CN113678838B - 一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂、施用方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂、施用方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及小麦栽培技术领域，具体涉及一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂、施用方法及其应用，在低温胁迫前处理24h内，外源喷施20mg·L‑16‑BA，100mg·L‑1壳寡糖，0.1mg·L‑124‑表油菜素内酯以及0.01μmol·L‑1冠菌素的复配混合溶液(内含终浓度3vol％的Tween‑20)，能显著改善旗叶光合性能，保证小花正常发育，减轻低温对小麦生长进程的影响，缓解低温胁迫造成的小麦产量损失，对缓解孕穗期小麦低温胁迫效果显著。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及小麦栽培技术领域，具体涉及一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂、施用方法及其应用。
背景技术
小麦是世界上第一大粮食作物，为全世界40％的人口提供口粮。近年来，随着极端气候的频繁发生，春季低温已成为冬小麦生产的主要限制因子之一，中国黄淮南部和长江中下游麦区是春季低温多发区。春季低温多发生于3月底至4月上旬，此时小麦幼穗正处于减数分裂和四分体形成的关键时期，对低温非常敏感，如遭遇低温胁迫，抽穗后出现全麦穗或部分小穗不结实的现象。我国小麦倒春寒发生频繁，2005年、2009年、2013年、2015年、2018年和2020年的倒春寒对黄淮冬麦区的小麦生产造成了严重危害。2012-2013年度，黄淮麦区遭受60年一遇的特重倒春寒，仅3月下旬到4月下旬就发生了10次，受灾面积达总播种面积的41.8％。
研究表明，通过向植物喷施植物生长调节类物质能够显著提高植物的抗寒力。如外施脱落酸(ABA)能引起膜结构功能和叶绿体超微结构的变化，调控多胺和可溶性糖含量，提高抗氧化酶活性水平，诱导作物的抗冷性。油菜素内酯(BR)可以提高抗氧化酶系的活性，清除植物体内的活性氧，有效减轻不同抗冷性植株幼苗在冷胁迫时和恢复正常温度过程中的伤害。低浓度水杨酸(SA)能够提高玉米、水稻、小麦、大豆和马铃薯的抗冷性，缓解作物对非生物胁迫的敏感性。
在春季低温来临前，对小麦喷施植物生长调节类复合物质，有助于诱导小麦发生一系列的生理生化反应，能有效的提高小麦自身的抗寒性，对小麦抗逆稳产有十分重要的作用。目前多数还是通过施用传统肥料和单一药剂(如尿素和磷酸二氢钾)来提高小麦的抗寒性，应对繁多的小麦品种和不同地理环境条件下的小麦，其效果并不理想。
关于外源植物生长调节剂对缓解低温伤害的研究也已经广泛开展，已有研究发现，外施6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)能缓解拔节期低温对小麦光系统的伤害，增加穗粒数、千粒重和产量；壳寡糖(COS)可通过促进小麦苗脯氨酸、还原糖等低温抗性相关次生代谢物的表达，提高其对低温寒害的抵抗能力；表油菜素内酯(E-BR)可以通过降低细胞内的离子外渗、提高抗氧化酶系的活性等途径提高小麦抗寒性；冠菌素(COR)能够明显提高小麦苗内抗氧化酶的活性，增加可溶性蛋白的含量，降低相对电导率和MDA含量，从而维持细胞质膜的完整性，增强小麦植株的抗寒能力。以上研究报道大多是在控制条件下进行的研究，或只针对于一种或两种小麦品种，具有较好的效果但应用推广面积不大。
鉴于上述缺陷，本发明创作者经过长时间的研究和实践终于获得了本发明。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于解决现有的外源植物生长调节剂还是通过施用传统肥料和单一药剂(如尿素和磷酸二氢钾)来提高小麦的抗寒性，应对繁多的小麦品种和不同地理环境条件下的小麦，其效果并不理想的问题，提供了一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂、施用方法及其应用。
为了实现上述目的，本发明公开了一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂，所述混合溶液包括6-BA、壳寡糖、24-表油菜素内酯、冠菌素和水，所述混合溶液中6-BA的浓度为20～30mg·L-1，壳寡糖的浓度为100～150mg·L-1，24-表油菜素内酯的浓度为0.1mg·L-1，冠菌素的浓度为0.01μmol·L-1。
所述混合溶液还包括表面活性剂，所述表面活性剂的浓度为0.5vol％。
所述表面活性剂为Tween-20。
所述混合溶液中6-BA的浓度为20mg·L-1，壳寡糖的浓度为100mg·L-1。
本发明还公开了上述提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂的施用方法，在低温来临前24h内，用复配剂喷施小麦的叶片，每亩的施用量为50kg。
所述复配剂的喷施时间为晴天上午。
本发明还公开了上述提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂的施用方法在烟农19、皖麦52、淮麦44和郑麦366中的应用。
与现有技术比较本发明的有益效果在于：本发明中的提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂，对低温敏感性小麦效果明显，有效缓解低温对小麦的穗粒数和千粒重的影响，以改善长期以来单一药剂选用困难以及应用效果不一的现象，复配剂的成分主要包括：6-BA(20mg·L-1)，壳寡糖(100mg·L-1)，24-表油菜素内酯(0.1mg·L-1)以及冠菌素(0.01μmol·L-1)复配剂，在春季低温来临前24h进行喷施，可以显著提高小麦的抗寒性，以减轻低温造成小麦减产、品质下降的结果影响。
本发明选择6-BA、壳寡糖、24-表油菜素内酯以及冠菌素进行复配，四种物质可分别诱导小麦发生一系列能有效提高小麦抗寒性的生理生化反应。选择6-BA、壳寡糖、24-表油菜素内酯以及冠菌素进行复配，四种物质可分别诱导小麦发生一系列能有效提高小麦抗寒性的生理生化反应。6-BA通过增加可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量，提高抗氧化酶活性来增加小麦抗寒性；壳寡糖可促进可溶性糖、脯氨酸等低温抗性相关代谢物的生成；表油菜素内酯主要通过提高抗氧化酶的活性来提高小麦抗寒性；冠菌素则通过增加叶绿素含量，促进糖和谷胱甘肽的积累，降低膜的透性来提高小麦抗寒性；四种物质通过调节抗氧化酶系、渗透调节物质等多种作用机制共同增加小麦的抗寒性，四种物质的作用相互促进起到总体效果大于单体效果的作用。
本发明添加表面活性剂Tween-20，这种大分子于分子上既有亲水的部分，又有亲油的部分，能够促进植物吸收在水中不能溶解的大分子，也能帮助水分透过一些含脂高的生物膜，有效提高复配剂的效果。
附图说明
图1为试验基地3月20日至25日中国气象天气预报观测图；
图2为喷施复配剂后和对照孕穗期小花形态对比图；
图3为喷施复配剂后和对照开花期麦穗形态对比图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图，对本发明上述的和另外的技术特征和优点作更详细的说明。
试验于2020年～2021年在安徽农业大学校内试验基地进行，供试品种为烟农19、皖麦52、淮麦44及郑麦366，播种时间为2020年11月7日，基本苗25万/667m2，施肥量按照复合肥(N:P:K＝15:15:15)50kg/亩，尿素20kg/亩，基肥包括全部复合肥和10kg/亩的尿素，拔节期追施尿素10kg/亩，其他管理同大田高产栽培要求。于3月21至23日根据中国气象天气预报观测遇自然低温至零下(如图1所示)，孕穗期小麦受到低温冷害前24h内喷施上述复配剂溶液。
复配剂的配置：将6-BA、壳寡糖、24-表油菜素内酯以及冠菌素与水混合，并加入Tween-20，配制成为混合溶液，Tween-20终浓度为3vol％的混合溶液。
于遇自然低温来临前24小时喷施复复配剂，以喷施等量水的植株作为对照，按照每亩50kg复配剂进行喷施。花后10d每5d取一次样并测定小麦旗叶SPAD值、叶绿素荧光参数。成熟后测定小麦主要经济性状(穗数、穗粒数、千粒重)。
一、小麦小花、麦穗形态
喷施复配剂后和对照孕穗期小花形态对比(喷施后7天)如图1所示，由图可知，与对照相比，喷施复配剂个品种小麦孕穗期小花羽毛状雌蕊柱头已展开，发育生长进程快于对照，与对照相比，喷施复配剂处理的小麦品种烟农19和皖麦52，发育进程差异较为明显。
喷施复配剂后和对照开花期麦穗形态对比如图2所示，由图可知，与对照相比，低温迟钝型品种淮麦44开花期提前了2d，低温敏感型品种郑麦366开花期提前了1d；与对照相比，烟农19、淮麦44小穗长度分别增加了4.23％、5.26％，由此说明，复配剂对开花发育进程和小穗长度具有明显的影响。
二、旗叶SPAD值
低温胁迫前喷施复配剂对小麦旗叶SPAD的影响如表1所示
表1低温胁迫前喷施复配剂对小麦旗叶SPAD的影响
注：Mixture指复配溶液；CK指喷施清水的对照，下同。
由表1试验数据可知，孕穗期低温胁迫前24h喷施复配剂，旗叶SPAD值高于对照，且处理间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。
由表1可知，随着小麦生长发育进程的推进，叶片SPAD值逐渐下降，与对照相比，喷施复配剂处理的小麦SPAD值均高于同期的对照，尤其在花后20d开始表现较为明显。花后30d，喷施复配剂处理SPAD值上升幅度最大，与对照相比，烟农19、皖麦52、淮麦44和郑麦366分别上升42.96％、57.08％、56.98％和52.80％。由此可知孕穗期小麦遇自然低温胁迫前24h喷施复配剂，可以增加花后小麦叶片叶绿素浓度，增强叶片光合活性，延缓叶片衰老。
三、光合参数
低温胁迫前喷施复配剂对小麦光合参数的影响如表2所示
表2低温胁迫前喷施复配剂对小麦光合参数的影响
由表可知，从光合速率(Pn)可以看出，与对照相比，预喷施复配剂低温迟钝型品种烟农19、淮麦44旗叶光合速率分别增加了27.64％、26.30％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52、郑麦366旗叶光合速率分别增加了38.07％、36.73％；从气孔导度(Gs)来看，与对照相比，烟农19、皖麦52、淮麦44与郑麦366气孔导度都显著提高，分别为45.00％、71.43％、50.00％、78.57％，由此可见预喷施复配剂对小麦气孔导度有显著提高，尤其对于皖麦52、郑麦366更为明显；从胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)来看，与对照相比，烟农19、淮麦44无显著差别，而皖麦52、郑麦366分别增加了5.53％、3.96％，提升幅度较小；从蒸腾速率(Tr)可以看出，与对照相比，各品种蒸腾速率均有所下降，分别为25.56％、78.18％、21.55％、104.15％，由此可知，预喷施复配剂对小麦蒸腾速率有显著抑制作用，尤其对于低温敏感型品种皖麦52、郑麦366降幅更大。综上所述，预喷施复配剂对缓解低温胁迫对小麦光合特性有显著效果，且对低温敏感型品种预防效果更好。
四、叶绿素荧光特性
低温胁迫前喷施复配剂对旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响如表3所示：
表3低温胁迫前喷施复配剂对旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响
Fv/Fm表示叶片光系统II潜在最大光合化学效率，正常叶片的Fv/Fm约为0.800，在胁迫环境条件下，Fv/Fm逐渐减小，因此叶片Fv/Fm的变化反映了叶片光系统II的受抑制程度。如图3所示，小麦孕穗期低温胁迫后，叶片光合系统明显受到抑制，叶片Fv/Fm低于正常叶片值范围，且随着时间的持续，呈先下降后升高的趋势。与对照相比，喷施复合剂处理，在孕穗期遇自然低温7d后，叶片的Fv/Fm均显著增加，其中孕穗期的皖麦52、郑麦366的Fv/Fm增加最为明显，分别增加了21.54％、11.59％，而烟农19、淮麦44增加幅度较小，分别为7.89％、5.19％。开花期和灌浆期与对照相比，叶片Fv/Fm差异不显著。由此表明，预喷施复配剂对孕穗期小麦叶片光合活性有显著增强作用，且对于低温敏感型小麦最大光化学效率增加更为显著。
五、灌浆特征
低温胁迫前24小时喷施复配剂溶液对小麦灌浆特征参数的影响如表4所示：
表4低温胁迫前24小时喷施复配剂溶液对小麦灌浆特征参数的影响
注：y：千粒重；t：花后天数；T：灌浆持续期；D：灌浆活跃期；T1、T2和T3：灌浆渐增期、灌浆缓增期和灌浆快增期持续时间；Vmax：籽粒灌浆最大速率；Vmean：籽粒灌浆平均速率。
由表4可知，孕穗期小麦低温胁迫前24h预喷施复配剂与对照相比，小麦最大粒重、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率均呈现上升趋势。与喷施清水的对照组相比，喷施复配剂处理籽粒低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44最大粒重分别增加了4.07％和7.18％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了13.29％和10.78％；喷施复配剂处理与对照组相比，低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44籽粒最大灌浆速率分别提高了11.94％、11.76％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了19.53％和28.91％。低温胁迫后喷施复配剂溶液，4个小麦品种平均灌浆速率均显著高于对照处理，低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44平均灌浆速率增加了25.16％和22.58％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了25.90％和37.27％。综上，与对照相比，低温前喷施外源复合剂处理显著提高了小麦的最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率，进而增加了粒重，尤其对于低温敏感型小麦籽粒粒重幅度更为明显。由此表明，复合药剂能在一定的程度上缓解孕穗期低温胁迫对小麦灌浆期籽粒干物质积累量成的影响，且对于低温敏感性小麦的粒重预防效果较好。
六、产量
低温胁迫前24小时喷施复配剂溶液对小麦产量构成因素的影响如表5所示：
表5低温胁迫前24小时喷施复配剂溶液对小麦产量构成因素的影响
由表4可知，孕穗期小麦低温胁迫前24h预喷施复配剂与对照相比，小麦亩穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均呈上升的趋势，其中穗粒数和千粒重处理间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。本试验中，与喷施清水的对照组相比，低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44穗粒数分别增加了7.08％和6.74％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了14.83％和6.18％；喷施复配剂处理籽粒千粒重与对照组相比，低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44千粒重分别增加了4.76％、7.15％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了7.47％和9.13％。低温胁迫后喷施复配剂溶液，4个小麦品种产量均显著高于对照处理，低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44产量增加了14.42％和18.26％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了35.69％和17.77％。综上，与对照相比，低温前喷施外源复合剂处理显著提高了小麦的穗粒数和千粒重，增加了产量，尤其对于低温敏感型小麦增产幅度更为明显，对亩穗数影响较小。这表明，复合药剂能在一定的程度上有效预防孕穗期低温迫害对小麦产量造成的影响，而且对于低温敏感性小麦的预防效果更为显著。
七、品质
低温胁迫前24小时喷施复配剂溶液对小麦品质的影响如表6所示：
表6低温胁迫前24小时喷施复配剂溶液对小麦品质的影响
由表6可知，孕穗期小麦低温胁迫前24h预喷施复配剂与对照相比，小麦蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间、沉降值呈上升的趋势。本试验中，与喷施清水的对照组相比，低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44蛋白质含量分别增加了9.82％和6.18％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了18.61％和11.32％；喷施复配剂处理籽粒湿面筋含量与对照组相比，低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44湿面筋含量分别增加了13.89％、15.05％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了23.18％和22.17％。喷施复配剂处理籽粒与对照组相比，低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44稳定时间分别增加了20.26％、15.86％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了38.73％和29.32％。喷施复配剂处理籽粒沉降值与对照组相比，低温迟钝型品种烟农19和淮麦44沉降值分别增加了8.07％、7.11％，低温敏感型品种皖麦52和郑麦366分别增加了17.77％和20.82％。综上，与对照相比，低温前喷施外源复合剂显著提高了小麦的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间、沉降值，尤其对于低温敏感型小麦品质改善更为明显。这表明，复合药剂能在一定的程度上有效缓解孕穗期低温对小麦品质造成的影响，而且对于低温敏感性小麦的效果更为显著。
由上可知，在胁迫前处理24h内，外源喷施20mg·L-1 6-BA，100mg·L-1壳寡糖，0.1mg·L-124-表油菜素内酯以及0.01μmol·L-1冠菌素的复配混合溶液(内含终浓度3vol％的Tween-20)，能显著改善旗叶光合性能，保证小花正常发育，减轻低温对小麦生长进程的影响，籽粒维持较高的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率，降低了低温胁迫造成的产量损失，有利于蛋白质和湿面筋含量的稳定，对缓解孕穗期小麦低温胁迫效果显著，尤其对低温敏感型小麦品种效果更好。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，对本发明而言仅仅是说明性的，而非限制性的。本专业技术人员理解，在本发明权利要求所限定的精神和范围内可对其进行许多改变，修改，甚至等效，但都将落入本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (6)
1.一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂，其特征在于，所述复配剂为混合溶液，所述混合溶液包括6-BA、壳寡糖、24-表油菜素内酯、冠菌素和水，所述混合溶液中6-BA的浓度为20mg·L-1，壳寡糖的浓度为100mg·L-1，24-表油菜素内酯的浓度为0.1mg·L-1，冠菌素的浓度为0.01μmol·L-1。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂，其特征在于，所述混合溶液还包括表面活性剂，所述表面活性剂的浓度为0.5vol％。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂，其特征在于，所述表面活性剂为Tween-20。
4.一种如权利要求1～3任一项所述的提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂的施用方法，其特征在于，在低温来临前24h内，用复配剂喷施小麦的叶片，每亩的施用量为50kg。
5.如权利要求4所述的一种提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂的施用方法，其特征在于，所述复配剂的喷施时间为晴天上午。
6.一种如权利要求1～3任一项所述的提高小麦春季抗寒性的复配剂在提高烟农19、皖麦52、淮麦44和郑麦366抗寒性中的应用。
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| CN104054707A (zh) * | 2014-07-08 | 2014-09-24 | 中国水稻研究所 | 一种水稻叶片保绿防冻剂、其使用方法及应用 |
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| CN104054707A (zh) * | 2014-07-08 | 2014-09-24 | 中国水稻研究所 | 一种水稻叶片保绿防冻剂、其使用方法及应用 |
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