CN113577910A

CN113577910A - Filter medium, filter element and method of filtration

Info

Publication number: CN113577910A
Application number: CN202110716746.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 高琼; R·P·德琼; G·S·托尼斯; G·M·伊兹; J·A·蒂芙尼
Original assignee: Donaldson Co Inc
Current assignee: Donaldson Co Inc
Priority date: 2016-05-13
Filing date: 2017-05-05
Publication date: 2021-11-02
Also published as: BR112018073436B1; JP7313152B2; US20190255473A1; KR102618766B1; SA518400427B1; AU2017262577A1; RU2737910C2; CA3023824C; MX2022013881A; EP3854469A1; BR112018073436A2; JP2022188110A; WO2017196653A1; KR20240005169A; KR20190008276A; CN109562311A; MX2018013755A; AU2017262577B2; EP3454967B1; CN109562311B

Abstract

A fibrous filter media is disclosed, the fibrous filter media comprising: a surface-supported filtration layer comprising fine fibers having an average diameter of less than 1 micron; a depth-loading filter layer; and a support layer; wherein the layers are configured and arranged for placement in a gas stream, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer is the most upstream layer.

Description

Filter medium, filter element and method of filtration

Continue to apply for data

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 62/336,433 filed on day 5/13 of 2016 and U.S. provisional application No. 62/351,401 filed on day 6/17 of 2016, the disclosures of each of which are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Background

Particulate material is typically entrained in fluid streams, particularly air and gas streams. It is desirable to remove some or all of the particulate material from the fluid stream. For example, particulate materials are typically included in the air intake stream into the cabin of a motor vehicle, air in a computer disk drive, HVAC air, clean room ventilation air, air entering the engine for a vehicle or power generation equipment, gas streams directed to a gas turbine, and air streams entering various combustion furnaces. In the case of cabin air filters, it is desirable to remove particulate matter to make the passengers feel comfortable and/or for aesthetic reasons. With respect to the air intake and gas intake streams to engines, gas turbines, and furnaces, it is desirable to remove particulate material because particulates can cause substantial damage to the internal operation of the various mechanisms involved. In other cases, process or exhaust gases from industrial processes or engines may contain particulate materials. It is typically desirable to remove the particulate material from these streams in large quantities before discharging such gases into the atmosphere.

Increasingly efficient filters are needed to obtain cleaner air or other gas flows. A low pressure is desirable, which has less restriction on the flow of gas (e.g., air) caused by the high efficiency filter. In addition, longer lifetimes, which are often a challenge for high efficiency filters, are desirable to reduce maintenance and filter costs. Thus, there is a continuing need for high performance filters (i.e., high efficiency, low pressure drop, long life filters).

Disclosure of Invention

The present disclosure provides filter media and filter elements, particularly for gas (e.g., air) filtration applications.

In one embodiment, a gas filtration media (e.g., air filtration media) is provided, the gas filtration media comprising: a surface-supported filtration layer comprising fine fibers having an average diameter of less than 1 micron; a deep loading layer; and a support layer. During use, the layer is configured and arranged for placement in a gas stream, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer is the most upstream layer. That is, the layers are positioned relative to each other such that the surface-loaded filtration layer is positioned as the first layer (i.e., the fine fiber filtration layer is the most upstream layer) encountered by the flow of gas (e.g., air) being filtered. In certain embodiments, the filter media of the present disclosure is pulse cleanable.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a gas filter element (e.g., an air filter element) is provided that includes a housing and a filter media as described herein.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for filtering a gas (e.g., air) is provided that includes directing the gas through a filter media or filter element as described herein.

In certain embodiments, the depth-loading filtration layer comprises a high efficiency glass-containing filtration layer, a meltblown filtration layer, or a combination thereof. The high efficiency glass-containing filtration layer can include glass fibers and multi-component binder fibers. The high efficiency meltblown filtration layer may include fibers having an average diameter of 0.5 microns to 10 microns.

Herein, "high efficiency" with respect to the filtration layers of the present disclosure means capable of removing at least 55% (by number) of 0.4 micron size DEHS particles at 4 feet per minute (ft/min or fpm), i.e., 2 centimeters per second (cm/s). For example, a filtration efficiency of at least 70% at 0.4 microns is considered "high efficiency". In certain embodiments herein, high efficiency means removal of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 95%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.95%, or at least 99.995% of such particles at 4ft/min (2 cm/s).

Herein, "high efficiency" for composite filter media (which may or may not be corrugated) and/or filter elements (typically corrugated and pleated) of the present disclosure shows an efficiency of at least F9 according to EN779: 2012. Furthermore, the "high efficiency" filter elements of the present disclosure (typically corrugated and pleated) exhibit efficiencies of at least E10, or at least E11, or at least E12 according to EN1822: 2009.

The term "meltblown fibers" means fibers formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into converging high velocity gas (e.g. air) streams which attenuate the filaments of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be to microfiber diameter. Thereafter, these meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface to form a web of randomly dispersed meltblown fibers. Meltblown fibers are typically microfibers which may be continuous or discontinuous, are generally 20 microns (and usually 10 microns) in diameter, or less, and are generally self-bonding when deposited onto a collecting surface. Meltblown fibers used in the present invention are preferably substantially continuous in length.

The term "multicomponent fiber" refers to a fiber formed from at least two polymers that are extruded separately but spun together to form one fiber. As a specific example of a multicomponent fiber, a "bicomponent fiber" includes two polymers arranged in substantially constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-section of the bicomponent fiber and extending continuously along the length of the bicomponent fiber. The configuration of such bicomponent fibers may be, for example, a sheath/core configuration in which one polymer is surrounded by another, or may be a side-by-side configuration or an "islands-in-the-sea" configuration. For a two component fiber, the polymers may be present in a ratio of 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, or any other desired ratio. Conventional additives, such as pigments and surfactants, may be incorporated into one or both of the polymer streams, or applied to the filament surface.

The term "polymer" includes, but is not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers (such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc.), and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term "polymer" shall include all possible geometrical configurations of the material. These configurations include, but are not limited to, isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic symmetries. The term "copolymer" refers to a polymer comprising two or more different monomer units, and thus includes terpolymers, tetrapolymers, and the like.

The terms "comprise" and "include," and variations thereof, are not to be taken in a limiting sense where these terms appear in the specification and claims. Such terms are to be understood as implicitly including a stated step or element or group of steps or elements but not excluding any other step or element or group of steps or elements. "consisting of … …" is intended to include and is limited to anything contained in the phrase "consisting of … …". Thus, the phrase "consisting of … …" indicates that the listed elements are required or mandatory, and that no other elements may be present. "consisting essentially of … …" is intended to include any element listed in the phrase and is not limited to other elements that do not interfere with or contribute to the activity or effect specified in the disclosure for the listed element. Thus, the phrase "consisting essentially of … …" indicates that the listed elements are required or mandatory, but that other elements are optional and may or may not be present, depending on whether they materially affect the activity or effect of the listed elements.

The words "preferred" and "preferably" refer to embodiments of the disclosure that may provide certain benefits under certain circumstances. However, other embodiments may be preferred, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, recitation of one or more preferred embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful, and is not intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of the disclosure.

In this application, terms such as "a", "an", and "the" are not intended to refer to only a singular entity, but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration. The terms "a", "an" and "the" are used interchangeably with the term "at least one".

The phrase "at least one of and" comprising "of a listing refers to any one of the items in the listing, as well as any combination of two or more of the items in the listing.

As used herein, the term "or" is generally employed in its ordinary sense including "and/or" unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term "and/or" means one or all of the listed elements or a combination of any two or more of the listed elements.

Also herein, it is assumed that all numbers are modified by the term "about" and preferably by the term "exactly. The term "about" as used herein in connection with a measured quantity refers to the variation in the measured quantity as would be expected by a skilled artisan making the measurement and applying a level of attention commensurate with the purpose of the measurement and the precision of the measurement equipment used.

Also herein, reciting numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers subsumed within that range and the endpoints (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.). Herein, "up to" a certain number (e.g., up to 50) includes the number (e.g., 50).

The term "within the range" (and similar statements) includes the end of the stated range.

Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment", "certain embodiments", "some embodiments", or the like, means that a particular feature, configuration, composition, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of such phrases or in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment of the invention. Furthermore, the particular features, configurations, compositions, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

The above summary of the present disclosure is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. The following description more particularly exemplifies illustrative embodiments. In several places throughout the application, guidance is provided through lists of examples, which examples can be used in various combinations. In each example, the recited list serves only as a representative group and should not be interpreted as an exclusive list.

Drawings

The present disclosure may be more fully understood in conjunction with the following drawings.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of one embodiment of a composite filter media of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a composite filter media of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a composite filter media of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a filter element that may be used in an air induction system.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of another embodiment of another element having a filter media of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a top plan view of another filter element of the present disclosure that may be used with an air intake system.

Fig. 7 is a front elevational view of the element of fig. 6.

Fig. 8 is a right side elevational view of the fig. 7 filter element.

Fig. 9-13 are schematic cross-sectional views of further embodiments of filter elements.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a filter element.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a filter element having an oval configuration.

Detailed Description

In one embodiment, a gas filtration medium (e.g., air filtration medium) comprises: a surface-supported filtration layer comprising fine fibers having an average diameter of less than 1 micron; a depth-loading filter layer; and a support layer.

During use, the layer is configured and arranged for placement in a gas stream, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer is the most upstream layer. That is, the layers are positioned relative to each other such that the surface-loaded filtration layer (i.e., the fine fiber filtration layer) is positioned as the first layer (i.e., the fine fiber filtration layer is the most upstream layer) encountered by the flow of gas (e.g., air) being filtered.

In certain embodiments, the filter media of the present disclosure is pulse cleanable. Pulse cleanable is important for self-cleaning (e.g., via reverse air pulses) and is useful when the filter media is used for very high dust concentrations. Pulse cleanliness can be determined according to the modified ISO11057 test method described in the examples section.

In certain embodiments, the composite filter media includes two or more fine fiber filtration layers. In certain embodiments, the composite filter media includes two or more depth-loading layers (e.g., a glass-containing filtration layer, a meltblown filtration layer, or a combination thereof). In certain embodiments, the composite filter media comprises two or more support layers. The layers may be arranged in a variety of orders as long as one of the fine fiber filtration layers is the most upstream layer.

Each of the filter layer and the support layer may be a composite of multiple layers. For example, the depth-loading layer may be a composite of two or more different layers of meltblown fibers that differ in any of composition and/or fiber diameter.

In certain embodiments, the filter media of the present disclosure has a thickness of at least 10 mils (0.25 mm). In certain embodiments, the filter media of the present disclosure have a thickness of up to 60 mils (1.5mm), or up to 30 mils (0.76 mm).

As shown in fig. 1, which illustrates a portion of an exemplary composite filter media 10 of the present disclosure, there are at least two filtration layers (i.e., layers that perform filtration): a surface support layer 20 and a depth support filter layer (e.g., a glass-containing filter layer) 22. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, an exemplary composite filter media 10 of the present disclosure is shown having: a surface support layer 20, a depth-support filter layer (e.g., a glass-containing filter layer) 22, and a support layer 18 positioned between the depth-support layer 22 and the surface support layer 20. In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, an exemplary composite filter media 10 of the present disclosure is shown having: a support layer 18, a surface loading layer 20, and a depth-loading filtration layer (e.g., a glass-containing filtration layer) 22 positioned between the support layer 18 and the surface loading layer 20.

As shown in these exemplary embodiments, the surface load filter layer 20 is positioned upstream of the depth load filter layer 22 with respect to the direction of gas flow (e.g., air flow) indicated by the arrows. That is, the surface load filter layer 20 is the first layer that a gas (e.g., air) stream encounters during use.

The thickness of each of the filter layer and the support layer may be the same or different, and is not limiting. It should be noted, however, that the thickness has an effect on the filtration properties. It is desirable to minimize the overall thickness of the media without significantly affecting other media characteristics such as dust loading capacity, efficiency, and permeability. This allows for more pleats in the element, e.g., preferably such that the filter element includes the maximum amount of media, without adversely affecting the characteristics and performance (e.g., efficiency, pressure drop, or dust loading capacity) of the filter element.

Typically, in the filter media of the present disclosure, the filter layer, and preferably the filter layer and support layer, are adhered together with an adhesive, a binding fiber, thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding, self-adhesion, or using a combination of such techniques. Preferred methods include the use of adhesives, binding fibers, or combinations thereof. Particularly preferred methods are by using adhesives (pressure sensitive adhesives, hot melt adhesives) applied in a variety of techniques including, for example, powder coating, spraying, or using preformed adhesive webs. Typically, the adhesive is in a continuous layer, or it may be patterned (if so desired) so long as the filter media does not delaminate during processing or use. Exemplary adhesives include hot melt adhesives such as polyesters, polyamides, acrylates, or combinations (blends or copolymers) thereof.

If a binder is used, the amount of binder can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The desired level is a level that provides suitable bonding between layers without adversely affecting the flow of gas through the media. For example, the amount of decrease in Frazier permeability (Frazier permeability) of the composite filter media is preferably the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the permeability of each layer (i.e., (1/a)_{Permeability rate of penetration}+1/B_{Permeability rate of penetration}+1/C_{Permeability rate of penetration})^-1) Less than 20%, or more preferably less than 10%. This also applies to any other lamination method.

The filter media may be corrugated in order to increase stiffness and provide better flow channels in the element. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the filter media of the present disclosure should have properties that can withstand typical thermal creping methods without media damage (which typically degrades media performance).

The filter media, with or without corrugations, may be folded into a plurality of corrugations or pleats and then installed in a housing or frame of a filter. Any number of pleating techniques may be used to pleat a flat sheet or a corrugated sheet, including but not limited to rotary pleating, blade pleating, and the like. The corrugated media may have any of several pleat support mechanisms applied to the pleated media as described in U.S. patent No. 5,306,321. For example, corrugated aluminum separators, hot melt beads and indentations (indentations), commonly known as plealtoc pleated media, may be used.

In certain embodiments, the pleats are embossed into the filter media in the form of spacers, thus preventing the pleats from binding in an effective manner even in the event of a wet or overloaded media. The dimples on the pleat tips on both sides of the media, perpendicular to the direction of the pleat channels, keep the pleats apart and provide better flow channels for gas (e.g., air) to flow through the pleat pack in the element. If in a cone or cylinder type element (such as the elements shown in fig. 9-14), the outside dimples may be deeper and wider than the inside dimples to keep the pleats evenly spaced.

For non-corrugated media, other pleat separation methods may be used with any of the media described herein, such as those involving the addition of beads of hot melt adhesive between the pleats, or the use of comb separators. The pleated material may be formed into a cylinder or "tube" and then bonded together, such as by using an adhesive (e.g., a urethane-based hot melt adhesive, etc.) or ultrasonic welding (i.e., ultrasonic bonding), for example.

In certain embodiments, the filtration layers, composite filter media (flat or corrugated), and filter elements of the present disclosure are said to be "high efficiency". In certain embodiments, the high efficiency filtration layers of the present disclosure are capable of removing at least 55%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 95%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.95%, or at least 99.995% (by number) of 0.4 micron size DEHS particles at 4ft/min (2 cm/s). In certain embodiments, the high efficiency composite filter media (which may or may not be corrugated) and/or filter elements (typically corrugated and pleated) of the present disclosure exhibit an efficiency of at least F9 according to EN779: 2012. In certain embodiments, the high efficiency filter elements of the present disclosure (typically corrugated and pleated) exhibit efficiencies of at least E10, at least E11, or at least E12 according to EN1822: 2009.

In certain embodiments, the filter media exhibits an efficiency according to the DEHS efficiency test of at least 80% or greater than 80% at the most penetrating particle size (the mold penetrating particle size).

In certain embodiments, the filtration layers and/or composite filter media of the present disclosure have good depth loading characteristics.

In certain embodiments, the depth load filter layer has a relatively low solid fraction (solid). As used herein, solid fraction is the volume of solid fibers divided by the total volume of the filter media in question, typically expressed as a percentage, or in other words, the volume fraction of fibers occupied in the media, expressed as the ratio of fiber volume/unit mass divided by media volume/unit mass. Suitable tests for determining the solid fraction are described, for example, in U.S. patent publication No. 2014/0260137. Typically at 1.5 pounds per square inch (psi) (i.e., 0.1 kg/cm)²) A solids rate of less than 20 percent (%), or typically less than 15%, at the pressure of (c) is desired.

In certain embodiments, the filtration layers and/or composite filter media of the present disclosure exhibit high strength and high flexibility. This may be evidenced by a relatively low loss of tensile strength after the layer and/or composite media has been folded or crumpled. Less than a 20% loss in tensile strength after the filter layer or filter media is folded or pleated is desirable.

Surface loading filter layer

The surface-supported filter layer is a filter layer that: the filtration layer traps a substantial portion of the incoming (incident) particles at its surface as compared to the volume or thickness of the filtration layer (i.e., in the "z" direction). That is, the surface-supported filter layer can block the passage of ingressing particulates through the surface-supported filter layer, and a relatively large surface-supported amount of trapped particles can be obtained.

The surface-supported filtration layer of the filtration media of the present disclosure comprises fine fibers having an average fiber diameter of less than 1 micron (i.e., 1000 nanometers), or up to 0.5 microns, or up to 0.3 microns. This includes nanofibers and microfibers. Nanofibers are fibers having a diameter of less than 200 nanometers or 0.2 micrometers. Microfibers are fibers having a diameter greater than 0.2 microns but no greater than 10 microns. In certain embodiments, the fine fibers have an average diameter of at least 0.01 microns, or at least 0.05 microns, or at least 0.1 microns.

In certain embodiments, the surface-supported filtration layer has less than 1 gram per square meter (g/m)²Or gsm) basis weight. In certain embodiments, the surface-supported filtration layer has at least 0.0001g/m²Basis weight of (c).

In certain embodiments, the surface-supported filtration layer has a LEFS filtration efficiency of at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, or at least 80%. In certain embodiments, the fine fiber filtration layer has a LEFS filtration efficiency of up to 99%, up to 98%, up to 97%, up to 96%, up to 95%, up to 94%, up to 93%, up to 92%, up to 91%, or up to 90%.

Examples of fine fibers are disclosed in U.S. patent No. 8,118,901.

The surface-supported filtration layer of the present disclosure may include a random distribution of fine fibers that may be combined to form an interlocking mesh. Filtration performance is achieved primarily due to the barrier of fine fibers against the passage of particulates. The structural characteristics of stiffness, strength, pleatability are typically provided by a support layer (e.g., a support layer to which fine fibers are adhered) contained within the filter media.

In certain embodiments, the surface-load filtration layer may comprise an interlocking network of fine fibers. Such networks typically include fine fibers in the form of microfibers or nanofibers and relatively small spaces between fibers. Such spaces from fiber to fiber are typically in the range of 0.01 to 25 microns, or generally in the range of 0.1 to 10 microns.

In certain embodiments, the fine fibers increase the thickness of the entire filter media by less than 1 micron. In use, the filter may prevent ingress of particulates through the surface-loaded filtration layer, and a substantial surface loading of trapped particles may be achieved. Particles containing dust or other ingressing particulates quickly form a dust cake on the fine fiber surface and maintain a high initial and overall efficiency of particulate removal. Filter media comprising fine fibers have a very high dust capacity even for relatively fine contaminants having a particle size of 0.01 to 1 micron.

Suitable polymeric materials for making fine fibers have significantly improved resistance to the adverse effects of: heat, humidity, high flow rates, reverse pulse cleaning, operational wear, submicron particulates, cleaning filters in use, and other harsh conditions.

Examples of fine fibers and polymeric materials made into fine fibers are disclosed in U.S. patent No. 8,118,901. Such polymeric materials include both addition polymeric materials and condensation polymeric materials such as polyolefins, polyacetals, polyamides, polyesters, cellulose ethers and esters, polyalkylene sulfides, polyarylene oxides, polysulfones, modified polysulfone polymers and mixtures thereof. Preferred materials falling within these general categories include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (vinyl chloride), polymethylmethacrylate (and other acrylic resins), polystyrene and copolymers thereof (including ABA type block copolymers), poly (vinylidene fluoride), poly (vinylidene chloride), polyvinyl alcohols of various degrees of hydrolysis (87% to 99.5%) in crosslinked and non-crosslinked forms. Preferred addition polymers tend to be glassy (Tg above room temperature). Polyvinyl chloride and polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene polymer compositions or alloys thereof, or this is the case for polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl alcohol materials.

One class of polyamide condensation polymers is nylon materials. The term "nylon" is a generic name for all long chain synthetic polyamides. Typically, nylon nomenclature includes a series of numbers, such as in nylon-6, which indicate that the starting material is C₆Diamine and C₆Diacid (first digit indicating C₆Diamine and the second digit indicates C₆A dicarboxylic acid compound). Another nylon can be made by the polycondensation of epsilon caprolactam in the presence of a small amount of water. This reaction forms nylon-6 (made from a cyclic lactam, also known as epsilon-aminocaproic acid) as a linear polyamide. Further, nylon copolymers are also contemplated.

The copolymer can be made by: various diamine compounds, various diacid compounds and various cyclic lactam structuresIncorporated in the reaction mixture and then formed with randomly positioned monomer materials into nylon in a polyamide structure. For example, the nylon 6,6-6,10 material is composed of hexamethylene diamine and C₆Diacid and C₁₀Nylon made from a blend of diacids. Nylon 6-6,6-6,10 is prepared from epsilon-aminocaproic acid, hexamethylene diamine and C₆Diacid material and C₁₀Nylon made by copolymerization of a blend of diacid materials.

Block copolymers can also be used to make fine fibers. In the case of using such a copolymer, the selection of the swelling solvent is important. The solvent is chosen such that both blocks are soluble in the solvent. An example is an ABA (styrene-EP-styrene) or AB (styrene-EP) polymer in methylene chloride solvent. If one component is not soluble in the solvent, it will form a gel. Examples of such block copolymers are KRATON copolymers of styrene-b-butadiene and styrene-b-hydrogenated butadiene (ethylene-propylene), PEBAX copolymers of e-caprolactam-b-ethylene oxide, SYMPATEX polyester-b-ethylene oxide, and polyurethanes of ethylene oxide and isocyanate.

Addition polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride, syndiotactic polystyrene, copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, amorphous addition polymers such as poly (acrylonitrile) and copolymers thereof with acrylic and methacrylic esters, polystyrene, poly (vinyl chloride) and various copolymers thereof, poly (methyl methacrylate) and various copolymers thereof can be solution spun relatively easily because they are soluble at low pressures and temperatures. However, if highly crystalline polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene are to be solution spun, they require solvents at high temperatures and pressures. Therefore, solution spinning of polyethylene and polypropylene is very difficult. Electrostatic solution spinning is a process for making fine fibers.

In certain embodiments, the fine fiber comprises a single polymeric material. In certain embodiments, the fine fiber comprises a polymer blend comprising a first polymer and a second but different polymer (different in polymer type, molecular weight, or physical properties) that is conditioned or treated at elevated temperature. The polymer mixtures may react and form a single chemical species, or may be physically combined into a blend composition by an annealing process. Annealing means a physical change such as a change in crystallinity, stress relaxation, or orientation. In certain embodiments, the polymeric material chemically reacts to form a single polymeric species such that differential scanning calorimetry analysis reveals a single polymeric material. Mixtures of similar polymers, such as compatible mixtures of similar nylons, compatible mixtures of similar polyvinyl chloride polymers, blends of polyvinylidene chloride polymers may be used for the fibers of the surface-supported filtration layer.

In certain embodiments, the fine fibers comprise nylon, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyurethane, or combinations thereof (e.g., blends or copolymers).

Additive materials may also be used to form a surface coating on the fine fibers that provides oleophobicity, hydrophobicity, or other associated improved stability when exposed to high temperature, high humidity, and difficult operating conditions. Such fine fibers may have a smooth surface that includes a discrete layer of additive material, or an outer coating of additive material that is partially solubilized or alloyed in the polymer surface, or both.

Additives include fluorosurfactants, nonionic surfactants, low molecular weight resins, such as t-butyl phenol resin having a molecular weight of less than about 3000. The resins are characterized by oligomeric bonding between the phenol nuclei in the absence of methylene bridging groups. The positions of the hydroxyl and tertiary butyl groups may be randomly located around the ring. The bonding between the phenol nuclei always occurs alongside the hydroxyl groups, rather than randomly. Similarly, the polymeric material may be combined with an alcohol-soluble nonlinear polymeric resin formed from bisphenol a. This material is similar to the t-butylphenol resin described above in that it is formed using an oligomeric bond that connects the aromatic ring directly to the aromatic ring in the absence of any bridging group such as an alkylene or methylene group.

In certain embodiments, the polymer and optional additives are selected to provide temperature, moisture or humidity resistance and solvent resistance. In certain embodiments, the polymeric material and optional additives are selected so as to be intact at various operating temperatures (i.e., temperatures of 140 ° F, 160 ° F, 270 ° F, 300 ° F) for a period of 1 hour or 3 hours, depending on the end use, while retaining 30%, 50%, 80%, or 90% of the effective fines in the filtration layer or filtration efficiency. At low humidity, high humidity and in water saturated gases (e.g., air), it is important that there is no damage at these temperatures.

In certain embodiments, the polymer and optional additives are selected to provide adhesion of the material to the rest of the media structure so that the composite media can be processed into filter structures including pleats, rolled material, and other structures without significant delamination.

The fine fiber filtration layer may comprise a bi-layer or multi-layer structure, wherein the filter contains one or more surface-supported filtration layers combined with or separated by one or more synthetic, cellulosic, or blended webs. Another preferred configuration (motif) is a structure comprising a blend of fine or other fibers in a matrix.

For impulse cleaning applications, a very thin fine fiber layer may help minimize pressure loss and provide an outer surface for particle capture and release. For self-cleaning applications, thin fibrous layers with diameters of less than 1 micron or less than 0.5 micron are preferred. Good adhesion between the fine fibers and adjacent layers (e.g., depth-loading layers) is important. The filter medium is restored by repeatedly pulsing the surface self-cleaning back. When a large force is applied to the surface, fine fibers with poor adhesion to the substrate may delaminate under a reverse pulse from the interior of the filter through the substrate to the surface-supported filtration layer.

Deep loading layer

The depth-loading layer is a filtration layer that traps particles throughout the layer volume. Thus, dirt is captured throughout the thickness of the filter layer (i.e., in the "z" direction) as compared to on the surface of the surface-supported filter layer.

The depth-loaded layer is typically characterized by its porosity, density, and percent solids content. For example, a 5% solids medium means that about 5% of the total volume is made up of solids (e.g., fibrous material) and the remainder is void space filled with air or other fluid.

In certain embodiments, the depth load filter layer has a relatively low solid fraction (solid). Typically, the depth-loading filter layer has a depth of at least 1.5psi (i.e., 0.1 kg/cm)²) Less than 20%, typically less than 15% solids at pressure. In certain embodiments, the depth-loading filtration layer of the present disclosure has a depth of at 1.5psi (i.e., 0.1 kg/cm)²) A solids fraction of at least 5% under pressure.

In certain embodiments, the depth-loading filter layer has at least 8 liters per square meter per second (l/m) when evaluated separately from the rest of the construction²S) of at least 20l/m²S, at least 40l/m²S, at least 80l/m²S, at least 100l/m²S, or at least 200l/m²Frazier permeability per second (differential pressure set at 0.5 inches of water). In certain embodiments, the depth-loading filter layer has up to 1000l/m when evaluated separately from the rest of the construction²S, up to 800l/m²S, up to 600l/m²S, up to 400l/m²S, or up to 200l/m²Frazier permeability per second (differential pressure set at 0.5 inches of water).

Another common depth-loading filtration layer characteristic is fiber diameter. In general, for a given percent solids, smaller diameter fibers will make the filter media more effective in its ability to capture smaller particles. Given that smaller fibers occupy less volume than larger fibers, smaller fibers can be packed together in larger quantities without increasing the percent total solids.

Since depth-loaded filtration layers capture particles over substantially the entire volume or depth, such filtration layers can be loaded with higher weight and volume of particles during the life of the filtration media as compared to surface-loaded filtration layers. However, depth-loading filtration layers tend to have lower efficiencies than surface-loading filtration layers. To facilitate such high loading capacity, it is often the option to use a deep loading filter layer of low solidity. This may result in a large average pore size, which may allow some particulates to pass through the filter more easily. The gradient density system and/or the addition of a surface-supported filtration layer may provide improved efficiency characteristics.

In certain embodiments, the depth-loading layer of the filter media of the present disclosure is a high efficiency filtration layer. In certain embodiments, the high efficiency filtration layer exhibits a filtration efficiency of at least 55% or at least 70% at 4ft/min (2cm/s), 0.4 micron sized DEHS (diethylhexylsebacate) particles. Preferably, a filtration efficiency of at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 95%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.95%, or at least 99.995% at 4ft/min (2cm/s), Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS) particles.

In certain embodiments, the deep support layer exhibits a filtration efficiency of up to 99%, up to 99.5%, up to 99.97%, or up to 99.997% at 4ft/min (2cm/s), 0.4 micron size DEHS (diethylhexylsebacate) particles.

In certain embodiments, the depth-loading filtration layer of the present disclosure exhibits at least 1 gram per square meter (g/m) at a final pressure drop (i.e., 500Pa) of 2 inches of water rise above the initial value²Or gsm), at least 2g/m²At least 3g/m²At least 4g/m²At least 5g/m²At least 6g/m²At least 7g/m²At least 8g/m²At least 9g/m²Or at least 10g/m²Salt loading capacity. Typically, the higher the salt loading capacity the better, as salt loading capacity is an indicator of product life. In certain embodiments, the depth-loading filtration layer exhibits a pressure rise of up to 10g/m at 500 pascals above the initial value²Salt loading capacity.

In certain embodiments, the depth-loading layer has a thickness of at least 0.005 inch (125 microns), and typically at least 0.01 inch (250 microns). In certain embodiments, the depth-loading layer has a thickness of up to 0.02 inches (500 microns).

At a certain pointIn some embodiments, the depth-loading filter layer has at least 10g/m²At least 20g/m²At least 30g/m²At least 40g/m²Or at least 50g/m²Basis weight of (c). In certain embodiments, the depth load filtration layer is up to 150g/m²Up to 140g/m²Up to 130g/m²Up to 120g/m²Up to 110g/m²Up to 100g/m²Basis weight of (c).

In certain embodiments, the depth-loaded layer exhibits a water pressure rise of 2 inches and at least 0.5g/ft at 10ft/min (5.8cm/s) using 0.3 micron NaCl particles²(5.4g/m²) Dust loading capacity of (a). In certain embodiments, the deep loading layer exhibits an increase in water pressure of 2 inches and up to 5g/ft at 10ft/min (5.8cm/s) using 0.3 micron NaCl particles²(53.8g/m²) Dust loading capacity of (a).

In certain embodiments, the depth-loading layer comprises a glass-containing filtration layer, a meltblown filtration layer, or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the depth-loading layer comprises a glass-containing filtration layer. In certain embodiments of the glass-containing filtration layer, such layer comprises glass fibers having an average diameter of up to 2 microns, up to 1 micron, or up to 0.5 micron. In certain embodiments, the glass fibers have an average diameter of at least 0.01 microns, at least 0.05 microns, at least 0.1 microns, at least 0.2 microns, at least 0.3 microns, or at least 0.4 microns.

The glass-containing filter layer may also include other fibers in addition to the glass-containing fibers. For example, it may comprise multicomponent fibers, typically bicomponent fibers, which act as binder fibers. A preferred example is a bicomponent binder fiber which is a core-sheath fiber having a low melting polyester sheath and a high melting polyester core. Bicomponent fibers typically have a fiber diameter of at least 10 microns.

The glass-containing filter layer may also include polyester fibers that are different from the multicomponent fibers. Preferred glass-containing filtration layers of the present disclosure include only glass fibers and bicomponent binder fibers. In certain embodiments, the polyester fibers, as opposed to the multicomponent binder fibers, have an average diameter of 10 microns to 14 microns.

Fibers comprising glass filtration layers can be made by a variety of methods. In certain embodiments, the glass-containing filtration layer is formed using a wet-laid process.

Although the binder fibers in the glass-containing filter layer serve to avoid the use of any binder resin, such resin may be added to further increase its strength. Examples of suitable binding resins include solvent-or water-based latex resins, water-based styrene acrylic resins, solvent-based phenolic resins, and solvent-based non-phenolic resins, such as those available under the trade name HYCAR 26138 from Lubrizol, Cleveland, OH, Cleveland, ohio. Typically, if used, the bonding resin may be present in the glass-containing filtration layer in an amount of up to 10 wt-%, up to 5 wt-%, or up to 1 wt-%, based on the total weight of the glass-containing filtration layer. Preferably, no binding resin is used in the glass-containing filter layer (or any of the layers of the filter media).

Examples of suitable glass-containing filtration layers include those described in U.S. patent nos. 7,309,372, 7,314,497, 7,985,344, 8,057,567, and 8,268,033, and U.S. publication nos. 2006/0242933 and 2008/0245037.

In certain embodiments, the depth-loading layer comprises a meltblown filtration layer. Typically, meltblown is a nonwoven web forming process that extrudes and stretches a molten polymeric resin with a heated high velocity gas (e.g., air) to form filaments. The filaments were allowed to cool and then collected as a web onto a moving screen. The process is similar to the spunbond process, but the meltblown fibers are typically much finer.

Typically, meltblown fibers have an average diameter of no greater than 20 microns. In certain embodiments, the meltblown filtration layer comprises meltblown fibers having an average diameter of up to 10 microns, up to 5 microns, up to 4 microns, or up to 3 microns. In certain embodiments, the meltblown filtration layer comprises meltblown fibers having an average diameter of at least 0.5 microns, at least 1 micron, at least 1.5 microns, or at least 2 microns. In certain embodiments, the meltblown fibers have an average diameter of 2 microns to 3 microns.

In certain embodiments, if desired, scaffold fibers as described in international publication No. WO2013/025445 may be included in the meltblown filtration layer to improve performance. However, media with a high level of compressibility use little or no scaffold fibers in the meltblown filter layer as described in international publication No. WO 2013/025445. The scaffold fibers provide support to the media fibers and add improved handling, greater tensile strength, and result in a less compressible media.

In certain embodiments, the meltblown filtration layer comprises a continuous gradient structure having: larger fibers and open-sided structures at the first major surface, and smaller fibers and open-sided structures at the second major surface. In certain embodiments of such constructions, the second major surface of the meltblown filtration layer is adjacent to the support layer, and the first major surface is positioned as the most upstream surface (i.e., the first layer encountered by the gas (e.g., air) stream during use).

In certain embodiments, the meltblown filtration layer comprises a composite of multiple layers of meltblown fibers, the composite having: larger fibers and open-larger structures at a first major surface of the meltblown composite, and smaller fibers and open-smaller structures at a second major surface of the meltblown composite. In certain embodiments of such constructions, the second major surface of the meltblown filtration layer is adjacent the support layer and the first major surface is positioned adjacent the surface-loading filtration layer.

In certain embodiments, meltblown fibers may be prepared from a variety of polymers suitable for meltblowing. Examples include polyolefins (particularly polypropylene), ethylene-chloro-trifluoro-ethylene, other hydrophobic polymers, or non-hydrophobic polymers with hydrophobic coatings or additives (e.g., polybutylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polylactic acid, polycarbonate, nylon, polyphenylene sulfide), or combinations thereof (e.g., blends or copolymers). Preferred polymers are polyolefins such as polypropylene, polyethylene and polybutylene.

In certain embodiments, the meltblown filtration layer comprises fibers made from polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof. Particularly preferred meltblown fibers are made from polypropylene to enhance the water-resistant properties of the preferred filter media of the present disclosure.

In certain embodiments, the meltblown filter layer is hydrophobic. This means that the layer exhibits a contact angle with water of greater than 90 degrees. The fibrous material from which the layers are made may be hydrophobic (e.g. polyolefin) or include hydrophobic additives, or be coated with a hydrophobic material. Similarly, in certain embodiments, to enhance the water-resistant properties, the glass-containing filter layer is coated with a hydrophobic coating. Alternatively, the deep load filter layer may be treated with a plasma treatment technique.

Suitable hydrophobic materials have little or no affinity for water, or repel water completely, and thereby prevent or limit the passage of water through the filter media. Typically, the hydrophobic material exhibits a contact angle greater than 90 degrees when tested with water. Examples of hydrophobic materials include fluorochemicals, particularly fluoropolymers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,196,708.

Examples of useful fluoropolymers include those having fluoroalkyl, or preferably perfluoroalkyl, moieties. These fluoropolymers include, for example, fluoroalkyl esters, fluoroalkyl ethers, fluoroalkyl amides, and fluoroalkyl urethanes. The fluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl moieties typically extend from the backbone of the polymer.

The fluoropolymer may comprise a plurality of monomeric units. Exemplary monomeric units include, for example: fluoroalkyl acrylates, fluoroalkyl methacrylates, fluoroalkyl aryl urethanes, fluoroalkyl allyl urethanes, fluoroalkyl maleates, fluoroalkyl urethane acrylates, fluoroalkyl amides, sulfonamide fluoroalkyl acrylates, and the like. The fluoropolymer may optionally have additional non-fluorine monomer units including, for example, unsaturated hydrocarbons (e.g., olefins), acrylates, and methacrylates. Other examples of suitable fluoropolymers are provided in U.S. patent No. 3,341,497.

Commercially available fluoropolymers include: those available under the trade name oleophocol CPX from Huntsman, Charlotte, NC, north carolina, usa, as well as 3M Protective Material PM-490 (non-ionic fluorochemical resin), 3M Protective Material PM-3633 (fluoropolymer emulsion), 3M L-21484 (fluorinated amino salt derivative that can be diluted in water or polar organic solvent), all of which are available from 3M company, saint paul, MN, usa.

Other exemplary commercially available fluoropolymers are provided in the form of aqueous emulsions. The fluoropolymer may be extracted from the aqueous emulsion by removing the aqueous carrier. The fluoropolymer may then be solvated in an organic solvent. To facilitate solvation of the fluoropolymer, a compound such as acetone may optionally be added to the aqueous emulsion to disrupt the emulsion. Furthermore, the fluoropolymer particles may optionally be ground after removal of water to make solvation easier and faster.

Methods for applying such materials are conventional and well known to those skilled in the art. Typical coating weights are at least 0.5 wt-%, and usually no greater than 3 wt-%.

Supporting layer

The filter media of the present disclosure includes a support layer. The support layer may be any of a variety of porous materials including fibrous materials, metal mesh, and the like. Typically, the fibrous material used for the support layer is made of natural and/or synthetic fibers. It may be woven or non-woven. It may be spunbond, wet laid, etc.

In certain embodiments, the support layer comprises fibers having an average diameter of at least 5 microns, or at least 10 microns. In certain embodiments, the support layer may comprise fibers having an average diameter of up to 250 microns.

In certain embodiments, the support layer has at least 50 grams per square meter (g/m)²Or gsm), or a basis weight of at least 100 gsm. In certain embodiments, the support layer has up to 260 grams per squareRice (g/m)²Or gsm) of at most 200g/m²Or at most 150g/m²Basis weight of (c).

In certain embodiments, the support layer has a thickness of at least 0.005 inch (125 micrometers), typically at least 0.01 inch (250 micrometers). In certain embodiments, the support layer has a thickness of up to 0.03 inch (750 micrometers).

In certain embodiments, the support layer has at least 10 cubic feet per minute (ft) at 125Pa when evaluated separately from the rest of the construction³Min) (80.2 l/m at 200Pa²Air permeability per second). In certain embodiments, the air permeability at 125Pa is up to 1000 cubic feet per minute (ft) when evaluated separately from the rest of the construction³Min) (8020 l/m at 200Pa²/s)。

In certain embodiments, the support layer has a Gurley stiffness of at least 1000 milligrams, and typically at least 5000 milligrams. In certain embodiments, the support layer may have a Gurley stiffness of up to 10,000 milligrams. A method for measuring Gurley stiffness is described in TAPPI No. t 543.

Examples of suitable materials for the support layer (i.e., substrate) include spunbond, wet-laid, carded or meltblown nonwovens. Suitable fibers may be cellulosic fibers, glass fibers, metal fibers, or synthetic polymer fibers, or combinations thereof. The fibers may be in the form of woven or nonwoven fabrics. Plastic or metal mesh-like materials, both extruded and perforated, are other examples of filter substrates. Examples of synthetic nonwovens include polyester nonwovens, nylon nonwovens, polyolefin (e.g., polypropylene) nonwovens, polycarbonate nonwovens, or blended nonwovens or multicomponent nonwovens thereof. Sheet-like substrates (e.g., cellulosic, synthetic and/or glass webs or combination webs) are typical examples of filter substrates. Other preferred examples of suitable substrates include polyester fibers or bicomponent polyester fibers in spunbond fabrics (as described herein for glass-containing filter layers) or polytrimethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate, or polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate bicomponent fibers.

In certain embodiments, the support layer comprises wet laid fibers. In certain embodiments, the support layer comprises wet laid cellulose fibers, polyester fibers, or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the support layer is hydrophobic. The fibrous material from which the support layer is made may be hydrophobic (e.g., a polyolefin) or include a hydrophobic additive, or it may be coated with a hydrophobic material, such as those described herein for hydrophobic coatings on glass-containing filter layers, or it may be treated with plasma treatment techniques. Alternatively, if wet laid, the hydrophobic resin may be applied during the wet laid process.

Optional scrim layer

In certain embodiments, a scrim layer may be used to enhance the stiffness of the filter media of the present disclosure. Typically, a scrim layer is disposed between the surface-supported filtration layer and the depth-supported filtration layer. Materials that can be used for the scrim layer typically have a high permeability (i.e., "perm") (e.g., greater than 1600 l/m)²/s) and is thin (e.g., less than 0.005 inches), thus having minimal impact on the performance of the flat sheet or filter element. Examples of such scrim materials include those available from Midwest Filtration, cincinnati, OH, usa under the trade names FINON C303NW and FINON C3019 NW. Others are described, for example, in U.S. patent publication 2009/0120868.

Filter element and use

The filter media of the present disclosure can then be fabricated into a filter element (i.e., a filter element), including, for example, a flat filter, a cartridge filter, or other filter component (e.g., cylindrical or conical). Examples of such filter elements are described in U.S. patent nos. 6,746,517, 6,673,136, 6,800,117, 6,875,256, 6,716,274, and 7,316,723, and U.S. patent application No. 2014/0260142.

The filter media may be corrugated. Exemplary corrugations have a depth of 0.020 inches to 0.035 inches (0.5mm to 0.9 mm). The corrugated filter media may then typically be pleated to form a pleat pack, as is known in the art, and then placed and sealed into a housing.

The filter elements of the present disclosure can be used for industrial filtration (e.g., in dust collectors, and commercial and residential HVAC systems).

Fig. 4-14 depict various embodiments of filter elements of the present disclosure that may be used in a gas turbine air intake system or an industrial air cleaner.

In fig. 4, a pleated panel element 200 is shown in a perspective view. The panel member 200 includes a media pack 202 of pleated media 204. The pleated media 204 may comprise filter media as described herein. In the illustrated embodiment, the media pack 202 is held within a frame 206, with the illustrated example being a rectangular frame 206. Frame 206 will typically include a gasket (not shown) for allowing element 200 to seal against a tube sheet in the air intake system. In fig. 4, the upstream side of the pleated media 204 with the surface-supported filtration layer is shown at 205 on the same side as the incoming gas (e.g., air) as indicated by arrow 207. Clean gas (e.g., air) is shown at arrow 208 and is generated from the media 204 from the downstream side of the media.

Fig. 5 depicts a perspective view of the bag filter element 210. The bag element 210 includes a filter media layer 212, which may comprise filter media of the present disclosure. In the illustrated embodiment, the pocket element 210 comprises a plurality of panel pairs 213, 214, wherein each

panel pair

213, 214 forms a V-shape. The filter media 212 is secured to a frame 216. The frame 216 will typically carry a gasket for allowing the bag-like elements 210 to seal against the tubesheet. In such an arrangement, the media 212 has an upstream meltblown side 217 located inside the V-shape and a downstream side 218 located outside the V-shape.

Fig. 6-8 depict views of a micro-pleat or multi-V element 220. The element 220 includes a frame 222 (fig. 8) for holding a filter media pack 224. The media pack 224 contains a plurality of micro-pleats. The micro-pleats are arranged in a panel 226 and the element 220 includes a plurality of micro-pleat panel pairs 227, 228 (FIG. 6) of the inventive media, each forming a V-shape. In fig. 6, the pair of panels 227, 228 are shown in hidden lines because the top portion of the frame 222 blocks the view of the pair of panels 227, 228. The frame 222 defines a plurality of dirty gas (e.g., air) inlets 229 (fig. 7) leading to the inner portion of each V-shape of each pleating panel pair 227, 228. Each pleating panel pair 227, 228 comprises an upstream side 230 located on the inside of the V-shape and a downstream side 231 located on the outside of the V-shape.

Fig. 9-14 illustrate various embodiments of tubular pleated filter elements. Fig. 9 shows a cylindrical pleating element 240 having a media pack 242, which may comprise filter media of the present disclosure, with an upstream side 244 and a downstream side 246. The downstream side 246 is located inside the interior volume of the element 240.

Fig. 10 depicts two of the plurality of cylindrical elements 240, the elements being axially aligned such that they are stacked end-to-end.

In fig. 11, the cylindrical element 240 is axially aligned with the partially conical element 250. The partially tapered element 250 is a tubular element having a media pack 252 that may include filter media of the present disclosure. The element has an upstream side 254 and a downstream side 256. The conical member 250 has a first end 258 with a diameter that matches the diameter of the cylindrical member 240. The tapered member 250 includes a second end 260 having a diameter greater than the diameter of the first end 258, thereby forming a partial taper.

Fig. 12 depicts two

partial cone elements

270, 280 which are axially arranged and joined end to end. Each of the elements 270 includes a

media pack

272, 282 forming a tube, which may include filter media of the present disclosure. The media packs 272, 282 each have an

upstream side

274, 284 and a

downstream side

276, 286.

Fig. 13 shows a single conical element 270. The elements 270 may be installed individually in the air intake system for a gas turbine, rather than in pairs as shown in fig. 11 and 12.

Fig. 14 is another embodiment of a filter element 290 having a media pack 292 that may include filter media of the present disclosure. The media pack 292 is pleated and formed into a tubular shape. In this embodiment, the tubular shape is an elliptical shape, and in one exemplary embodiment, the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the ellipse is about 0.7 to 0.9. The media 292 includes an upstream side 294 and a downstream side 296.

FIG. 15 is another embodiment of a filter element in the form of an oval-shaped structure that may include a filter media of the present disclosure. The filter element includes filter media 310 having end caps 320 located on each of a first end 312 and a second end 314 of the filter media 310. End cap 320 on first end 312 of filter media 310 may have an opening that allows access to the interior volume of the filter cartridge. The end caps 320 on opposite ends of the filter media 310 may be closed such that the end caps prevent access to the interior volume of the filter cartridge and such that gas (e.g., air) entering the interior volume of the filter cartridge through the end caps 320 on the first end 312 of the filter media 310 must exit through the filter media in the filter element.

Referring to fig. 15, in one or more alternative embodiments, both end caps 320 may be open to allow access to the interior volume of the filter element. In one or more embodiments, a gasket 322 can be provided on end cap 320 to seal the filter cartridge over an opening in, for example, a tubesheet, venturi, or other structure through which gas is delivered to the interior volume of the filter element. A tube axis 311 passes through the tubular filter cartridge extending between a first end 312 and a second end 314. The filter media 310 in the filter cartridges described herein defines an exterior surface 316 and an interior surface 318 positioned about a tube axis 311. The interior surface 318 faces the interior volume of the filter cartridge 310 and the exterior surface 316 faces away from the interior volume.

In the filter element of fig. 15, end cap 320 may include an alignment mechanism in the form of, for example, an optional tab 324 in which a notch 326 is located. The recess 326 may be sized to receive the upper and

lower members

352, 354 of the yoke 350 upon which a filter cartridge may be installed in a filter system. In one or more embodiments, each of the notches 326 can be described as having an opening facing the interior volume of the filter cartridge, with the notches 326 extending toward the inner perimeter 328 of the end cap 320. Although in the depicted embodiment, each notch 326 is formed in a single tab 324, in one or more alternative embodiments, the notch 326 may be formed between two members protruding from an inner perimeter 328 of the end cap 320, wherein the two members forming the notch 326 are not the same structural member. The use of two tabs 324 in combination with a yoke 350 having two

members

352 and 354 may be beneficial to prevent, or at least limit, rotation of the filter cartridge about its tube axis 311 when installed on the yoke 350 in a filtration system. Such filter elements are described in further detail in U.S. patent publication No. 2014/0260142.

It should be understood that each of the filter elements characterized above and depicted in fig. 4-15 may be flat media or corrugated media and/or operatively mounted in an air intake system for a gas turbine or other ventilation system.

In operation, gas (e.g., air) to be filtered will be directed through the upstream side, surface-loaded fine fiber filtration layer, and then through the downstream side of the filter media typically installed in a respective filter element in the tubesheet. The filter media will remove at least some particulates from a gas (e.g., air) stream. After passing through the downstream side of the media, the filtered gas (e.g., air) is then directed to a gas turbine.

Exemplary embodiments

Example 1 is a gas filtration medium comprising: a surface-supported filtration layer comprising fine fibers having an average diameter of less than 1 micron; a depth-loading filter layer; and a support layer; wherein the layers are configured and arranged for placement in a gas stream, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer is the most upstream layer.

Example 2 is the filter media of example 1, which is pulse cleanable.

Embodiment 3 is the filter media of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer is positioned between the surface-loading layer and the support layer.

Embodiment 4 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the fine fibers have an average diameter up to 0.5 micron.

Embodiment 5 is the filter media of embodiment 4, wherein the fine fibers have an average diameter up to 0.3 micron.

Embodiment 6 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the fine fibers have an average diameter of at least 0.01 micron.

Embodiment 7 is the filter media of embodiment 6, wherein the fine fibers have an average diameter of at least 0.1 micron.

Embodiment 8 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the fine fibers comprise nylon, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyurethane, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 9 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer has a LEFS filtration efficiency of at least 30%.

Embodiment 10 is the filter media of embodiment 9, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer has a LEFS filtration efficiency of at least 70%.

Embodiment 11 is the filter media of embodiment 10, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer has a LEFS filtration efficiency of at least 80%.

Embodiment 12 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer has a LEFS filtration efficiency of up to 99%.

Embodiment 13 is the filter media of embodiment 12, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer has a LEFS filtration efficiency of up to 95%.

Embodiment 14 is the filter media of embodiment 13, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer has a LEFS filtration efficiency of up to 90%.

Embodiment 15 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer comprises a high efficiency glass-containing filtration layer, a high efficiency meltblown filtration layer, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 16 is the filter media of embodiment 15, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer comprises a high-efficiency glass-containing filtration layer comprising glass fibers and multi-component binder fibers.

Embodiment 17 is the filter media of embodiment 16, wherein the high efficiency glass-comprising layer comprises up to 10 wt-% binder resin based on the total weight of the glass-comprising layer.

Embodiment 18 is the filter media of embodiment 16 or 17, wherein the multi-component binder fibers of the high efficiency glass-containing filter layer comprise bicomponent fibers having a low melting polyester sheath and a higher melting polyester core.

Embodiment 19 is the filter media of any of embodiments 16 to 18, wherein the high efficiency glass-containing filtration layer further comprises polyester fibers different from the multi-component binder fibers.

Embodiment 20 is the filter media of embodiment 19, wherein the polyester fibers, other than the multicomponent binder fibers, have an average diameter of 10 to 14 microns.

Embodiment 21 is the filter media of any of embodiments 16 to 20, wherein the high efficiency glass-containing filtration layer comprises glass fibers having an average diameter of 0.4 microns to 0.5 microns.

Embodiment 22 is the filter media of embodiment 15, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer comprises a high efficiency meltblown filtration layer.

Embodiment 23 is the filter media of embodiment 22, wherein the high efficiency meltblown filtration layer comprises meltblown fibers comprising polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 24 is the filter media of embodiment 22 or 23, wherein the high efficiency meltblown filtration layer comprises meltblown fibers having an average diameter of 0.5 microns to 10 microns.

Embodiment 25 is the filter media of embodiment 24, wherein the high efficiency meltblown filtration layer comprises meltblown fibers having an average diameter of 0.5 to 4 microns.

Embodiment 26 is the filter media of embodiment 25, wherein the high efficiency meltblown filtration layer comprises meltblown fibers having an average diameter of 1 to 3 microns.

Embodiment 27 is the filter media of embodiment 25, wherein the high efficiency meltblown filtration layer comprises meltblown fibers having an average diameter of 2 to 3 microns.

Embodiment 28 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the depth load filtration layer exhibits a DEHS filtration efficiency of at least 55%.

Embodiment 29 is the filter media of embodiment 28, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer exhibits a DEHS filtration efficiency of at least 70%.

Embodiment 30 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 29, wherein the depth load filtration layer exhibits a DEHS filtration efficiency of up to 99.997%.

Embodiment 31 is the filter media of embodiment 30, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer exhibits a DEHS filtration efficiency of up to 99.97%.

Embodiment 32 is the filter media of embodiment 31, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer exhibits a DEHS filtration efficiency of up to 99.5%.

Embodiment 33 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 32, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer has up to 150g/m²Basis weight of (c).

Embodiment 34 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer has at least 10g/m²Basis weight of (c).

Embodiment 35 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer exhibits a pressure rise of at least 1g/m at a pressure rise above an initial value of 500 pascals²Salt loading capacity.

Embodiment 36 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 35, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer exhibits a pressure rise of up to 10g/m at a pressure rise of 500 pascals above an initial value²Salt loading capacity.

Embodiment 37 is the filter media of any one of embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the support layer has a Gurley stiffness of 1000 milligrams or more.

Embodiment 38 is the filter media of embodiment 27, wherein the support layer has at least 10ft at 125Pa³Min (80.2 l/m at 200 Pa)²Air permeability per second).

Embodiment 39 is the filter media of any one of embodiments 1 to 38, wherein the support layer comprises wet laid fibers.

Embodiment 40 is the filter media of embodiment 39, wherein the wet laid fibers comprise cellulose, polyester, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 41 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the support layer has up to 260g/m²Basis weight of (c).

Embodiment 42 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 41, wherein the support layer has at least 50g/m²Basis weight of (c).

Embodiment 43 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 42, further comprising a scrim layer disposed between the surface support filtration layer and the depth support filtration layer.

Embodiment 44 is the filter media of any one of embodiments 1 to 43, having a thickness of at least 10 mils (0.25 mm).

Embodiment 45 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 44, having a thickness of up to 60 mils (1.5 mm).

Example 46 is the filter media of example 45 having a thickness of up to 30 mils (0.76 mm).

Embodiment 47 is the filter media of any of embodiments 1 to 46, wherein the layers are adhered together with an adhesive, a binding fiber, thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding, self-adhesion, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 48 is the filter media of any one of embodiments 1 to 47 that exhibits an efficiency of at least F9 according to EN779: 2012.

Example 49 is the filter media of example 48, which exhibits an efficiency of at least 80% or greater than 80% at the most penetrable particle size according to the DEHS efficiency test.

Embodiment 50 is the filter media of any one of embodiments 1 to 49, which is an air filter media.

Embodiment 51 is a gas filter element comprising a housing and the gas filtration media of any one of embodiments 1 to 50.

Example 52 is the gas filter element of example 51, which exhibits an efficiency of at least F9 according to EN779: 2012.

Embodiment 53 is the gas filter element of embodiment 52, which exhibits an efficiency of at least E10 according to EN1822: 2009.

Embodiment 54 is the gas filtration element of embodiment 53 that exhibits an efficiency of at least E11 according to EN1822: 2009.

Embodiment 55 is the gas filtration element of embodiment 54 that exhibits an efficiency of at least E12 according to EN1822: 2009.

Embodiment 56 is the gas filter element of any one of embodiments 51 to 55, which is flat plate, cylindrical, or conical.

Embodiment 57 is the gas filter element of any one of embodiments 51 to 56, wherein the gas filter element is pleated.

Embodiment 58 is a method for filtering a gas (e.g., air) comprising directing the gas through the filter element of any of embodiments 51-57.

Embodiment 59 is a method for filtering a gas comprising directing a gas through the filter media of any of embodiments 1-55.

Examples of the invention

Objects and advantages of this disclosure are further illustrated by the following examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this disclosure.

Test method

Salt load test

Using a TSI 8130 workbench with a concentration of 20mg/m³NaCl salt particles (0.33. mu. of)m mass median diameter) load 100cm²A sample of filter media. The flow rate in the table is selected to represent real world conditions. Other settings of the table are adjusted to meet the manufacturer's standards. The media load is from 4 inches to 10 inches H before the end of the test, as required by the requester₂Any of the pressure drops (dP) of O (1000Pa to 2500 Pa). The table measures salt loading, salt throughput, and dP across the media every minute. These data are recorded by the workstation. Before and after the test is completed, the samples are weighed, the difference in weight is the amount of salt loaded, and this value is used to calibrate the photometer.

It has been found that a 2 inch H increase in load to pressure drop at a media velocity of 10 feet per minute (fpm) (5.33cm/s) has been achieved₂O is more than 0.5g/ft²(5.38g/m²) The volume of media of (1) is a depth loading media.

Modified ISO11057 test method for filtration characterization of cleanable filter materials

To determine the pulse cleaning capability of the filter media, a modified version of the ISO11057 test method for filtration characterization of cleanable filter media was used. The ISO standard has 5 stages. Phase 2 of the test was used with the following modifications:

main leg (leg) flow rate: 2.54m³/h；

Minor leg flow rate: 5.07m³/h；

Maximum limit 1800 Pa;

dust feed rate: 2.0g/m³；

Pulse intensity: 0.1 MPa; and

200 seconds per cycle for a total of 300 cycles per test.

All other test conditions remained unchanged.

For each cycle, the pressure drop across the media (dP) immediately after the pulse is recorded. The performance of the pulse cleanable media was compared using the final dP after 300 cycles and the dP extrapolated to 3000 cycles. Extrapolation was accomplished by the following method: using logarithmic or power equations (taking higher R)²Those) and the instituteThe data (to 300 pulses) were curve fitted and then the equation was used to determine dP at 3000 pulses.

DEHS efficiency test

Test 100cm Using TSI 3160 bench²The efficiency of the media sample at flow representing real world conditions, in this case 4 feet per minute (fpm) of flow was used. The nebulizer produced a distribution of DEHS droplets, and a Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) was used to classify the distribution of DEHS droplets as a cloud of monodisperse particles. For this test, the oil droplet sizes were 0.09 μm, 0.1 μm, 0.2 μm, 0.3 μm and 0.4 μm. The agglomerated particle counter (CPC) then measures challenge concentrations (challenge concentrations) upstream and downstream of the filtered sample in order to determine the media efficiency at that particle size. All other settings are in accordance with the technical parameters of the manufacturer.

After determining the efficiency for all particle sizes, the system fits the curves to the points to determine which particle size is associated with the highest penetration (lowest efficiency), referred to as the Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS), and may be the penetration calculated based on the fitted curve for that particular media sample.

LEFS test

A 4 inch diameter sample was cut from the media. The particle capture efficiency of the test specimens was calculated using 0.8 μm latex spheres as test challenge contaminants (challenge contaminants) in a LEFS (for a description of LEFS testing, see ASTM standard F1215-89) bench operating at 20 fpm.

Examples of the invention

Example 1

A laminated filter media was prepared using the following technique. A 50gsm wet-laid filter material comprising a mixture of glass fibers and bicomponent PET fibers was prepared, which was similar to the filter material of example 6 in us patent No. 7,314,497 (modified in that it was composed of 40% B08 microglass fibers from Lauscha Fiber International, Lauscha, Germany) and 60% TJ04BN bicomponent PET fibers from diji corporation, dawa, Japan (Teijin, (Osaka, Japan)), 116gsm wet-laid media composed of 90% cellulose and 10% polyester blend support material was purchased from H & V corporation, East Walpole, MA, massachusetts, usa.

TABLE 1

The two rolls were laminated such that the glass bicomponent layer was located upstream and the cellulose polyester blend was located at the bottom. A granular adhesive (Griltex 9E) from EMS-Griltech, Switzerland was applied at 4.07g/m²Is applied between the two layers and then they are heat laminated at 265F.

After lamination, a fine fiber layer was applied to the 50gsm glass bicomponent layer. This fine fiber layer is composed of fibers having a size between 0.2 microns and 0.3 microns, and the fibers are composed of nylon having a LEFS efficiency of 82.4%.

The media laminated and coated with nanofibers were tested for flat sheet properties and the elements were tested for pressure drop and efficiency using the EN1822 procedure. The results are shown in table 2.

TABLE 2

The flat sheet media was pleated at a pleat depth of 2 inches (5.1cm) and built into a 26 inch (66cm) conical and cylindrical filter pair. The conical element has 280 pleats/element, while the cylindrical element has 230 pleats. These elements are constructed so that the nanofiber layer faces upstream.

Example 2

TABLE 3

The two rolls were laminated such that the glass bicomponent layer was located upstream and the cellulose polyester blend was located at the bottom. Thermally laminating the two layers at 265 ℃ F. at 4.07g/m²The amount of (c) between each layer a granular adhesive Griltex 9E from EMS-Griltech, switzerland was used. After lamination, a fine fiber layer was applied to the 116gsm wet laid cellulose polyester blend layer. This fine fiber layer is comprised of nylon fibers having a size between 0.2 microns and 0.3 microns, wherein the nylon fibers have a LEFS efficiency of 78%. The media laminated and coated with nanofibers were tested for flat sheet properties. The results are shown in table 4.

TABLE 4

The flat sheet media was pleated at a pleat depth of 2 inches (5.1cm) and built into a 26 inch (66cm) conical and cylindrical filter pair. The conical element has 250 pleats/element, while the cylindrical element has 210 pleats. These elements are constructed so that the nanofiber layer faces upstream.

Example 3

A laminated filter media was prepared using the following technique. A 50gsm wet-laid filter material comprising a mixture of glass fibers and bicomponent fibers was prepared, which was similar to the filter material of example 6 in us patent No. 7,314,497 (modified in that it was composed of 50% B08 microglass fibers from Lauscha Fiber International, Lauscha, Germany and 50% bicomponent PET fibers (TJ04BN) from imperial corporation, Japan, vasta, (Teijin, (Osaka, Japan), 100gsm spunbond support material Finon C310NW was purchased from the midwest filter material company, cincinnati, oh, usa.

TABLE 5

The two rolls were laminated such that the wet laid layer was located upstream and the spunbond layer was located downstream. Heat laminating the two layers at 275 ° F to 4.07g/m²The amount of (c) between each layer a granular adhesive Griltex 9E (EMS-Griltech, switzerland) was used.

The material was then corrugated to an average depth (measured in the z-direction from the peak to valley of the wire side of the media) of 0.027 inches (0.69mm), with 4.5 corrugations per inch (1.77 corrugations/cm). After creping, the fine fiber layer was applied to the 50gsm wet laid layer. This fine fiber layer is comprised of nylon fibers having a size between 0.2 microns and 0.3 microns, wherein the nylon fibers have a LEFS efficiency of 66%.

The laminated, corrugated and coated media were tested for flat sheet properties. The results are shown in table 6.

TABLE 6

The flat sheet media was pleated at a pleat depth of 2 inches (5.1cm) and built into a 26 inch (66cm) conical and cylindrical filter pair. The conical element has 210 pleats/element, while the cylindrical element has 176 pleats. These elements are constructed so that the nanofiber layer faces upstream.

Example 4

A laminated filter media was prepared using the following technique. A18.6 gsm spunbond scrim layer FINON C3019 was purchased from the midwest filter materials, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. A 50gsm wet-laid filter material comprising a mixture of glass fibers and bicomponent fibers was prepared, which was similar to the filter material of example 6 in us patent No. 7,314,497 (modified in that it was composed of 50% B08 microglass fibers from Lauscha Fiber International, Lauscha, Germany and 50% bicomponent PET fibers (TJ04BN) from imperial corporation, Japan, vasta, (Teijin, (Osaka, Japan), 100gsm spunbond support material Finon C310NW was purchased from the midwest filter material company, cincinnati, oh, usa.

TABLE 7

The three rolls were stacked such that the scrim layer was upstream, the wet-laid layer was in the middle, and the spunbond layer was downstream. Hot laminating the layers at 275 ° F to 4.07g/m²Amounts of (d) particulate adhesive GRILTEX 9E (EMS-Griltech, switzerland) was used between each layer.

The material was then corrugated to an average depth of 0.0248 inches (0.63mm) (measured as the distance from the peak to the valley of the wire side of the media in the z-direction), with 4.5 corrugations per inch (1.77 corrugations/cm).

After creping, a fine fiber layer was applied to the 18.6gsm spunbond scrim layer. This fine fiber layer is comprised of nylon fibers having a size between 0.2 microns and 0.3 microns, wherein the nylon fibers have a LEFS efficiency of 66%. The laminated, corrugated and fine fiber coated media were tested for flat sheet properties. The results are shown in table 8.

TABLE 8

Example 5

A laminated filter media was prepared using the following technique. A 50gsm wet laid filter material comprising a mixture of glass fibers and bicomponent fibers was prepared similar to the filter material of example 6 in us patent No. 7,314,497 (modified in that it was composed of 50% B04 micro glass fibers from Lauscha Fiber International, Lauscha, Germany, Lauscha Fiber International, and 50% bicomponent PET fibers (TJ04BN) from diji (Teijin, (Osaka, Japan)) 116gsm creped cellulose support material was purchased from H & V company (H & V, East Walpole, MA) of eastwarol, massachusetts, usa.

TABLE 9

The two rolls were laminated such that the wet-laid layer was located upstream and the cellulose wet-laid layer was located downstream. Hot laminating the layers at 275 ° F to 4.07g/m²The amount of (c) between each layer a granular adhesive Griltex 9E (EMS-Griltech, switzerland) was used.

After lamination, a fine fiber layer was applied to the 50gsm wet laid layer. This fine fiber layer is comprised of nylon fibers having a size between 0.2 microns and 0.3 microns, wherein the nylon fibers have a LEFS efficiency of 74%.

The laminated and fine fiber coated media were tested for flat sheet properties. The results are shown in table 10.

Watch 10

The flat sheet media was pleated at a pleat depth of 2 inches (5.1cm) and built into a 26 inch (66cm) cylindrical filter pair. The element had 250 pleats/element. These elements are constructed so that the nanofiber layer faces upstream.

Example 6

A laminated filter media was prepared using the following technique. A 50gsm wet-laid filter material comprising a mixture of glass fibers and bicomponent PET fibers was prepared, which was similar to the filter material of example 6 in us patent No. 7,314,497 (modified in that it was composed of 40% B08 microglass fibers from Lauscha Fiber International, Lauscha, Germany) and 60% TJ04BN bicomponent PET fibers from diji corporation, santajin, (Osaka, Japan.) 114gsm wet-laid media composed of glass, polyester and a resin support material was purchased from H & V company, walbo, massachusetts, usa.

TABLE 11

EN933 material was corrugated to an average depth (measured in the z-direction from the peak to valley on the wire side of the media) of 0.0283 inches (0.72mm), with 4.5 corrugations per inch (1.77 corrugations/cm).

The two rolls were then laminated such that the glass two component layer was located upstream and the glass polyester blend was located at the bottom. Thermally laminating the two layers at 265 ℃ F. at 4.07g/m²The amount of (c) between each layer a granular adhesive Griltex 9E from EMS-Griltech, switzerland was used.

After lamination, a fine fiber layer was applied to the 50gsm wet laid layer. This fine fiber layer is comprised of nylon fibers having a size between 0.2 microns and 0.3 microns, wherein the nylon fibers have a LEFS efficiency of 62.4%. The laminated and nanofiber coated media were tested for flat sheet properties and the results are shown in table 12.

TABLE 12

The flat sheet media was pleated at a pleat depth of 2 inches (5.1cm) and built into a 26 inch (66cm) conical and cylindrical filter pair. The conical element has 266 folds/element, while the cylindrical element has 220 folds. These elements are constructed so that the nanofiber layer faces upstream.

The complete disclosures of the patents, patent documents, and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each were individually incorporated. Various modifications and alterations to this disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this disclosure. It should be understood that this disclosure is not intended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by way of example only with the scope of the disclosure intended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein as follows.

Claims

1. A gas filtration medium comprising:

the surface is loaded with a filter layer;

a depth-loading filtration layer comprising a high efficiency filtration layer comprising glass fibers and multi-component binding fibers; and

a support layer having a Gurley stiffness of 1000 milligrams or greater;

wherein the layers are arranged and arranged to be placed in a gas stream, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer is the most upstream layer.

2. The filter media of claim 1, being pulse cleanable according to the modified ISO11057 test method.

3. The filter media of claim 1, further comprising one or more additional layers comprising a surface-support filtration layer, a depth-support filtration layer, or a support layer.

4. The filter media of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the depth load filtration layer is positioned between the surface load filtration layer and the support layer.

5. The filter media of any of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer comprises a high efficiency meltblown filtration layer.

6. The filter media of any one of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein the surface-supported filtration layer has a LEFS filtration efficiency of at least 30%.

7. The filter media of any of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein the depth load filtration layer exhibits a DEHS filtration efficiency of at least 55%.

8. The filter media of any of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein the depth-loading filtration layer has a depth up to 150g/m²Basis weight of (c).

9. The filter media of any of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein the depth-loading filter layer exhibits a pressure rise of at least 1g/m at a pressure exceeding an initial value of 500 pascals²Salt loading capacity.

10. A filter media according to any one of claims 1, 2, or 3, exhibiting an efficiency of at least F9 according to EN779: 2012.