CN112244041A - 一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂及其使用方法 - Google Patents

一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂及其使用方法 Download PDF

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CN112244041A
CN112244041A CN202011130070.0A CN202011130070A CN112244041A CN 112244041 A CN112244041 A CN 112244041A CN 202011130070 A CN202011130070 A CN 202011130070A CN 112244041 A CN112244041 A CN 112244041A
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张玉娟
宮慧慧
刘延忠
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Shandong Cotton Research Center
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂及其使用方法，该抗盐保苗剂由芸苔素内酯、胺鲜酯、β‑氨基丁酸、水杨酸、硝普钠和腐植酸复配而成，通过调节土壤pH值，提高种子的发芽活力，促进生根，提高芝麻的抗逆性，以及提高芝麻育苗对水分的吸收和保护细胞膜结构提高抗盐性，从而使芝麻在含盐量0.3‑0.5％的盐碱地种植正常出苗，不影响芝麻生长发育和食用安全性。在含盐量0.3‑0.5％的盐碱地芝麻浸种使用，可提高种子发芽率20％以上，苗期壮苗使用可提高幼苗成活率15％以上。

Description

一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂及其使用方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂及其使用方法，属于农业技术领域。
背景技术
芝麻是我国主要油料作物之一。它的种子含油量高达61％，小磨制成的芝麻油，香气扑鼻，在国际市场上畅销不衰。另外，与之齐名的芝麻酱也供不应求。芝麻花中含有蜜腺，它与油菜、荞麦并称为我国三大蜜源作物，品质以芝麻蜜为上乘。芝麻种子亦可作为药用，是软膏基础剂、润滑剂、解毒剂。黑芝麻有滋润营养之功能，对于高血压也有一定的治疗功效。
盐碱化和次生盐碱化广泛分布于世界各地，特别是沿海、内陆干旱和半干旱地区较为严重，土壤盐碱化造成了作物生长环境的变化，影响其生长过程和干物质积累。中国是盐碱地大国，盐碱荒地和影响耕地的盐碱地总面积超过5亿亩，其中具有农业发展潜力的占中国耕地总面积10％以上。芝麻是我国主要油料作物之一，芝麻的年消费量和进口量均居世界之首，但是国内芝麻生产总供给不足50％，因此加强西部和内陆干旱、半干旱地区次生盐碱地和滨海盐碱地土壤的开发利用，对于扩大芝麻种植面积和提高芝麻的自给率具有重要意义。
研究表明：种子在盐胁迫逆境下，发芽期的耐盐性最为敏感，随着植物的生长，耐盐性逐渐提高，逆境下种子萌发受阻已成为我国盐碱地植物种植的首要障碍。但是目前对于盐碱性的研究多集中在水稻、棉花、小麦和玉米上，芝麻耐盐性的研究严重滞后，针对提高芝麻耐盐性的报道仅在育种技术方面有少量报道(如CN201811409605.0公开了芝麻抗旱与耐盐基因SiMYB75及其编码的蛋白与应用)，在化学调控方面未见报道。植物盐胁迫对植物的伤害主要有渗透胁迫和离子毒害两方面，渗透胁迫导致吸水困难，离子胁迫造成生物膜破坏和生理紊乱。植物生长受抑制最初由根系外部盐分所引起的渗透胁迫造成，随后是盐分进入植物细胞造成伤害。植物对盐胁迫的相应、抵御机理是一个非常复杂的过程，不同的作物适用的化学调控制剂不同。相比其他作物，芝麻种子小、皮薄，所含营养物质少，播种后出苗困难，难以一播全苗，因此，对芝麻的耐盐处理难度更大。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足，本发明提供了一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂及其使用方法，该抗盐保苗剂由芸苔素内酯、胺鲜酯、β-氨基丁酸、水杨酸、硝普钠和腐植酸复配而成，通过调节土壤pH值，提高种子的发芽活力，促进生根，提高芝麻的抗逆性，以及提高芝麻育苗对水分的吸收和保护细胞膜结构提高抗盐性，从而使芝麻在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地种植正常出苗，不影响芝麻生长发育和食用安全性。
本发明的技术方案是：一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂，由下述重量份的原料配制而成：芸苔素内酯1-5份、胺鲜酯2-8份、β-氨基丁酸0.05-0.5份、水杨酸1-3份、硝普钠0.05-0.5份、腐植酸5-15份，其余为清水，总份数为100份。
优选配比：芸苔素内酯2份、胺鲜酯3份、β-氨基丁酸0.1份、水杨酸2份、硝普钠0.1份、腐植酸10-15份，其余为清水，总份数为100份。
制备方法：将所有原料溶于清水(芸苔素内酯等如果不溶，加少量有机溶剂溶解后加入)中，搅拌使其全部溶解，过滤后即可使用。
使用方法：
1)芝麻浸种：每千克种子用量200毫升，直接拌种，每10分钟搅拌一次，直到种子把溶液吸收，晾干后播种。在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地，可提高种子发芽率20％以上。
2)苗期壮苗：每亩用200-400亳升兑清水300倍，向叶面喷施，可培育壮苗，在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地，可提高幼苗成活率15％以上。
各原料及作用：
芸苔素内酯：渗透强、内吸快，在很低浓度下，即能显著地增加植物的营养体生长和促进受精作用。能有效增加叶绿素含量，提高光合作用效率，促根壮苗、保花保果；提高作物的抗寒、抗旱、抗盐碱等抗逆性，显著减少病害的发生。
胺鲜酯(DA-6)：它能提高植物过氧化物酶和硝酸还原酶的活性，提高叶绿素的含量，加快光合速度，促进植物细胞的分裂和伸长，促进根系的发育，调节体内养分的平衡。
β-氨基丁酸：β-氨基丁酸是一种结构简单的非蛋白质氨基酸，能增强脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)等依赖的多种抗性信号途径，提高植物的抗盐性。
水杨酸：水杨酸可以诱导植物气孔关闭，降低叶片蒸腾强度，提高细胞膜脂过氧化水平，抑制胞内离子外渗和外界盐离子进入，从而提高植物的抗盐性，缓解盐胁迫对植物的伤害。
硝普钠(SNP)：NO供体，促进植物侧根的发育，从而提高植物的吸水能力。
腐植酸：腐植酸可以促进土壤团粒结构的形成，调节土壤pH值，达到酸碱平衡，通过调节土壤结构和理化状态降低盐碱含量。
本发明采用芸苔素内酯、胺鲜酯、β-氨基丁酸、水杨酸、硝普钠和腐植酸复配，其中腐植酸可以促进土壤团粒结构的形成，调节土壤pH值；芸苔素内酯和胺鲜酯可以提高种子的发芽活力，促进生根，提高芝麻的抗逆性，β-氨基丁酸通过多种抗性信号途径提高植物的抗盐性，水杨酸和硝普钠分别通过抑制胞内离子外渗和外界盐离子进入以及提高植物的吸水能力来提高芝麻的抗盐性，从而提高了芝麻在盐碱地中的种子出苗率和幼苗成活率。
本发明的有益效果是：本发明通过调节土壤pH值，提高种子的发芽活力，促进生根，提高芝麻的抗逆性，以及提高芝麻育苗对水分的吸收和保护细胞膜结构提高抗盐性，从而使芝麻种子在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地种植正常出苗(提高种子发芽率和幼苗成活率)，不影响芝麻生长发育和食用安全性。
附图说明
图1为盐碱地芝麻苗期对照生长情况图；
图2为盐碱地芝麻苗期抗盐剂处理后生长情况图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
配比(重量份)：芸苔素内酯2份、胺鲜酯3份、β-氨基丁酸0.1份、水杨酸2份、硝普钠0.1份、腐植酸12份，其余为清水，总份数为100份。
制备方法：将所有原料溶于清水(芸苔素内酯等如果不溶，加少量有机溶剂溶解后加入)中，搅拌使其全部溶解，过滤后即可使用。
使用方法：
1)芝麻浸种：每千克种子用量200毫升，直接拌种，每10分钟搅拌一次，直到种子把溶液吸收，晾干后播种。在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地，可提高种子发芽率20％以上。
2)苗期壮苗：每亩用200-400亳升兑清水300倍，向叶面喷施，可培育壮苗，在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地，可提高幼苗成活率15％以上。
试验例1(抗盐保苗剂田间发芽试验使用效果)
田间试验在山东省农业科学院东营基地进行，土地平整，肥力均匀。土壤含有机质8.3g/kg、全氮0.9g/kg、有效磷14.3mg/kg、速效钾263.2mg/kg、全盐5.2g/kg、pH值8.7。试验品种为中芝11，种子按抗盐保苗剂使用方法拌种，未拌种的种子为对照，分别播种于2m×4m的小区，重复3次。播种第6天调查发芽率。结果表明：经抗盐保苗剂拌种的种子发芽率(90.15％)较对照(74.2％)提高幅度为21.5％。
试验例2(抗盐保苗剂田间苗期试验使用效果)
田间试验在山东省农业科学院东营基地进行，土地平整，肥力均匀。土壤含有机质8.3g/kg、全氮0.9g/kg、有效磷14.3mg/kg、速效钾263.2mg/kg、全盐3.5g/kg、pH值8.2。试验品种为中芝11，播种于2.5m×8m的小区，行距40cm直播。播种后14天定苗，株距20cm，并按实施例1抗盐保苗剂配方为处理组，等量清水为对照组，采用背负式喷雾器均匀喷洒于幼苗正面和背面，试验重复3次。药后21天调查每小区株数、成活率、株高、叶片数和植株茎叶生物量。结果表明(如图1-2和表1所示)：与对照组相比，经抗盐保苗剂处理的成活率较对照提高幅度为17.2％，植株长势良好(株高、叶片数和生物量明显提高)。
表1抗盐保苗剂对盐碱地芝麻苗期农艺性状的影响
处理 成活率(％) 株高(cm) 叶片数(片/株) 生物量(g/株)
对照组 81.2a 12.5a 8.2a 16.3a
处理组 95.2b 20.3b 8.9b 24.8b
实施例2
配比(重量份)：芸苔素内酯3份、胺鲜酯3.5份、β-氨基丁酸0.1份、水杨酸2.5份、硝普钠0.1份、腐植酸10份，其余为清水，总份数为100份。
制备方法：将所有原料溶于清水(芸苔素内酯等如果不溶，加少量有机溶剂溶解后加入)中，搅拌使其全部溶解，过滤后即可使用。
使用方法：
1)芝麻浸种：每千克种子用量200毫升，直接拌种，每10分钟搅拌一次，直到种子把溶液吸收，晾干后播种。在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地，可提高种子发芽率20％以上。
2)苗期壮苗：每亩用200-400亳升兑清水300倍，向叶面喷施，可培育壮苗，在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地，可提高幼苗成活率15％以上。
实施例3
配比(重量份)：芸苔素内酯1.5份、胺鲜酯2.5份、β-氨基丁酸0.1份、水杨酸1.5份、硝普钠0.1份、腐植酸13份，其余为清水，总份数为100份。
制备方法：将所有原料溶于清水(芸苔素内酯等如果不溶，加少量有机溶剂溶解后加入)中，搅拌使其全部溶解，过滤后即可使用。
使用方法：
1)芝麻浸种：每千克种子用量200毫升，直接拌种，每10分钟搅拌一次，直到种子把溶液吸收，晾干后播种。在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地，可提高种子发芽率20％以上。
2)苗期壮苗：每亩用200-400亳升兑清水300倍，向叶面喷施，可培育壮苗，在含盐量0.3-0.5％的盐碱地，可提高幼苗成活率15％以上。

Claims (5)

1.一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂，其特征是，由下述重量份的原料配制而成：芸苔素内酯1-5份、胺鲜酯2-8份、β-氨基丁酸0.05-0.5份、水杨酸1-3份、硝普钠0.05-0.5份、腐植酸5-15份，其余为清水，总份数为100份。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂，其特征是，由下述重量份的原料配制而成：芸苔素内酯2份、胺鲜酯3份、β-氨基丁酸0.1份、水杨酸2份、硝普钠0.1份、腐植酸10-15份，其余为清水，总份数为100份。
3.权利要求1或2所述的一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂的制备方法，其特征是，将所有原料溶于清水中，搅拌使其全部溶解，过滤后使用。
4.权利要求1或2所述的一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂的使用方法，其特征是，芝麻浸种使用，每千克种子用量200毫升，直接拌种，每10分钟搅拌一次，直到种子把溶液吸收，晾干后播种。
5.权利要求1或2所述的一种芝麻抗盐保苗剂的使用方法，其特征是，苗期壮苗使用，每亩用200-400亳升兑清水300倍，向叶面喷施。
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