CN113632892A - Crucian functional compound feed and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Crucian functional compound feed and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of fish feed, and discloses a crucian functional compound feed and a preparation method thereof. The crucian functional compound feed comprises fish meal, pork powder, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, palm kernel meal, corn protein powder, distillers' grains, wheat, rice bran, soybean oil, soybean phospholipid oil, monocalcium phosphate, vitamin premix, mineral premix, eucalyptus essential oil, fermented ginkgo biloba leaves and a Chinese herbal medicine mixture. The crucian functional compound feed provided by the invention can promote the growth and intestinal digestion of crucians, reduce the feed waste so as to reduce the feed coefficient, improve the protein content of crucian, reduce the fatty acid content so as to improve the muscle quality, effectively reduce the accumulation of fat in the liver of crucian, protect the health of the liver, and enhance the anti-stress capability of crucian and the immunity capability to bacterial diseases.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of fish feed, and particularly relates to a crucian functional compound feed and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Carassius auratus gibelio is a new Carassius auratus cultivation species successfully developed by breeding experts of aquatic organism research institute of Chinese academy of sciences in 1976-. Compared with other crucian varieties, the carassius auratus gibelio has the advantages of high growth speed, difficult desquamation, high meat yield and delicious meat quality, and becomes a main breeding variety in a large number of freshwater fishes. With the continuous increase of the market demand, the breeding of the livestock is promoted to present the trend of large-scale development. With the continuous expansion of the culture density and the culture scale, the water pollution is serious, the fish diseases are high, the abuse of fish drugs and the quality of the fish are reduced, and the like, which brings great crisis to the carassius auratus gibelio culture industry.
The Chinese herbal medicine is from the nature, has biological activity and a bidirectional regulation effect on aquatic products, is prepared into a medicament after being strictly treated, has small side effect after application, basically cannot cause the problem of pollution residue, can regulate the function of an organism, activates immune cells of the organism and improves the physique of the organism. At present, the synergistic or antagonistic action among the components is rarely considered in the process of adding the Chinese herbal medicines into the feed, so that the problems of unscientific compatibility and unstable action effect are caused, the application of the Chinese herbal medicines to fish culture by fishers is biased, and the Chinese herbal medicines are considered to have low treatment effect and slow effect in treating diseases, so that the Chinese herbal medicines are not willing to be used for preventing or treating the fish diseases.
Aiming at the problem of frequent diseases in carassius auratus gibelio breeding in the market, the development of a functional compound feed which is well digested, can meet the growth requirements of the carassius auratus gibelio, can improve the self-body non-specific immunity of the carassius auratus gibelio and can enhance the immunity of the carassius auratus gibelio to bacteria is particularly important.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a crucian functional compound feed.
The second aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the functional compound feed for crucian in the first aspect.
The third aspect of the invention aims to provide the application of the crucian functional compound feed in fish culture.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the invention provides a crucian functional compound feed, which comprises the following components: fish meal, pork powder, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, palm kernel meal, corn gluten meal, distillers' grains, wheat, rice bran, soybean oil, soybean lecithin oil, monocalcium phosphate, vitamin premix, mineral premix, eucalyptus essential oil, fermented ginkgo biloba leaves and a Chinese herbal medicine mixture.
Preferably, in the crucian functional compound feed, the content of protein is 32-35%, the content of crude fat is 7-10%, the content of lysine is 1.7-2.5%, and the content of methionine is 0.4-0.8% by weight percentage.
Further preferably, in the crucian functional compound feed, the content of protein is 33.28-33.71%, the content of crude fat is 8.15-9.07%, the content of lysine is 1.83-1.97%, and the content of methionine is 0.5-0.65% by weight percentage.
Preferably, the crucian functional compound feed comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 10-23% of fish meal, 1-10% of pork powder, 18-32% of soybean meal, 8-30% of rapeseed meal, 0-8% of palm kernel meal, 0-4% of corn protein powder, 1-10% of alcohol lees, 8-20% of wheat, 5-20% of rice bran, 1-6% of soybean oil, 0.5-2% of soybean lecithin oil, 1-5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.1-0.7% of vitamin premix, 0.4-1.2% of mineral premix, 0.1-0.4% of eucalyptus essential oil, 0.1-1.2% of fermented ginkgo leaf and 0.1-0.8% of Chinese herbal medicine mixture.
Further preferably, the crucian functional compound feed comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 10-20% of fish meal, 3-8% of pork powder, 20-26% of soybean meal, 10-20% of rapeseed meal, 0-6% of palm kernel meal, 0-2% of corn protein powder, 2-5% of alcohol lees, 10-18% of wheat, 10-17% of rice bran, 2-5% of soybean oil, 0.5-1.5% of soybean lecithin oil, 1-3% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.3-0.5% of vitamin premix, 0.6-1% of mineral premix, 0.15-0.4% of eucalyptus essential oil, 0.5-1% of fermented ginkgo leaf and 0.4-0.6% of Chinese herbal medicine mixture.
Still further preferably, the crucian functional compound feed comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 15-20% of fish meal, 3-6% of pork powder, 24-26% of soybean meal, 10-15% of rapeseed meal, 0-2% of palm kernel meal, 0-1% of corn protein powder, 4-5% of alcohol lees, 12-18% of wheat, 10-15% of rice bran, 2-3% of soybean oil, 0.5-1% of soybean lecithin oil, 1.5-3% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.4-0.5% of vitamin premix, 0.8-1% of mineral premix, 0.2-0.4% of eucalyptus essential oil, 0.5-0.6% of fermented ginkgo leaf and 0.5-0.6% of Chinese herbal medicine mixture.
Preferably, the distillers 'grains are rice dried whole distillers' grains.
Preferably, the vitamin premix comprises: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, and vitamin B1Vitamin B6Vitamin B2Vitamin B12Calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, biotin, inositol, folic acid, choline chloride, and wheat bran.
Further preferably, the vitamin premix is prepared by weight percentageThe material mixing comprises the following steps: 0.7-0.9% of vitamin A, 0.02-0.04% of vitamin D, 0.45-0.57% of vitamin E, 0.22-0.34% of vitamin K, and vitamin B10.32-0.43%, vitamin B60.5-0.7%, vitamin B20.5-0.7%, vitamin B120.005-0.008%, 0.4-0.6% of calcium pantothenate, 0.05-0.8% of nicotinic acid, 0.01-0.03% of biotin, 1-3% of inositol, 0.017-0.024% of folic acid, 0.1-0.3% of choline chloride and 90-93% of wheat bran.
Preferably, the mineral premix comprises: ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium selenite, potassium chloride, cobalt chloride, magnesium sulfate and zeolite powder.
Further preferably, the mineral premix comprises, in weight percent: 2.5 to 4 percent of ferrous sulfate, 0.1 to 0.2 percent of copper sulfate, 1.5 to 2.2 percent of zinc sulfate, 0.052 to 0.065 percent of manganese sulfate, 0.002 to 0.004 percent of sodium selenite, 0.01 to 0.026 percent of potassium chloride, 0.01 to 0.02 percent of cobalt chloride, 0.5 to 0.7 percent of magnesium sulfate and 93 to 95 percent of zeolite powder.
Preferably, the herbal mixture comprises: honeysuckle, folium artemisiae argyi, astragalus mongholicus, coptis chinensis, licorice roots, isatis roots, andrographis paniculata, angelica sinensis, wild chrysanthemum and houttuynia cordata.
Further preferably, the Chinese herbal medicine mixture comprises, in weight percent: 12-14% of honeysuckle, 15-17% of folium artemisiae argyi, 5-7% of astragalus membranaceus, 8-10% of coptis chinensis, 13-14% of licorice root, 8-10% of isatis root, 9-12% of common andrographis herb, 2-4% of angelica sinensis, 6-7% of wild chrysanthemum flower and 11-13% of houttuynia cordata.
Preferably, the preparation method of the fermented ginkgo biloba leaves is as follows: the ginkgo leaf, the bran and the soybean meal are mixed according to the mass ratio (3-5): (1-2): (1-2) mixing to obtain a ginkgo leaf mixture, adding nutrient solution, inoculating yeast, and fermenting for 72-84h to obtain fermented ginkgo leaves.
Further preferably, the ginkgo leaves are crushed to 60-65% and pass through a 120-mesh sieve before being mixed.
Further preferably, the preparation method of the nutrient solution is as follows: sodium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulfate, urea and glucose in a mass ratio (8-10): (1-2): (5-7): (20-23) mixing to obtain the final product.
Further preferably, the mass ratio of the ginkgo leaf mixture to the nutrient solution is (1-2): (0.9-1.5).
Further preferably, the yeast is at least one of candida utilis and saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Still more preferably, the yeast is candida utilis.
Further preferably, the yeast inoculation amount is 15-20% of the mass of the nutrient solution.
More preferably, the viable count of the yeast is (1-9) multiplied by 109(CFU/g)。
Further preferably, the preparation method of the fermented ginkgo leaf further comprises crushing.
Still more preferably, the pulverization is carried out to pass through all of 100-120 mesh.
The invention provides a preparation method of the crucian functional compound feed, which comprises the following steps:
mixing fish meal, pork powder, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, palm kernel meal, corn gluten meal, distillers' grains, wheat, sawdust, monocalcium phosphate, vitamin premix, mineral premix, fermented ginkgo leaves and a Chinese herbal medicine mixture, crushing, adding soybean oil, soybean phospholipid oil and eucalyptus essential oil, and mixing to obtain the crucian functional compound feed.
Preferably, the fish meal is ground to a total size of 40-50 mesh prior to mixing.
Preferably, the pork powder is ground to pass through 40-50 mesh all before mixing.
Preferably, the soybean meal is pulverized to pass through 40-50 meshes all before being mixed.
Preferably, the rapeseed dregs are pulverized to pass through 40-50 meshes before being mixed.
Preferably, the palm kernel meal is ground to a total size of 40-50 mesh prior to mixing.
Preferably, the corn gluten meal is milled to pass through 40-50 mesh all prior to blending.
Preferably, the alcohol draff is crushed to pass through 40-50 meshes before being mixed.
Preferably, the wheat is crushed to pass through 40-50 mesh before mixing.
Preferably, the rice bran is milled to pass through 40-50 mesh all prior to blending.
Preferably, the pulverization is to pulverize to 90-95% to pass through 60-70 mesh.
Preferably, the preparation method further comprises the following steps: concocting, granulating, drying, and sieving.
Preferably, the condition of the preparation is that the preparation is carried out for 2-3min by water vapor at 100-110 ℃.
Preferably, the granulation is carried out using a MUZL600 type granulator.
Preferably, the drying condition is drying at 120-130 ℃.
Preferably, the sieving conditions are less than 0.6% of the undersize of 10-20 mesh.
The invention provides an application of the crucian functional compound feed in the first aspect in fish culture.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: 1. the crucian functional compound feed provided by the invention can well meet the nutritional requirements of crucians, the utilization rate and the conversion efficiency of the feed are enhanced, the growth speed of fish bodies is accelerated, and meanwhile, the accumulation of fat in crucian livers can be effectively reduced, so that the liver health is protected; 2. the crucian functional compound feed provided by the invention can improve the activity of protease and lipase in intestinal tracts, so that the digestion and absorption capacity of crucian on the feed is improved; 3. the crucian functional compound feed provided by the invention can effectively increase the activity of the liver and pancreas superoxide dismutase and the activity of catalase of crucian, obviously reduce the content of malondialdehyde, and improve the self-immunity of crucian; 4. the crucian functional compound feed provided by the invention can obviously improve the survival rate of the crucian after being attacked by toxin, reduce the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in blood plasma, and effectively enhance the anti-stress capability of the crucian and the immunity capability to bacterial toxicity.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to specific examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
The materials, reagents and the like used in the present examples are commercially available materials and reagents unless otherwise specified. Wherein, the contents of protein and crude fat in the feed in the examples are determined according to the method of AOAC (1995), and the contents of amino acid are determined according to the method of determining amino acid in GB/T18246-2000 feed; eucalyptus essential oil is purchased from Shandong Longchang animal health products Co., Ltd, the product number: happy RTL 13209; aeromonas hydrophila was purchased from Beijing Biodepositary center under the Catalogue number: 14485.
example 1
A crucian functional compound feed comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 10% of fish meal, 8% of pork powder, 20% of soybean meal, 20% of rapeseed meal, 2% of palm kernel meal, 2% of corn protein powder, 4% of dried rice full-alcohol grains, 10% of wheat, 17% of rice bran, 2% of soybean oil, 1% of soybean phospholipid oil, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.3% of vitamin premix, 0.6% of mineral premix, 0.2% of eucalyptus essential oil, 1% of fermented ginkgo leaves and 0.4% of Chinese herbal medicine mixture;
the vitamin premix comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 0.9% of vitamin A, 0.02% of vitamin D, 0.45% of vitamin E, 0.22% of vitamin K, and vitamin B10.32%, vitamin B60.5%, vitamin B20.7% of vitamin B120.005%, calcium pantothenate 0.6%, nicotinic acid 0.8%, biotin 0.01%, inositol 3%, folic acid 0.017%, choline chloride 0.3% and wheat bran 92.158%;
the mineral premix comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 2.5 percent of ferrous sulfate, 0.2 percent of copper sulfate, 2.2 percent of zinc sulfate, 0.052 percent of manganese sulfate, 0.004 percent of sodium selenite, 0.026 percent of potassium chloride, 0.01 percent of cobalt chloride, 0.7 percent of magnesium sulfate and 94.308 percent of zeolite powder;
the Chinese herbal medicine mixture comprises the following components in percentage by weight: honeysuckle flower 14%, Chinese mugwort leaf 15%, astragalus root 5%, coptis root 10%, licorice root 13%, isatis root 8%, common andrographis herb 12%, Chinese angelica root 4%, wild chrysanthemum flower 6% and houttuynia 13%;
the preparation method of the fermented ginkgo leaves comprises the following steps:
crushing ginkgo leaves to 65 percent and sieving the crushed ginkgo leaves with 100 meshes, mixing the crushed ginkgo leaves with bran and bean pulp according to the mass ratio of 3: 1:1, obtaining a ginkgo leaf mixture, adding a nutrient solution (the mass ratio of the ginkgo leaf mixture to the nutrient solution is 1: 0.9), inoculating candida utilis (the total number of viable bacteria is 2 multiplied by 10) according to 15 percent of the mass of the nutrient solution9(CFU/g)) fermenting for 3d, air drying, and pulverizing to obtain fermented folium Ginkgo powder of 100 meshes;
the nutrient solution is prepared by mixing potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulfate, urea and glucose according to the mass ratio of 10:1:5: 20.
The preparation method of the crucian functional compound feed comprises the following steps:
s1, mixing vitamin premix, mineral premix, Chinese herbal medicine mixture, fermented ginkgo leaves and monocalcium phosphate to prepare small material A;
s2, respectively crushing the fish meal, the pork powder, the bean pulp, the rapeseed meal, the palm kernel meal, the corn protein powder, the dry rice full-alcohol grains, the wheat and the rice bran to be 40 meshes, and mixing with the small material A to obtain a raw material B;
s3, carrying out superfine grinding on the raw material B until 95% of the raw material B passes through a 60-mesh sieve;
s4, adding soybean oil, soybean phospholipid oil and eucalyptus essential oil to obtain a raw material C;
s5, transferring the raw material C into a modem, modulating for 2min by using water vapor at 110 ℃, then extruding and granulating by using an MUZL600 type granulator, drying at 120 ℃, cooling to room temperature, weighing and packaging 10-mesh screen underflow which is less than 0.6%.
Through detection, the content of protein, the content of crude fat, the content of lysine and the content of methionine in the functional compound feed for crucian carp in the embodiment are 33.28%, 8.3%, 1.83% and 0.61% by weight.
Example 2
A crucian functional compound feed comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 20% of fish meal, 3% of pork powder, 26% of soybean meal, 10% of rapeseed meal, 5% of dried rice full-alcohol distiller's grains, 18% of wheat, 10% of rice bran, 3% of soybean oil, 0.5% of soybean phospholipid oil, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.4% of vitamin premix, 1% of mineral premix, 0.4% of eucalyptus essential oil, 0.6% of fermented ginkgo leaves and 0.6% of Chinese herbal medicine mixture;
the vitamin premix comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 0.9% of vitamin A, 0.02% of vitamin D, 0.45% of vitamin E, 0.22% of vitamin K, and vitamin B10.32%, vitamin B60.5%, vitamin B20.7% of vitamin B120.005%, calcium pantothenate 0.6%, nicotinic acid 0.8%, biotin 0.01%, inositol 3%, folic acid 0.017%, choline chloride 0.3% and wheat bran 92.158%;
the mineral premix comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 2.5 percent of ferrous sulfate, 0.2 percent of copper sulfate, 2.2 percent of zinc sulfate, 0.052 percent of manganese sulfate, 0.004 percent of sodium selenite, 0.026 percent of potassium chloride, 0.01 percent of cobalt chloride, 0.7 percent of magnesium sulfate and 94.308 percent of zeolite powder;
the Chinese herbal medicine mixture comprises the following components in percentage by weight: honeysuckle flower 14%, Chinese mugwort leaf 15%, astragalus root 5%, coptis root 10%, licorice root 13%, isatis root 8%, common andrographis herb 12%, Chinese angelica root 4%, wild chrysanthemum flower 6% and houttuynia 13%;
the preparation method of the fermented ginkgo leaves comprises the following steps:
crushing ginkgo leaves to 65 percent and sieving the crushed ginkgo leaves with 100 meshes, mixing the crushed ginkgo leaves with bran and bean pulp according to the mass ratio of 3: 1: 1, obtaining a ginkgo leaf mixture, adding a nutrient solution (the mass ratio of the ginkgo leaf mixture to the nutrient solution is 1: 0.9), inoculating candida utilis (the total number of viable bacteria is 2 multiplied by 10) according to 15 percent of the mass of the nutrient solution9(CFU/g)) fermenting for 3d, air drying, and pulverizing to obtain fermented folium Ginkgo powder of 100 meshes;
the nutrient solution is prepared by mixing potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulfate, urea and glucose according to the mass ratio of 10:1:5: 20.
The crucian functional compound feed comprises the following steps:
s1, mixing vitamin premix, mineral premix, Chinese herbal medicine mixture, fermented ginkgo leaves and monocalcium phosphate to prepare small material A;
s2, respectively crushing the fish meal, the pork powder, the bean pulp, the rapeseed meal, the dry rice full-alcohol grains, the wheat and the rice bran to be 40 meshes, and mixing with the small material A to obtain a raw material B;
s3, carrying out superfine grinding on the raw material B until 95% of the raw material B passes through a 60-mesh sieve;
s4, adding soybean oil, soybean phospholipid oil and eucalyptus essential oil to obtain a raw material C;
s5, transferring the raw material C into a modem, modulating for 2min by using water vapor at 110 ℃, then extruding and granulating by using an MUZL600 type granulator, drying at 120 ℃, cooling to room temperature, weighing and packaging 10-mesh screen underflow which is less than 0.6%.
Through detection, the content of protein, the content of crude fat, the content of lysine and the content of methionine in the functional compound feed for crucian carp in the embodiment are 33.66%, 8.15%, 1.97% and 0.65% by weight.
Example 3
A crucian functional compound feed comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 15% of fish meal, 6% of pork powder, 24% of soybean meal, 15% of rapeseed meal, 2% of palm kernel meal, 1% of corn protein powder, 2% of dried rice full-alcohol grains, 12% of wheat, 15% of rice bran, 3% of soybean oil, 1% of soybean phospholipid oil, 1.5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5% of vitamin premix, 0.8% of mineral premix, 0.2% of eucalyptus essential oil, 0.5% of fermented ginkgo leaves and 0.5% of Chinese herbal medicine mixture;
the vitamin premix comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 0.9% of vitamin A, 0.02% of vitamin D, 0.45% of vitamin E, 0.22% of vitamin K, and vitamin B10.32%, vitamin B60.5%, vitamin B20.7% of vitamin B120.005%, calcium pantothenate 0.6%, nicotinic acid 0.8%, biotin 0.01%, inositol 3%, folic acid 0.017%, choline chloride 0.3% and wheat bran 92.158%;
the mineral premix comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 2.5 percent of ferrous sulfate, 0.2 percent of copper sulfate, 2.2 percent of zinc sulfate, 0.052 percent of manganese sulfate, 0.004 percent of sodium selenite, 0.026 percent of potassium chloride, 0.01 percent of cobalt chloride, 0.7 percent of magnesium sulfate and 94.308 percent of zeolite powder;
the Chinese herbal medicine mixture comprises the following components in percentage by weight: honeysuckle flower 14%, Chinese mugwort leaf 15%, astragalus root 5%, coptis root 10%, licorice root 13%, isatis root 8%, common andrographis herb 12%, Chinese angelica root 4%, wild chrysanthemum flower 6% and houttuynia 13%;
the preparation method of the fermented ginkgo leaves comprises the following steps:
crushing ginkgo leaves to 65 percent and sieving the crushed ginkgo leaves with 100 meshes, mixing the crushed ginkgo leaves with bran and bean pulp according to the mass ratio of 3: 1: 1, obtaining a ginkgo leaf mixture, adding a nutrient solution (the mass ratio of the ginkgo leaf mixture to the nutrient solution is 1: 0.9), inoculating candida utilis (the total number of viable bacteria is 2 multiplied by 10) according to 15 percent of the mass of the nutrient solution9(CFU/g)) fermenting for 3d, air drying, and pulverizing to obtain fermented folium Ginkgo powder of 100 meshes;
the nutrient solution is prepared by mixing potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulfate, urea and glucose according to the mass ratio of 10:1:5: 20.
The crucian functional compound feed comprises the following steps:
s1, mixing vitamin premix, mineral premix, Chinese herbal medicine mixture, fermented ginkgo leaves and monocalcium phosphate to prepare small material A;
s2, respectively crushing the fish meal, the pork powder, the bean pulp, the rapeseed meal, the palm kernel meal, the corn protein powder, the dry rice full-alcohol grains, the wheat and the rice bran to be 40 meshes, and mixing with the small material A to obtain a raw material B;
s3, carrying out superfine grinding on the raw material B until 95% of the raw material B passes through a 60-mesh sieve;
s4, adding soybean oil, soybean phospholipid oil and eucalyptus essential oil to obtain a raw material C;
s5, transferring the raw material C into a modem, modulating for 2min by using water vapor at 110 ℃, then extruding and granulating by using an MUZL600 type granulator, drying at 120 ℃, cooling to room temperature, weighing and packaging 10-mesh screen underflow which is less than 0.6%.
Through detection, the content of protein in the functional compound feed for crucian carp in the embodiment is 33.71%, the content of crude fat is 9.07%, the content of lysine is 1.92%, and the content of methionine is 0.50% by weight.
Effects of the embodiment
1. Indoor cultivation barrel test
A comparative experiment was performed on a commercial crucian feed (crucian breeding formula feed 191, huai' an tong wei feed limited) and the prepared feeds of examples 1 to 3 in an indoor running water breeding system. The specific embodiment is as follows:
cultivation experiment in indoor running water cultivation system of Hexing feed Co., Ltd, small barrels are 400L in volume, 0.82m in diameter and 0.82m in height, water temperature is maintained at 25.5-31.5 ℃, crucian carps with initial weight of 20.00 +/-0.02 g are randomly divided into 4 groups, each group has 4 repetitions, and each repetition has 30 carps, and the total number of the crucian carps is 480. The feeding mode is quantitative feeding, each barrel can be guaranteed to be eaten up twice a day at 9:00 and 16:00, feeding data is recorded, and the breeding experiment is carried out for 80 days.
2. Sample collection and test index testing
After the culture is finished, the fish starves for 24 hours, and all the fish in each barrel are fished out, weighed and recorded. In addition, 4 crucian carps were randomly taken from each barrel and stored in a-20 ℃ refrigerator for whole fish body composition determination. Weighing 3 crucian carps in each barrel at random, dissecting abdominal cavity to separate viscera, weighing intestinal tract, viscera group, liver and pancreas and fish body, calculating liver-body ratio and viscera-body ratio, and measuring fish body length (from the osculum to the tail end of vertebra) to calculate body index. Dissecting the obtained liver and intestinal tract samples, quickly freezing with liquid nitrogen, and storing at-80 deg.C.
The growth and body type index formula is as follows:
the weight gain (%) is (final weight-initial weight)/initial weight × 100%;
feed factor ═ feed intake/(end body weight-initial body weight);
liver mass ratio (%) ═ liver weight/fish mass weight × 100%;
visceral body ratio (%) -visceral mass weight/fish body weight x 100%;
fatness (g) terminal weight/terminal fish length (cm)3×100％。
And (3) determining the moisture, crude protein and ash content of the crucian muscles: drying at 105 ℃ under normal pressure to constant weight, and measuring the muscle moisture of the crucian by a weight loss method; firing at 550 ℃ in a muffle furnace for 6h, and measuring the ash content of the fish body by a weight loss method; crude fish proteins were measured using an automatic Kjeltec 2300 (Kjeltec 2300, FOSS, sweden).
And (3) measuring the content of crude fat: by chloroform-methanol extractionWeighing about 5g of sample, placing into a triangular flask with a plug, and adding 60mL of chloroform-methanol mixture [ V (chloroform): V (methanol) ═ 2: 1%]Water bath is carried out for 1h at the temperature of 60 ℃; after extraction is finished, taking down the triangular flask, filtering with a Buchner funnel, putting the filtrate in another triangular flask with a plug, placing in a water bath at 65-70 ℃ to recover the solvent until the material in the triangular flask is thick, adding 25mL of diethyl ether and 15g of anhydrous sodium sulfate, adding the plug, and oscillating for 10 min; the ether layer was transferred to a centrifuge tube with a stopper, centrifuged at 3000 r/min for 5min, and 10mL of the clear ether layer was taken in a weighing bottle with a lateral weight, evaporated to remove ether, and then placed in an oven at 105 ℃ to dry to the lateral weight (about 1 h). And (4) calculating a result: x ═ m1-m2) X2.5/m X100%, wherein X is the mass fraction of lipid,%; m is the sample mass, g; m is1G is the weight of the weighing bottle and the lipid; m is2Weighing bottle mass, g; 2.5 is a factor multiplied by 10mL of ether extracted from 25mL of ether and dried.
Protease activity determination: weighing intestinal tract samples of crucian by adopting a wellin-phenol reagent method, adding precooled double-distilled water with the volume 5 times that of the intestinal tract samples, homogenizing the intestinal tract samples by using an electric homogenizer under the ice-water bath condition, centrifuging the homogenized slurry at 6000r/min for 15min, and taking the supernatant as protease activity determination; taking 1mL of supernatant, preserving heat at 30 ℃ for 2min, adding 1mL of casein into an experimental group, adding 2mL of 0.4mol/L trichloroacetic acid into a control group, uniformly mixing, preserving heat at 30 ℃ for 10min, adding 2mL of 0.4mol/L trichloroacetic acid into the experimental group after reaction, and adding 1mL of casein into the control group; after uniform mixing, standing for 10min, centrifuging for 20min at 4000r/min, taking 1mL of supernatant, adding 5mL of 0.4mol/L sodium carbonate and 1mL of Folin phenol reagent, shaking uniformly, carrying out water bath reaction at 30 ℃ for 15min, and reading the light absorption value at 650nm by using a 751-type spectrophotometer.
The contents of amylase, lipase, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) are determined by using a kit of Nanjing institute of bioengineering.
And (3) toxin counteracting test: performing challenge test on Carassius auratus by using Aeromonas hydrophila, storing the Aeromonas hydrophila strain in glycerol tube at-80 deg.C, streaking on nutrient agar plate before use, culturing at 28 deg.C overnight, selecting single clone, and inoculatingCulturing in nutrient broth to logarithmic phase, and adjusting concentration of Aeromonas hydrophila to 2.2 × 106CFU/mL. Carrying out intraperitoneal injection on crucian carps according to the dose of 100 mu L/tail, collecting tail vertebral venous blood (each parallel 10-tail crucian carps) 24 hours after the toxin is attacked, centrifuging at 4 ℃ of 5000r/min for 5min, taking supernatant, obtaining a serum sample, storing at-20 ℃ for later use, and simultaneously recording the death number of the crucian carps within 72 hours after the toxin is attacked (the sampled crucian carps are not counted into death data). Plasma Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) levels of carassius auratus gibelio were measured using a fully automated biochemical analyzer (micheli BS-400), and blood biochemicals were purchased from shanghai cheng bio-technologies, inc.
3. Data processing
One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses were performed on the data obtained using the SPSS 17.0 statistical software, and when the differences between the one-way ANOVA treatments were significant (P < 0.05), multiple comparisons were performed using the Duncan test.
4. Results
As can be seen from table 1, compared with the feeding of the commercially available crucian carp feed, the weight of the crucian carp powder fed with the feed prepared in the embodiments 1-3 of the present invention is significantly increased (P is less than 0.05), and the feed has a lower feed system, which indicates that the feed prepared in the embodiments 1-3 can well meet the nutritional requirements of the crucian carp, enhance the utilization rate and the conversion efficiency of the feed, and accelerate the growth rate of the fish; compared with the feeding of the commercial crucian feed, the feeding of the feed prepared in the examples 1-3 has lower liver-body ratio, which shows that the feed prepared in the examples 1-3 can effectively reduce the accumulation of fat in the crucian liver and can protect the liver health.
TABLE 1 Effect of the various groups of test materials on the growth Performance of Carassius auratus
| Commercial crucian carp feed | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | |
| Average weight of powder (g) | 42.48±0.39a | 45.6±0.49b | 47.25±0.26c | 46.08±0.22b |
| The weight gain rate% | 112.39±1.95a | 128±2.47b | 136.25±1.31c | 130.38±1.11b |
| Coefficient of feed | 2.06±0.04c | 1.81±0.04b | 1.70±0.02a | 1.78±0.02ab |
| The ratio of liver to body% | 3.85±0.03c | 3.6±0.02b | 3.43±0.03a | 3.59±0.03b |
| The ratio of viscera to body% | 13.43±0.03c | 13.26±0.02b | 13.14±0.04a | 13.33±0.03b |
| Fullness (g/cm3) | 2.79±0.02 | 2.78±0.03 | 2.76±0.02 | 2.82±0.02 |
Note: data are mean ± sem; in the same row of data, no identical lower case letters are labeled to indicate significant differences from each other (P < 0.05).
As can be seen from table 2, the crude protein of the whole crucian eating the feed prepared in examples 1-3 is significantly higher than that of the crucian eating the commercial crucian feed, and the crude fat is significantly lower than that of the crucian eating the commercial crucian feed, which indicates that the feed prepared in examples 1-3 can increase the crude protein content of the whole crucian, reduce the crude fat content of the whole crucian, and effectively improve the meat quality of the crucian. As can be seen from table 3, the feed prepared in examples 1 to 3 can improve the activity of protease and lipase in intestinal tract, and further promote the digestion and absorption of crucian carp on the feed.
TABLE 2 influence of the test materials on the whole fish body composition of Carassius auratus (wet weight%)
| Commercial crucian carp feed | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | |
| Moisture content | 71.55±0.03b | 71.77±0.02c | 71.47±0.01a | 71.57±0.03b |
| Crude protein | 15.06±0.02a | 15.20±0.03bc | 15.28±0.03c | 15.14±0.02b |
| Crude fat | 7.48±0.03c | 7.40±0.02b | 7.30±0.02a | 7.39±0.03b |
| Ash content | 3.35±0.02ab | 3.37±0.01b | 3.32±0.01ab | 3.31±0.02a |
Note: data are mean ± sem; in the same row of data, no identical lower case letters are labeled to indicate significant differences from each other (P < 0.05).
TABLE 3 Effect of the test materials on the intestinal digestive enzyme activity of Carassius auratus
| Commercial crucian carp feed | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | |
| Amylase (U/mg) | 36.49±0.09 | 36.47±0.03 | 36.51±0.03 | 36.53±0.04 |
| Lipase (U/g) | 0.27±0.01a | 0.32±0.01b | 0.33±0.01c | 0.31±0.01b |
| Protease (U/mL) | 394.19±1.35a | 404.27±1.41b | 421.15±3.17c | 415.36±1.80c |
Note: data are mean ± sem; in the same row of data, no identical lower case letters are labeled to indicate significant differences from each other (P < 0.05).
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme in organisms, can prevent damage of free radicals to cell structures, and has stronger oxidative stress effect in organisms when the SOD activity is higher. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the most representative indicators of oxidative damage to the body, and the higher the MDA content is, the more serious the damage to the body cells by free radicals is. Catalase (CAT) can scavenge the hydrogen peroxide produced by metabolism in cells, thereby protecting the cells from the toxicity of peroxide, and is one of the key enzymes of the biological defense system established in the biological evolution process. As can be seen from table 4, the feed prepared in examples 1 to 3 can effectively increase the SOD activity and the CAT activity of the liver and pancreas of the crucian, and significantly reduce the content of MAD, indicating that the feed provided by the present invention can improve the self-immunity of the crucian.
TABLE 4 influence of various groups of test materials on the liver and pancreas antioxidant index of crucian carp
Note: data are mean ± sem; in the same row of data, no identical lower case letters are labeled to indicate significant differences from each other (P < 0.05).
By performing a toxicity counteracting test on crucian by injecting 100 mul/tail dose of aeromonas hydrophila, the results are shown in table 5, the survival rate of crucian eating the feed prepared in examples 1-3 after the toxicity counteracting test is greater than that of crucian eating the commercial crucian feed, and the contents of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (AST) in the blood of crucian are significantly lower than that of crucian eating the commercial crucian feed (P is less than 0.05), thus, the liver function of crucian eating the feed prepared in examples 1-3 is damaged less, which indicates that the feed provided by the invention has the efficacy of resisting liver damage, and can effectively enhance the anti-stress capability of crucian and the immunity capability of bacteria poisoning.
TABLE 5 Effect of each group of test materials on biochemical indexes of blood after toxicity attacking test of crucian carp
| Commercial crucian carp feed | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | |
| Survival rate% | 75.36±0.10a | 76.59±0.10b | 78.49±0.07c | 76.81±0.09b |
| LDH (Unit/liter) | 415.46±2.46c | 380.31±4.45b | 362.96±3.03a | 376.27±3.71b |
| ALT (Unit/liter) | 9.78±0.03c | 9.66±0.04bc | 9.43±0.05a | 9.57±0.04b |
| AST (Unit/liter) | 275.71±1.99c | 264.17±2.54b | 254.40±2.48a | 257.14±2.44ab |
Note: data are mean ± sem; in the same row of data, no identical lower case letters are labeled to indicate significant differences from each other (P < 0.05).
The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments, and various changes can be made without departing from the gist of the present invention within the knowledge of those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the embodiments of the present invention and the features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
Claims (10)
1. A feed, comprising the following ingredients: fish meal, pork powder, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, palm kernel meal, corn gluten meal, distillers' grains, wheat, rice bran, soybean oil, soybean lecithin oil, monocalcium phosphate, vitamin premix, mineral premix, eucalyptus essential oil, fermented ginkgo biloba leaves and a Chinese herbal medicine mixture.
2. The feed of claim 1, wherein the crucian functional compound feed comprises, by weight, 32-35% of protein, 7-10% of crude fat, 1.7-2.5% of lysine, and 0.4-0.8% of methionine.
3. The feed according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises, in weight percentage, the following ingredients: 10-23% of fish meal, 1-10% of pork powder, 18-32% of soybean meal, 8-30% of rapeseed meal, 0-8% of palm kernel meal, 0-4% of corn protein powder, 1-10% of alcohol lees, 8-20% of wheat, 5-20% of rice bran, 1-6% of soybean oil, 0.5-2% of soybean lecithin oil, 1-5% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.1-0.7% of vitamin premix, 0.4-1.2% of mineral premix, 0.1-0.4% of eucalyptus essential oil, 0.1-1.2% of fermented ginkgo leaf and 0.1-0.8% of Chinese herbal medicine mixture.
4. The feed according to claim 3, characterized in that it comprises, in weight percentage, the following ingredients: 10-20% of fish meal, 3-8% of pork powder, 20-26% of soybean meal, 10-20% of rapeseed meal, 0-6% of palm kernel meal, 0-2% of corn protein powder, 2-5% of alcohol lees, 10-18% of wheat, 10-17% of rice bran, 2-5% of soybean oil, 0.5-1.5% of soybean lecithin oil, 1-3% of monocalcium phosphate, 0.3-0.5% of vitamin premix, 0.6-1% of mineral premix, 0.15-0.4% of eucalyptus essential oil, 0.5-1% of fermented ginkgo leaf and 0.4-0.6% of Chinese herbal medicine mixture.
5. The feed according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the vitamin premix comprises: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, and vitamin B1Vitamin B6Vitamin B2Vitamin B12Calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, biotin, inositol, folic acid, choline chloride, and wheat bran.
6. The feed according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the mineral premix comprises: ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium selenite, potassium chloride, cobalt chloride, magnesium sulfate and zeolite powder.
7. The feed as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the herbal mixture comprises: honeysuckle, folium artemisiae argyi, astragalus mongholicus, coptis chinensis, licorice roots, isatis roots, andrographis paniculata, angelica sinensis, wild chrysanthemum and houttuynia cordata.
8. The feed of claim 7, wherein the fermented ginkgo biloba leaves are prepared by the following method: mixing folium Ginkgo, testa Tritici and soybean meal, adding nutrient solution, inoculating yeast, and fermenting to obtain fermented folium Ginkgo.
9. A process for the preparation of the feed according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
mixing fish meal, pork powder, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, palm kernel meal, corn gluten meal, distillers' grains, wheat, sawdust, monocalcium phosphate, vitamin premix, mineral premix, fermented ginkgo leaves and a Chinese herbal medicine mixture, crushing, adding soybean oil, soybean phospholipid oil and eucalyptus essential oil, and mixing to obtain the feed.
10. Use of the feed according to any one of claims 1 to 8 in fish farming.
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