CN113728143A - 由间隔板形成的具有高碳含量的绝缘材料夹心墙结构 - Google Patents

由间隔板形成的具有高碳含量的绝缘材料夹心墙结构 Download PDF

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CN113728143A
CN113728143A CN202080016454.1A CN202080016454A CN113728143A CN 113728143 A CN113728143 A CN 113728143A CN 202080016454 A CN202080016454 A CN 202080016454A CN 113728143 A CN113728143 A CN 113728143A
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carbon
insulating
bearing wall
wall element
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柯利亚·库赛
尼克劳斯·哈格曼
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Ni KelaosiHageman
Ke LiyaKusai
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Ke LiyaKusai
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Abstract

本发明描述了一种用于建筑物的承重墙元件，具有两个对称布置的载体板(1)，由石头、天然石、人造石、陶瓷、混凝土、玻璃或含玻璃材料制成，称为炻材，在两个载体板之间的横截面增加的绝缘材料层(3)在整个表面或部分表面上通过抗剪切力的或是松散的或抗剪切力和松散的相混合，承载板(1)具有以环氧树脂、聚酯树脂、酚醛树脂、聚酰胺树脂、氰酸酯树脂、三聚氰胺树脂、聚氨酯树脂、有机硅树脂或硅酸盐树脂基，或陶瓷或水玻璃基为基的含纤维的基质，基质位于炻材层的一侧或布置在炻材层的中间。承重墙体在顶部和底部有一个载荷引入结构(4)，它通过永久的抗剪粘合连接到载体板(1)上，增加截面的绝缘层(3)为由包含碳的材料制成，并且两个承载板由不同或相似的板材料组成。

Description

由间隔板形成的具有高碳含量的绝缘材料夹心墙结构
本发明涉及EP08874021.2中已经描述过的用于建造房屋和建筑物的墙体结构。这种墙体构造具有对称结构，由保持一定距离的耐压板制成。加固整个横截面结构的绝缘层位于板与板之间。这两块板吸收压力，是由特别耐压的材料制成，如天然石材、各种人造石、混凝土和其他含陶土以及含陶瓷到含玻璃的物质或玻璃(以下简称陶土)，具有抗压性，但通常也具有易断裂的脆性结构。此处应提及花岗岩等天然石材，片麻岩等花岗岩类石材，以及大理石、石灰石、耐高压现代陶瓷、玻璃陶瓷或玻璃，以及所有其他由石材或陶瓷制成的材料和天然或人工制作的陶土。这两块板可以分别由相同的材料或不同的材料构成，例如由天然石材制成的外炻圆片和由混凝土制成的内炻圆片。
一方面，这些材料的特点是具有较高的耐压缩应力能力，而比重相对较低，但这些材料在拉伸和弯曲载荷下也相对不稳定，特别是如果它们制作得尽可能薄并节省材料，尤其是制作的尺寸要尽可能轻时尤其如此。这就是为什么这些墙板要使用抗拉增强材料，例如在纤维材料的帮助下使其具有抗拉性。在这种情况下，涂层经过纤维(能在张力作用下尽可能保持稳定)和粘合剂或树脂(能在高温作用下尽可能保持稳定)得到增强，用于将纤维涂覆到石材表面。碳纤维、玻璃纤维或石纤维或这些纤维与树脂的混合物，例如硅树脂或水玻璃粘合剂，在高达500℃以上的温度下仍保持稳定，是合适的。在极端情况下，也可以使用硅酸盐粘合剂或此类粘合剂的混合物。
本发明的主要目标是在绝缘材料中结合尽可能多的碳，这可以额外地加强整个结构，从而使整个结构材料尽可能地无CO2排放。
为此，使用生物炭或人工生产的煤制成的绝缘材料。生物炭是碳的固体形式，是在生物质热解过程中形成的，特点是其结构高度多孔且碳含量超过50％。所有生物质，如木材、庄稼桔杆、绿色道路材料、来自沼气厂的固体发酵材料或污水污泥，都可以用作生物炭的起始材料，从而将生物炭用于绝缘材料。或者，人工生产的煤也可以用于绝缘层，它是在电能或电磁能和/或电解过程的帮助下直接从CO2中获得的。尽管这些过程更加耗能，但它们在可再生电力发电量高的国家较为可行。碳起到良好绝缘的作用，减轻绝缘层的重量并确保碳永久储存于系统中。
碳被引入压力稳定墙板之间的空间，例如使用粘合剂或支撑剂，使得墙板通过绝缘层彼此牢固地粘合在一起。水泥、水硬性石灰、地质聚合物、环氧树脂或聚酯树脂，以及塑料基、玻璃基和矿物基泡沫均可用作煤的粘合剂，例如PUR泡沫、膨胀玻璃或玻璃泡沫。其他改善物理性能如拉伸强度、热传导、辐射等的填料也是有利的。如果两块石板都设计为自承重结构，因此不需要永久粘合，也可以使用煤基材料的松散床板。
本发明提出了一种升级这种薄石板或陶土板或陶瓷或人造石板的方法，它们用经济的方法保持持久稳定，并用本文提出的方法成为自承重墙元件，作为尽可能有效的碳汇。石头、陶瓷或玻璃以及其他耐压材料，如薄混凝土板——这里通常称为陶土——以前它们意味着会增加建筑构造的重量，纯粹作为外墙覆层，而现在它们本身正在成为房屋墙壁的承重元件和煤基绝缘层，如果它们是由有机油料制成，最好与碳纤维一起用于有效的碳汇。
重要的是，这种墙壁元件在很宽的温度范围内保持尺寸稳定并且抑制“双金属效应”。为了实现这个目标，有必要稳定陶土或陶瓷板以抵抗压力，防止出现断裂。此外，在要进行稳定加固的石材与绝缘层之间界面处的要进行稳定加固的石材一侧，膨胀分布必须设置成其梯度几乎为零，这样石板的两侧，即使温度发生变化，也不会发生弯曲，因此外显的表面在大面积上仍保持笔直平整，不会发生弯曲。
为此，重要的是绝缘的中间层为多孔结构并且因此是对膨胀保持稳定，使得纤维材料能够控制所有组成部分的膨胀，而边界层不会发生分层，不会彼此分裂。本发明提出了一种对称墙壁结构，其特征为，石板在较宽的温度和压力范围内保持平整，此特征成为本发明的另一个基本核心，结合了第三个特征即外墙元件本身用作承重部分，其承重有赖于稳定的纤维层的帮助，该纤维层优选由植物碳制成，或者由低能量纤维如玻璃纤维或石纤维组成。
本路径确保陶土在最多样化的热诱导机械载荷以及纯机械载荷下保持稳定，一方面通过适用于相应用途和载荷情况的稳定机制防止在撕裂墙板作用下的机械破坏，尤其还防止致热弯曲。在墙壁内外存在温差的情况下的尺寸稳定性以及由其在受天气影响的一侧引起的温度变化也非常重要，这也可以通过墙板用含不同膨胀系数的不同材料制成的事实来得以解决。
本解决方案的核心，即为这种夹层结构的自承墙寻找最合适的绝缘材料，以达到保持内外墙板的总膨胀系数尽可能小，特别是尽可能相等，从而使碳具有粘合能力，确保获得良好的防火性能和较高的绝缘值，以及保持尺寸稳定、防水和防冻。除了矿物泡沫外，最有前途的候选材料是生物炭建筑材料，它们具有足够的柔韧性和足够的拉伸强度，可以通过将它们粘合到用纤维稳定的陶土墙板上来防止它们弯曲。
墙板设计中，例如，天然石板本身成为承重元件，从而实现两个功能：一方面，它以最佳方式满足房屋建筑的结构要求，同时提供最佳外观，而到目前为止，这类设计鲜为人知。
例如，这种由花岗岩制成的天然石板的承载能力是相同重量的混凝土板的两倍，实现了最佳静力学。与经典的混凝土和砖建筑相比，这种结构可以实现更轻、更高、更节省空间的建筑。即使与用钢建造的建筑相比，重量和空间也得到了减少和节省，因为例如，含特定重量的铝的花岗岩比钢轻2.7倍，但其压力稳定性接近于钢结构。
所述墙体构造的结构描述如下。所申请的本发明涉及建筑领域，特别是建筑构造，更准确地说是一般的服务性建筑、住宅建筑、亭台楼阁、厅堂和任何类型的建筑物的房屋构造。本发明的实质涉及制造一种房屋墙体作为建筑构件的一种技术，它具有静力载荷传递功能，立面具有建筑围护结构的所有功能以及符合现行标准的相应物理要求，这种墙体现在也将通过绝缘材料升级成为碳汇。
墙体构件经过预制并放置在施工现场。天花板结构放置在墙壁构件上。墙体构件在夹层结构中结合了所有静力和结构要求。由陶土或其他耐压材料制成的外薄圆片主要承受法向力(圆片力)。它们可以直接用作室内和室外的成品表面。夹层结构的核芯由碳基、优选为抗剪切和绝缘的材料形成，这种材料或者连接相邻的圆片，或者如果两个圆片是自支撑而没有剪切刚性连接的情况下仅实现绝缘特性。在有刚性连接的情况下，结构的核芯吸收来自弯曲载荷的剪切力，从而在整个元件上产生足够的抗弯刚度。所述元件因此经过固定以防止屈曲，并且可以吸收横过元件的水平发生的载荷，例如风载荷。从地面板到这个夹层元件的载荷引入和载荷消散结构将垂直载荷对称地施加到圆片上，而不会产生物理上不可持续的热桥。夹层材料与特殊连接细节的相互作用保证了水密性和气密性。没有附加静力结构的载荷水平是工作载荷≥75kN/m。根据静力学原理，这些元件作为钟摆支撑安装在天花板上方和下方。保温值可达到瑞士可持续Minergie标准。
薄圆片由抗压抗剪切的防水材料制成，如混凝土、天然石材、玻璃、陶瓷。它们由增强材料固定，以抵抗来自热力不对称变形的拉伸载荷，并抵抗载荷引入区应力分布区域的拉伸应力，拉伸应力可能导致突然发生完全脆性断裂。材料和结构中的缺陷也可以被弥合，并产生一种性质良好、尽可能具有延展性的材料行为。夹层芯由抗剪切、高度绝缘的结构组成，通常由足够坚固的泡沫或其他粘合剂粘合生物炭或人工生产的炭制成。
载荷引入由玻璃纤维复合材料或木材或框架或碳质矿物材料制成的导热性弱的抗压抗剪切元件组成。
圆片和载荷引入元件之间的连接以及绝缘芯(如果适用)是通过使用永久的、抗剪切的粘合剂粘合来实现的。使用市售的粘合剂，为树脂或矿物粘合剂，例如耐至少为500℃的耐高温水玻璃。
作为绝缘层，可以使用所有可能的使横截面变硬的方法或使用具有高碳含量的床。这是通过植物光合作用从大气中除去或由工业分离的CO2组成的化石或非化石来源的碳。植物碳通过热解处理得到稳定，然后不再被微生物分解。安装在石圆片之间的绝缘层中，生物炭代表了长期的碳汇。
建议使用带有基质的纤维材料来稳定石板本身。特别是，使用碳纤维，优选由生物质或直接由CO2生产的碳纤维。此外，还可以使用石纤维和天然纤维材料，它们可以在大面积上稳定石材并防止其膨胀和破裂。天然石材本身具有非常低的膨胀模量，可以通过纤维的稳定作用进行调整，因为天然石材由于其多孔结构而具有可压缩性。如果纤维张力相应较大且使用正确的纤维，那么可以使用纤维将相应的预张力带入纤维基质和石材的复合材料中，从而使石板由温度引起的膨胀最小化。结果是可以承受压缩和拉伸的板材，在正常应用中确保炻材足够稳定，防止撕裂和断裂，而且最重要的是保持笔直和均匀。这使得这种墙板经过对称的整体复合材料-纤维稳定石板-绝缘截面-进一步由纤维稳定的石板-不仅从内部和外部的光学角度来看都很有吸引力，而且与传统的房屋墙壁和建筑结构相比，在承载能力相同的情况下，其构成的墙结构的重量要轻约两倍，或者可以做得更薄。
载体材料，下文中称为载体，如专利申请EP 106 20 92中所述，由纤维增强的基质组成，该基质是合成树脂或者最终甚至是陶瓷材料。例如，碳纤维用于承受高拉伸载荷并在热影响下收缩，即具有负温度膨胀系数，即使在温度载荷变化的情况下也能持续稳定或多或少有些薄的石板。这尤其可以保护石板免受过度拉伸引起的裂缝，并抵抗垂直于陶土的机械应力引起的断裂。
借助例如温度稳定的环氧树脂、聚酯树脂、基于苯酚的树脂、聚酰亚胺、氰酸酯、三聚氰胺、聚氨酯、硅树脂或硅酸盐或水玻璃，称为基质，结合例如具有负温度膨胀系数的碳纤维，对于具有整个楼层高度的非常大的石板，这种可靠的稳定性也是可能实现的。此外，满足了优化较薄石材结构的机械强度和耐温性的要求，使得墙板的总膨胀系数控制在较宽的温度范围内，以避免整块板材出现弯曲，实现轻量化结构。为了将必须由这种房屋墙壁吸收的压力引入墙壁，本发明描述了一种借助由玻璃纤维部件或固体材料制成的框架的适宜解决方案，例如由生物炭基材料制成框架，其一方面具有较高的耐压性，另一方面具有尽可能多的绝缘性能，以便一方面将力有效地引入到纤维增强石板中，并且仍然避免形成热桥，以达到不允许出现任何冷凝进而发霉。此处描述的新型墙体构造的整体结构考虑了这样一个事实，即在纤维基质中内置了必要的蒸汽屏障。绝缘层的石板和碳基材料都可以吸收和释放水分，从而对室内的水分平衡起到调节作用。石板对外部也有同样的作用，因此在夏季，当石材和绝缘材料中储存的水分蒸发时，它可以成为一个冷却面。如果使用合适的花岗岩，那么这样的房屋墙壁绝对是防冻和无腐蚀的，而且几乎不会老化，特别是如果它们在外面进行了抛光处理时尤其如此。由于绝缘层中生物炭的高吸附能力，不会有冷凝水泄漏，防止发霉。
如果现在在绝缘层中额外制造这种墙，使其具有高碳含量，那么这种碳不仅可以改善其绝缘性能和湿度调节，还可以降低绝缘层的膨胀系数和重量，但由于绝缘层的体积较大，这些组件也是一种高效的碳汇，以便通过根据气候问题而改造的建筑材料实现气候目标。虽然使用以前的建筑材料的构造会导致CO2排放，但这种新的构造方法使用无CO2排放的材料。建筑材料在材料中储存或隔离的碳比其制造中使用的要更多。
特别是使用生物炭基水泥或地质聚合物砂浆、生物炭基树脂或由PU、玻璃或矿物制成的泡沫，在外石板的纤维增强的帮助下，它们成为自承重墙和立面元件，它们能够储存的碳比以二氧化碳形式产生的碳要更多，二氧化碳在产生过程中就逃逸到大气中。中间层有泡沫材料绝缘层的纤维稳定石圆片采用对称结构，且其尺寸设计使得它们可以以相对较低的重量吸收载荷和屈曲力。出于这个原因，绝缘材料必须具有足够的张力稳定性，如果需要的话，尽管碳含量很高也无妨。否则，如果两个炻圆片是自承重，碳也可以混合到由玻璃棉或岩棉制成的松散绝缘材料中，炻圆片的自承重结构的实现方式可以为各自的圆片本身由两个石层组成，中间为纤维基质层。
本发明有许多可能的实施例，图1显示了其中一种。该图显示了两个石板(1)，石板用一个碳层(2)进行稳固。纤维涂层石板之间附有含碳量高的绝缘层(3)。绝缘层(3)具有足够的抗拉强度，使面板不会向外翘曲。抗拉强度足够的绝缘层(3)可以设计覆盖整个表面，或者如图2中的横截面所示，仅覆盖表面的一部分，这意味着防止石板在中间区域屈曲。两幅图还显示了上方和下方的负载引入入口(4)。
在图3中，显示了纤维涂层石板的构造方式，即每块板都由两块石板制成，并带有一个内部碳层。在中间有一个具有高碳含量的绝缘层(3)。绝缘层(3)松散地贴合或附着在石板之间，不具有硬化作用。

Claims (11)

1.用于建筑物的承重墙元件，具有两个对称布置的由石头、天然石、人造石、陶瓷、混凝土、玻璃或含玻璃材料制成的载体板，称为炻材，
在两个载体板之间的横截面增加的绝缘材料层在整个表面或部分表面上通过抗剪切力的或是松散的或抗剪切力和松散的相混合，
载体板由含纤维的基质进行稳固，含纤维的基质以环氧树脂、聚酯树脂、酚醛树脂、聚酰胺树脂、氰酸酯树脂、三聚氰胺树脂、聚氨酯树脂、有机硅树脂或硅酸盐树脂基，或陶瓷或水玻璃基为基，位于炻材层的一侧或布置在炻材层的中间，
承重墙元件在顶部和底部有一个载荷引入入口结构，通过永久的、抗剪切的粘合剂连接到载体板，
增加横截面的绝缘材料层由含碳材料组成，
并且，其中，两个载体板各自由不同或相似的板材料组成。
2.根据权利要求1和2所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，所述抗剪切且抗拉强度足够的绝缘材料层由高度抗拉的绝缘泡沫组成，其中碳优选以粉末形式发泡。
3.根据权利要求1所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，所述抗剪切且抗拉强度足够的绝缘材料层由膨胀玻璃构成，其中碳优选以粉末形式发泡。
4.根据权利要求1所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，所述抗剪切且抗拉强度足够的绝缘材料层由水泥基多孔结构组成，其中优选以粉末形式掺入碳。
5.根据权利要求1所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，所述抗剪切且抗拉强度足够的绝缘材料层由非水泥基矿物多孔结构组成，其中优选以粉末形式掺入碳。
6.根据权利要求1至5所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，每个载体板都配备有由绝缘材料制成的加强筋，例如以由泡沫和碳涂层材料制成的加强肋的形式，不覆盖整个区域，而是覆盖载体板之间特定距离处的部分区域，加强筋或者仅单独连接到一个载体板，或者以力锁定的方式连接到两个板。
7.根据权利要求1至6所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，所述构件用作建筑中的承重部件，用作墙体或预制房屋元件，或用作高层建筑中的承重元件。
8.根据权利要求1至7所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，用于建筑材料的碳由基于植物的热解或通过任何形式的生物起始材料的热解产生或人工产生。
9.根据权利要求1至8所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，用于建筑材料的热解碳的特征在于它们经过各种热解后处理，例如活化、减震、洗涤、酸化、磁化或与有机添加剂如生物油、腐植酸、单宁和类似物质混合。
10.根据权利要求1至9所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，所述碳基绝缘材料层与目前已知的粘合剂例如水泥、石灰、地质聚合物、环氧树脂和聚酯树脂以及PU泡沫混合并加工。
11.根据权利要求8所述的承重墙元件，其特征在于，所述绝缘材料层的碳借助电能或电磁能和/或电解过程直接从CO2获得。
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