉴定、药敏分析及病理学研究，指出海南地区养殖石斑鱼皮肤溃疡病的致病原主要为哈维氏弧菌；而较早报道的溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌等致病菌的优势度大大降低了，其致病力有所下降，并且与海南地区养殖石斑鱼皮肤溃疡病的相关度不大。徐洋等(2015)对湖州地区患溃疡综合征的黄颡鱼开展病原研究，从典型濒死的病样体内分离到优势菌TH0426，对该菌进行了人工感染试验，并进行了形态特征、理化特性及分子生物学等方面的综合分析，结果显示，人工感染试验成功复制溃疡综合征症状，证明该优势菌为黄颡鱼溃疡综合征病原菌，其半数致死量(LD50)为3.98×104CFU/m L。王荣华等(2021)指出舒氏气单胞菌是黄尾鲴溃疡综合征的潜在病原菌。纪荣兴等(2003)从有典型烂身病症状的美国红鱼中分离到一株优势菌，人工感染菌液浓度为108CFU/mL时，可致健康美国红鱼出现与自然发病相似的症状，且100％死亡，确认该分离菌为美国红鱼烂身病的致病菌。综上所述，目前普遍认为病原生物感染是该病的诱因。
因为病原生物感染被认为是烂身病的病因。因此，防控策略也主要从消杀病原生物的角度入手。施海涛和孙秀娟(2013)报告，采用二氧化氯、戊二醛、杀菌硫醚等成功控制了乌鳢烂身病。王荣华等(2021)认为五倍子、氟苯尼考和庆大霉素等可作为候选药物防治湖南株洲地区黄尾鲴溃疡综合征。虽然目前存在多种针对烂身病的防控策略，但是由于病原生物多样性，一般的方法局限性较强，需要确定感染的病原生物种类之后确定治疗方案，不能从根本上发挥防控烂身病的作用。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题，本发明研究发现饲料中膳食纤维过高可以引起烂身病，而且不同膳食纤维其致病性不同，本发明通过优化配方控制膳食纤维总量和高致病性膳食纤维含量，并根据不同采食量控制投饲量，有效防范和治疗鱼类烂身病。
本发明提供一种草食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类烂身病的防控方法，包括如下步骤：
S1、按照动物性蛋白质饲料、植物性蛋白质饲料、能量饲料、脂类物质、饲料添加剂组成，配制不同鱼类的饲料，其中，控制投喂饲料中的总膳食纤维含量和可溶性膳食纤维总量：杂食性鱼类的投喂饲料中，总膳食纤维重量低于投喂饲料的20％，且可溶性膳食纤维重量不超过总膳食纤维重量的40％；草食性鱼类的投喂饲料中，总膳食纤维重量低于投喂饲料的30％，且可溶性膳食纤维重量不超过总膳食纤维重量的50％；
S2、养殖鱼类快速生长期和幼鱼期，降低投喂饲料中总膳食纤维重量至成鱼期的80％以下，且降低饲料中可溶性膳食纤维重量至成鱼期的80％以下；
S3、鱼类采食量猛增期，控制投饲量每天增长幅度不超过5％，每周累计增长幅度不超过18％；
S4、鱼类出现轻度烂身病时，降低投喂饲料中植物性蛋白质饲料，并增加动物性蛋白质饲料和脂类物质含量。
进一步地，所述的投喂饲料按照如下重量百分比组成：对于杂食性鱼类，动物性蛋白质饲料15-30％、植物性蛋白质饲料30％～45％、能量饲料20％～35％、脂类物质10％～18％、添加剂3～5％；对于草食性鱼类，动物性蛋白质饲料10-25％，植物性蛋白质饲料40％～60％，能量饲料22％～40％，脂类物质8％～15％，添加剂3～5％。
进一步地，所述的动物性饲料包括鱼粉、肉粉、肉骨粉、血粉、蚕蛹、虫粉、乌贼粉、虾粉、动物膏浆中的至少两种。
进一步地，所述鱼粉重量应低于动物性蛋白质饲料的30％。
进一步地，所述的植物性蛋白质饲料为蛋白质含量不低于20％的植物来源的饲料，包括豆粕及其它豆科原料、棉粕、菜粕、葵粕、海藻粉、酵母粉、谷朊粉、DDGS、植物分离蛋白、植物浓缩蛋白中的至少两种。
进一步地，所述的豆科原料和菜粕宜采用含乳酸菌的市售发酵菌发酵处理过的原料。
进一步地，所述的能量饲料为蛋白质含量低于20％的植物来源的饲料，包括面粉、小麦淀粉、木薯淀粉、土豆淀粉中的至少1种，其在饲料中的重量百分比小于30％。
进一步地，所述的能量饲料还包括米糠、麸皮、玉米中的一种或一种以上混合。
进一步地，草食性鱼类投喂饲料中，米糠、麸皮、玉米的总量在投喂饲料中的重量百分比小于12％。
进一步地，杂食性鱼类投喂饲料中，米糠、麸皮、玉米的总量在投喂饲料中的重量百分比小于10％。
进一步地，所述的脂类物质由植物油脂、动物油脂、磷脂和固醇组成。
进一步地，所述的脂类物质中，磷脂的重量占总脂类物质的5％～30％，且不超过投喂饲料总重量的5％。
本发明的有益效果是：
本发明通过原料选择和配方优化控制膳食纤维总量和高致病性膳食纤维含量，通过调控脂类物质种类和含量缓解膳食纤维的生理冲击，在鱼类采食强度快速增长期通过控制投饲量降低鱼类负载膳食纤维的增幅，从而有效防范和治疗鱼类烂身病。
附图说明：
图1为患烂身病的黄颡鱼。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明，以使本领域的技术人员可以更好地理解本发明并能予以实施，但所举实施例不作为对本发明的限定。
实施例1：
我们以黄颡鱼为材料，分别开展了3项研究，验证膳食纤维高载对烂身病的诱导作用。
(1)不同浓度瓜尔胶和菊粉对黄颡鱼烂身病的诱导作用
按下表配方配制沉性颗粒饲料，在苏州大学省级水产动物营养重点实验室饲养初重8.6g的黄颡鱼，饱食投喂，日常管理参照实验室SOP。结果发现，20％菊粉组在饲养20d后在背鳍基部和尾部出现溃疡现象，20％瓜尔胶组在饲养28d后出现明显烂身病。出现烂身病后改投对照饲料，病情缓慢好转，再用实验饲料投喂，3d后陆续出现烂身病，其中，规格较大的鱼烂身症状相对较重。实验结果证明膳食纤维高载可诱导烂身病，提示不同膳食纤维对烂身病的诱导作用不同。
表1.不同浓度瓜尔胶和菊粉对黄颡鱼烂身病的诱导作用。
(2)不同种类膳食纤维对黄颡鱼烂身病的诱导作用
按下表配方配制沉性颗粒饲料，在苏州大学省级水产动物营养重点实验室饲养初重14.2g的黄颡鱼，饱食投喂，日常管理参照实验室SOP。结果发现，瓜尔胶组、菊粉组、果胶组在饲养1周内均出现烂身现象，纤维素组烂身现象不明显。实验结果证明不同膳食纤维对烂身病的诱导作用不同，高剂量的瓜尔胶、菊粉、果胶可诱导急性烂身病。
表2.不同种类膳食纤维对黄颡鱼烂身病的诱导作用
| 对照 | 瓜尔胶 | 菊粉 | 果胶 | 纤维素 | |
| 进口蒸汽鱼粉 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| 玉米蛋白粉 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| 麦芽糊精 | 30 | ||||
| 瓜尔胶 | 30 | ||||
| 菊粉 | 30 | ||||
| 果胶 | 30 | ||||
| 纤维素 | 30 | ||||
| 豆粕 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| 菜粕 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| 棉粕 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| 添加剂(包括维生素和矿物质) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 沸石粉 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 大豆油 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 大豆磷脂 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 总计 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 出现烂身病时间(d) | 无 | 6 | 2or 3 | 5 | 无 |
(3)植物性饲料对黄颡鱼烂身病的诱导
上述实验采用的是膳食纤维纯品，为了证明植物性饲料中所含的膳食纤维对烂身病具有诱导作用，我们研究了低鱼粉饲料中添加高剂量DDGS、豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、麸皮对黄颡鱼烂身病的诱导作用。饲料配方如下表。用试验饲料饲养充分驯化、采食凶猛的实验鱼，结果表明，DDGS、豆粕、菜粕、麸皮均可诱导烂身现象，棉粕无明显诱导作用。
表3.植物性饲料对黄颡鱼烂身病的诱导
| 对照 | DDGS | 豆粕 | 棉粕 | 菜粕 | 麸皮 | |
| 进口蒸汽鱼粉 | 40 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| 麦芽糊精 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| DDGS | 5 | 60 | ||||
| 豆粕 | 10 | 60 | ||||
| 棉粕 | 10 | 60 | ||||
| 菜粕 | 5 | 60 | ||||
| 麸皮 | 60 | |||||
| 添加剂(包括维生素和矿物质) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 沸石粉 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 大豆油 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 大豆磷脂 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 总计Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 出现烂身病时间(d) | 无 | 12 | 8 | 无 | 21 | 19 |
上述实验结果证明，日粮膳食纤维高载可诱导黄颡鱼烂身病(如图1所示)。我们同时以草鱼为对象进行了类似研究，结果相似，但草鱼可耐受的膳食纤维水平稍高。
实施例2：
我们还开展了投饲量对烂身病的影响的研究，以黄颡鱼为实验对象，采用下表所示配方饲料饲养黄颡鱼，分别进行饱食投喂、限饲投喂(饱食量的80％)、限饲后恢复饱食投喂试验，发现限饲组只有个别个体较大、抢食凶猛的鱼出现烂身病，其它鱼无烂身症状。而限饲组一周内投饲量增加幅度提高到18％时烂身病现象趋重。
表4.投饲量对黄颡鱼烂身病的影响
上述实验结果证明，日粮膳食纤维达一定水平时，如果对黄颡鱼的投饲量在1周内增加18％时，就比较容易出现烂身病，因此建议增幅控制在18％以下。此外，以草鱼为对象的研究中，以市售商品饲料进行限饲饲养2周后，再在1周内按不同比例增加投饲量，发现增幅在18％以上时易出现烂身病。上述结果与我们在流行病学研究中的发现一致，流行病学研究中我们观察到发生烂身病的池塘大多在发病前鱼类的采集量增幅较大。
实施例3：
我们进一步研究了膳食纤维引起鱼类烂身病的生理机制，发现其致病强度与其对特定种类的胆汁酸的结合力有关。我们分析测定了32种植物性蛋白质饲料和能量饲料中膳食纤维的含量和组成，并建立了基于胆汁酸结合力的离体评估各种膳食纤维和植物性原料对烂身病的诱导强度的方法，明确了不同植物性蛋白质饲料和能量饲料对烂身病的诱导强度。研究发现豆粕和菜粕对烂身病诱导作用强于其它油粕，两者用含乳酸菌的发酵菌发酵处理后对烂身病的诱导作用减弱；麸皮、清糠、DDGS等对烂身病的诱导作用较强，用于杂食性和草食性鱼类饲料中时应控制添加量；在配方成本不变的情况下，用肉粉等廉价动物蛋白质饲料代替鱼粉可降低烂身病发生风险，因此应控制鱼粉用量低于动物性蛋白质饲料的30％以下；较高的脂肪水平可缓解膳食纤维生理冲击，而动物油脂和磷脂对防控烂身病具有一定的协同效应，添加量占总脂的5-30％较好，但当磷脂超过饲料配方的5％时效果不佳。下面为4个有效防控黄颡鱼和草鱼烂身病的饲料配方。
用于黄颡鱼苗种养殖期防控烂身病的饲料配方：
本配方也适用于黄颡鱼等杂食性鱼类烂身病发病后的治疗。用于黄颡鱼成鱼养殖期防控烂身病的饲料配方：
用于草鱼鱼种养殖期防控烂身病的饲料配方：
本配方也适用于草鱼等草食性鱼类烂身病发病后的治疗。
用于草鱼成鱼养殖期防控烂身病的饲料配方：
以上所述实施例仅是为充分说明本发明而列举的较佳的实施例，本发明的保护范围不限于此。本技术领域的技术人员在本发明基础上所作的等同替代或变换，均在本发明的保护范围之内。本发明的保护范围以权利要求书为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种草食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类烂身病的防控方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
S1、按照动物性蛋白质饲料、植物性蛋白质饲料、能量饲料、脂类物质、饲料添加剂组成，配制不同鱼类的饲料，其中，控制投喂饲料中的总膳食纤维含量和可溶性膳食纤维总量：杂食性鱼类的投喂饲料中，总膳食纤维重量百分比低于投喂饲料的20％，且可溶性膳食纤维重量不超过总膳食纤维重量的40％；草食性鱼类的投喂饲料中，总膳食纤维重量低于投喂饲料的30％，且可溶性膳食纤维重量不超过总膳食纤维重量的50％；
S2、养殖鱼类快速生长期和幼鱼期，降低投喂饲料中总膳食纤维重量至成鱼期的80％，且降低饲料中可溶性膳食纤维重量至成鱼期的80％；
S3、鱼类采食量猛增期，控制投饲量每天增长幅度不超过5％，每周累计增长幅度不超过18％；
S4、鱼类出现轻度烂身病时，降低投喂饲料中植物性蛋白质饲料，并增加动物性蛋白质饲料和脂类物质含量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的投喂饲料按照如下重量百分比组成：对于杂食性鱼类，动物性蛋白质饲料15-30％、植物性蛋白质饲料30％～45％、能量饲料20％～35％、脂类物质10％～18％、添加剂3～5％；对于草食性鱼类，动物性蛋白质饲料10-25％，植物性蛋白质饲料40％～60％，能量饲料22％～40％，脂类物质8％～15％，添加剂3～5％。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的动物性蛋白质饲料包括鱼粉、肉粉、肉骨粉、血粉、蚕蛹、虫粉、乌贼粉、虾粉、动物膏浆中的至少两种。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，控制鱼粉重量低于动物性蛋白质饲料的30％。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的植物性蛋白质饲料为蛋白质含量不低于20％的植物来源的饲料，包括豆科原料、棉粕、菜粕、葵粕、海藻粉、酵母粉、谷朊粉、DDGS、植物分离蛋白、植物浓缩蛋白中的至少两种。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的豆科原料和菜粕采用含乳酸菌的发酵菌发酵处理过。
7.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的能量饲料为蛋白质含量低于20％的植物来源的饲料，包括面粉、小麦淀粉、木薯淀粉、土豆淀粉中的至少一种，其在投喂饲料中的重量百分比小于30％。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的能量饲料还包括米糠、麸皮、玉米中的一种或一种以上混合。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，杂食性鱼类投喂饲料中，米糠、麸皮、玉米类能量饲料的总量在投喂饲料中的重量百分比小于10％；草食性鱼类投喂饲料中，米糠、麸皮、玉米类能量饲料的总量在投喂饲料中的重量百分比小于12％。
10.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的脂类物质由植物油脂、动物油脂、磷脂和固醇组成；其中，磷脂的重量占总脂类物质的5％～30％，且不超过投喂饲料总重量的5％。
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