CN113693172B - 酿酒酵母在缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降中的应用 - Google Patents
酿酒酵母在缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113693172B CN113693172B CN202110970361.9A CN202110970361A CN113693172B CN 113693172 B CN113693172 B CN 113693172B CN 202110970361 A CN202110970361 A CN 202110970361A CN 113693172 B CN113693172 B CN 113693172B
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及动物饲料技术领域，尤其涉及酿酒酵母在缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降中的应用。本发明发现，在运输肉鸡过程中，在鸡饲料中添加酿酒酵母可以显著缓解由于运输应急所导致的鸡肉品质下降得问题。例如在肉鸡运输过程中，在鸡饲料中添加500～2000mg/kg的酿酒酵母，可以实现显著提高胸肌和腿肌的总抗氧化能力、降低胸肌和腿肌中丙二醛的含量、提高腿肌中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量、或降低胸肌和腿肌avUCP的mRNA表达量等技术效果，为解决肉鸡生产关键问题提供可行性方案。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及动物饲料技术领域，尤其涉及酿酒酵母在缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降中的应用。
背景技术
运输应激是指在运输途中的禁食/限饲、环境变化、颠簸、心里压力等应激原的综合作用下，动物机体产生的本能的一系列不适反应。然而，随着集约化养殖进程的不断推进，肉鸡从养殖场到屠宰场的过程不可避免地遭受运输应激。研究表明，在运输应激条件下，动物会表现出呼吸急促、心跳加速、恐惧不安等情况，给肉鸡造成严重的应激，生理学上主要表现为血浆皮质酮含量的增加和葡萄糖含量的下降。
酿酒酵母是微生物的衍生产品之一，酵母菌能够通过与各种免疫感受态细胞相互作用，具有调节机体免疫功能的作用，还可通过产生多种有机酸来降低肠道pH值，从而在肠道中形成酸性环境并抑制肠道中病原菌的生长，最终实现畜禽生长性能的提高。因此具有替代抗生素的潜力。
现有技术中也有缓解家禽屠宰前应激的研究，例如CN109315629A提供了一种含有葡萄糖、胍基乙酸甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、茶氨酸、甜菜碱、L-抗坏血酸、单宁、柠檬酸钾、丙酸钠、双乙酸钠、乳酸、氯化钾和碳酸氢钠的抗应激剂。CN106334007A提供了一种含有黄芪、党参、杜仲、黄芩、酸枣仁、甘草和葶苈子的预防鸡运输应激反应的中兽药。然而，暂无采用酿酒酵母缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降的研究。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术存在的问题，本发明提供酿酒酵母在缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降中的应用，通过酿酒酵母显著改善肉鸡运输过程中，应激所导致的鸡肉品质下降的问题。
第一方面，本发明提供酿酒酵母在缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降中的应用。
进一步地，所述酿酒酵母为酿酒酵母CNCM I-4407。酿酒酵母CNCM I-4407可以市售购得。
进一步地，所述缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降为降低体重损失、降低胸肌亮度、降低胸肌ΔpH、降低胸肌滴水损失、提高胸肌的pH24h、降低腿肌红度、降低腿肌ΔpH、降低腿肌滴水损失、提高腿肌的pH24h中的一种或多种。
进一步地，所述缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降为降低血清皮质酮浓度、提高葡萄糖含量、提高腿肌乳酸含量、提高胸肌和腿肌的总抗氧化能力、降低胸肌和腿肌中丙二醛的含量、提高腿肌中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量、或降低胸肌和腿肌avUCP的mRNA表达量中的一种或多种。
进一步地，所述应用为在运输鸡的途中，饲料中添加所述酿酒酵母。
进一步地，所述酿酒酵母在饲料中的添加量为500～2000mg/kg。
第二方面，本发明提供一种鸡饲料，包含酿酒酵母，所述酿酒酵母为酿酒酵母CNCMI-4407。
进一步地，所述鸡饲料为运输过程中使用的鸡饲料。
进一步地，所述鸡饲料中还包括：
玉米、豆粕、鱼粉、玉米蛋白粉、豆油、磷酸氢钙、石粉、食盐、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和氧化铬。
优选地，以重量份计，包括玉米50～65份、豆粕20～35份、鱼粉1～3份、玉米蛋白粉1～4份、豆油3～4份、磷酸氢钙1～2份、石粉1～2份、食盐0.1～0.5份、赖氨酸0.005～0.05份、蛋氨酸0.1～1份、苏氨酸0.005～0.5份和氧化铬0.1～1份。
进一步地，所述鸡饲料中还包括预混料，所述预混料包括：
生物素A、维生素D、维生素K3、硫胺素、核黄素、泛酸、吡哆醇、钴胺素、叶酸、生物素、氯化胆碱、铁、锌、锰、铜、硒、碘或钴中的一种或多种。
优选地，所述预混料重量百分比为0.1～1％，包括生物素A 5000～20000IU、维生素D 1000～5000IU、维生素K3 10～100mg、硫胺素1～5mg、核黄素3～15mg、泛酸10～20mg、吡哆醇2～10mg、钴胺素0.01～0.1mg、叶酸0.5～5mg、生物素0.1～1mg、氯化胆碱500～5000mg、铁30～100mg、锌20～100mg、锰50～200mg、铜5～50mg、硒0.1～1mg、碘0.1～1mg和钴0.1～1mg。
进一步地，所述酿酒酵母在鸡饲料中的总活菌数为1×109～1×1011cfu/g。
本发明具备如下有益效果：
本发明发现，在饲料中添加酿酒酵母可以显著降低运输应激后鸡肉中的亮度和滴水损失，显著提高血清皮质酮和葡萄糖含量，显著提高胸肌和腿肌总抗氧化酶活性和禽解偶联蛋白avUCP mRNA基因表达，并显著降低腿肌丙二醛含量。
本发明提供的含有酿酒酵母的鸡饲料可以显著缓解运输过程中的应激造成的鸡肉品质下降等问题，在解决肉鸡生产关键问题中具有重要意义。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1提供的在日粮中添加酿酒酵母对运输肉仔鸡体重损失的影响示意图。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明，但不用来限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种缓解肉鸡运输应激所致品质下降的方法，包括：
1、选用爱拨益加肉仔鸡，随机分成3个处理，每处理7个重复，每重复8只鸡。
处理组包括：对照组，饲喂基础日粮不进行运输；
运输组，饲喂基础日粮并在第42天进行3h运输；
试验组，在基础日粮中加入酿酒酵母(菌种编号：CNCM I-4407，用量为1×1010CFU/g，1000mg/kg)，并在第42天进行3h运输。
肉鸡被安置在具备自动照明系统的禽舍，采用笼养方式饲喂。试验第42天，将肉鸡禁食8小时，然后将每个笼子的8只肉鸡放入板条箱内(0.80m×0.80m×0.50m)，并随机分布在同一辆卡车(车厢温度25.5±1.2℃，相对湿度为71.6±2.8％)。运输时间为上午06:00-09:00，共计3h，时速为70km/h，运输期间不提供饲粮和水。
运输结束后，针对每组肉鸡选择6只均重的肉鸡称量体重；
每组分别选择6只均重的肉鸡进行翅下静脉采血，收集到10mL采血管中。静止4h后，在4℃下3,000×g离心15分钟来获得血清。收集血清并置于-80℃冰箱，通过全自动生化分析仪(日立902自动分析仪，日立，日本东京)进行血液生化测定，分析中所使用的试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。
同时，取出左侧中间部位的胸肌和腿肌，采用色度仪(CR-410,Konica Minota,日本)分别对肌肉中部、内侧和外侧进行肉色测定(取平均值)、使用玻璃渗透pH电极(pH-star,Matthaus,Germany)在肌肉三个位置测量pH值(取平均值)，采用塑料袋法测量24小时的滴水损失，采用分光光度法(PU8720紫外/可见扫描分光光度计，英国)法进行抗氧化酶活性，商用试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。采用定量PCR方法对显著降低肉鸡胸肌和腿肌禽类解偶联蛋白avUCP的mRNA表达量进行测定。
试验日粮参照NRC(1994)配制，配方如表1所示：
表1基础日粮的组成和营养成分(％，饲喂基础)
1每千克饲料提供的预混料：维生素A，10,050IU；维生素D，2,800IU；维生素E，50毫克；维生素K3，3.5毫克；硫胺素，2.5毫克；核黄素，7.5毫克；泛酸，15.3毫克；吡哆醇，4.3毫克；钴胺素，0.02毫克；叶酸，1.2毫克；生物素，0.2毫克；氯化胆碱，1,000毫克；铁，85毫克；锌，60毫克；锰，100毫克；铜，9.6毫克；硒，0.2毫克；碘，0.3毫克；钴，0.2毫克。
定量PCR检测使用的引物如下表所示：
表2 PCR引物序列
F:上游引物，R：下游引物
2、结果分析
(1)针对每个处理组的肉鸡，通过加权平均计算平均体重损失，得到如图1所示结果，图1结果表明，与对照组相比，运输组肉鸡体重损失显著提高(P<0.05)。而添加了酿酒酵母的处理组，其体重损失的程度大幅下降。
(2)肉品质检测的记过如表3所示，表3结果表明，与对照组相比，运输组肉鸡胸肌亮度L*、ΔpH和滴水损失显著提高(P<0.05)，pH24h显著降低(P<0.05)。腿肌ΔpH和滴水损失显著提高(P<0.05)，红度和pH24h显著降低(P<0.05)。
与运输组相比，肉鸡胸肌亮度L*、ΔpH和滴水损失显著降低(P<0.05)，pH24h显著提高(P<0.05)。腿肌ΔpH和滴水损失显著降低(P<0.05)，pH24h显著提高(P<0.05)。
表3酿酒酵母对宰前运输应激肉鸡胸肌和腿肌肉品质的影响
| 项目 | 对照组 | 运输组 | 试验组 | 均值标准误 | P值 |
| 胸肌 | |||||
| 亮度L* | 45.50b | 48.89a | 46.11b | 0.51 | 0.01 |
| 红度a* | 4.05 | 3.51 | 4.01 | 0.17 | 0.10 |
| 黄度b* | 13.92 | 12.26 | 13.66 | 0.89 | 0.40 |
| pH45min | 6.43 | 6.38 | 6.38 | 0.08 | 0.87 |
| pH24h | 5.87a | 5.49b | 5.76a | 0.06 | 0.01 |
| ΔpH | 0.56b | 0.89a | 0.62b | 0.07 | 0.02 |
| 滴水损失(％) | 1.13c | 2.28a | 1.83b | 0.22 | 0.02 |
| 腿肌 | |||||
| 亮度L* | 48.45 | 49.91 | 49.63 | 0.92 | 0.52 |
| 红度a* | 3.75a | 3.17b | 3.52ab | 0.13 | 0.03 |
| 黄度b* | 15.08 | 15.28 | 16.77 | 0.69 | 0.21 |
| pH45min | 6.38 | 6.30 | 6.37 | 0.10 | 0.83 |
| pH24h | 5.80a | 5.43b | 5.80a | 0.06 | 0.01 |
| ΔpH | 0.59b | 0.87a | 0.56b | 0.07 | 0.02 |
| 滴水损失(％) | 1.45b | 2.93a | 1.96b | 0.21 | 0.01 |
注：n＝6
(3)对鸡血清代谢物和抗氧化酶活性的检测结果如表4所示，表4结果表明可知，与对照组相比，运输组肉鸡血清皮质酮和丙二醛浓度显著增加(P<0.05)，葡萄糖、DPPH自由基清除率和超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与运输组相比，试验组肉鸡血清皮质酮和丙二醛浓度显著降低(P<0.05)，葡萄糖含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表4酿酒酵母对宰前运输应激肉鸡血清代谢物和抗氧化酶的影响
| 项目 | 对照组 | 运输组 | 试验组 | 均值标准误 | P值 |
| 皮质酮，ng/mL | 29.18b | 38.05a | 30.98b | 1.5 | 0.01 |
| 尿酸，μmol/mL | 120.58 | 132.61 | 129.97 | 3.46 | 0.08 |
| 葡萄糖，mmol/mL | 7.93a | 5.73b | 7.71a | 0.33 | 0.01 |
| 乳酸，mmol/mL | 0.68 | 0.87 | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| 非酯化脂肪酸，μmol//L | 0.63 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.12 |
| DPPH自由基清除率(％) | 82.35a | 65.40b | 77.04ab | 3.73 | 0.03 |
| 总抗氧化能力，U/mL | 16.53 | 12.55 | 16.03 | 0.79 | 0.01 |
| 过氧化氢酶，U/mL | 51.06 | 43.84 | 54.39 | 3.96 | 0.21 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶，U/mL | 73.22a | 52.46b | 60.44ab | 3.81 | 0.01 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶，U/mL | 758a | 645b | 730ab | 26.86 | 0.03 |
| 丙二醛，nmol/mL | 7.95b | 10.64a | 7.48b | 0.28 | 0.01 |
注：n＝6；DPPH：1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼
(4)对胸肌和腿肌抗氧化酶的含量检测结果如表5所示，表5结果表明可知，与对照组相比，运输组肉鸡胸肌和腿肌总抗氧化能力显著降低(P<0.05)，丙二醛水平显著提高(P<0.05)。胸肌过氧化氢酶含量显著降低(P<0.05)，腿肌谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与运输组相比，试验组肉鸡胸肌和腿肌总抗氧化能力显著提高(P<0.05)，丙二醛水平显著降低(P<0.05)。腿肌谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表5酿酒酵母对宰前运输应激肉鸡胸肌和腿肌抗氧化酶的影响
注：n＝6
(5)对肉鸡胸肌和腿肌禽类解偶联蛋白avUCP的mRNA表达量检测结果如表6所示，表6结果表明可知，与对照组相比，运输组肉鸡胸肌和腿肌禽类解偶联蛋白avUCP的mRNA表达量显著提高(P<0.05)，腿肌禽腺嘌呤核苷酸转运蛋白avANT的mRNA表达量显著降低(P<0.05)。与运输组相比，试验组显著降低(P<0.05)肉鸡胸肌和腿肌avUCP的mRNA表达量。
表6酿酒酵母对宰前运输应激肉鸡胸肌和腿肌avUCP,avPGC-1α和avANTmRNA表达量的影响的影响
| 项目 | 对照组 | 运输组 | 试验组 | 均值标准误 | P值 |
| 胸肌 | |||||
| avUCP | 0.68b | 1.18a | 0.71b | 0.09 | <0.01 |
| avPGC-1α | 1.29 | 0.93 | 1.30 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
| avANT | 1.31 | 0.96 | 1.19 | 0.13 | 0.24 |
| 腿肌 | |||||
| avUCP | 0.69b | 1.12a | 0.79b | 0.08 | 0.01 |
| avPGC-1α | 1.44 | 1.05 | 1.39 | 0.16 | 0.34 |
| avANT | 1.39a | 0.92b | 1.30ab | 0.12 | 0.04 |
注：n＝6
avUCP：禽类解偶联蛋白；avPGC-1α：过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子1α；avANT：禽腺嘌呤核苷酸转运蛋白。
虽然，上文中已经用一般性说明及具体实施方案对本发明作了详尽的描述，但在本发明基础上，可以对之作一些修改或改进，这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此，在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进，均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
序列表
<110> 中国农业大学
<120> 酿酒酵母在缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降中的应用
<130> KHP211119639.3
<141> 2021-08-15
<160> 8
<170> SIPOSequenceListing 1.0
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Claims (7)
1.酿酒酵母在制备缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降的饲料中的应用；
所述酿酒酵母为酿酒酵母CNCM I-4407；
所述应用为在运输前，饲料中添加所述酿酒酵母；所述酿酒酵母在饲料中的活菌数为1×109~1×1011 cfu/g。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用，其特征在于，所述缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降为降低体重损失、降低胸肌亮度、降低胸肌ΔpH、降低胸肌滴水损失、提高胸肌的pH24h、降低腿肌ΔpH、降低腿肌滴水损失、提高腿肌的pH24h中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求2所述的应用，其特征在于，所述缓解运输应激所致鸡肉品质下降为降低血清皮质酮浓度、提高葡萄糖含量、提高胸肌和腿肌的总抗氧化能力、降低胸肌和腿肌中丙二醛的含量、提高腿肌中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量、或降低胸肌和腿肌中的avUCP的mRNA表达量中的一种或多种。
4.一种鸡饲料，其特征在于，所述鸡饲料包含酿酒酵母，所述酿酒酵母为酿酒酵母CNCMI-4407；所述酿酒酵母在鸡饲料中的总活菌数为1 × 109~1 × 1011 cfu/g。
5.根据权利要求4所述的鸡饲料，其特征在于，所述鸡饲料为运输前使用的鸡饲料。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的鸡饲料，其特征在于，所述鸡饲料中还包括：
玉米、豆粕、鱼粉、玉米蛋白粉、豆油、磷酸氢钙、石粉、食盐、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和氧化铬。
7.根据权利要求6所述的鸡饲料，其特征在于，还包括预混料，所述预混料包括：
生物素A、维生素D、维生素K3、硫胺素、核黄素、泛酸、吡哆醇、钴胺素、叶酸、生物素、氯化胆碱、铁、锌、锰、铜、硒、碘或钴中的一种或多种。
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| CN103421720A (zh) * | 2013-08-20 | 2013-12-04 | 沈阳金科丰牧业科技有限公司 | 肉鸡用复合菌剂及其在提高肉鸡生产性能和免疫性能中的应用 |
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