CN113567793B - Method for extracting nonlinear behavior model of radio frequency microwave two-port device - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for extracting a nonlinear behavior model of a radio frequency microwave two-port device, which adopts a conventional vector network analyzer to analyze different behaviorsMeasuring a radio frequency microwave two-port device under excitation power, converting a specific value S parameter of power-related reflected waves and incident waves obtained by measurement, and selecting a forward transmission coefficient under minimum excitation powerS 21As reference value, for different excitation powersS 21And normalizing the amplitude and the phase to generate a behavior model capable of representing the nonlinear characteristic of the tested piece. The model extraction method provided by the invention directly converts the actual measurement result and has compatibility with vector network analyzers of different models. When the method provided by the invention is used for extracting the nonlinear behavior model of the two-port tested piece, only the vector network analyzer and a small amount of accessories are needed to be used, and special testing equipment is not needed to be purchased additionally, so that the modeling cost can be reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a radio frequency microwave device measuring technology, in particular to a nonlinear behavior model extraction method for a radio frequency microwave two-port device.
Background
The behavioral model refers to a model generated by mapping only input and output signals obtained by testing without acquiring the internal details of a device or a circuit, and is also referred to as a black box model. For a radio frequency microwave two-port device, some existing behavior model extraction methods exist. Such as the classical scattering matrix (SParameters) describe the frequency domain characteristics of the device. By usingSThe parameters can predict the linear characteristics of the radio frequency microwave two-port tested piece, such as the amplitude and the phase of reflection and transmission characteristics.
SThe parameters are defined for the ratio of the reflected wave to the incident wave of the measured piece. Definition ofSThe parameter is the ratio of the reflected wave to the incident wave: in thatjPort-fed incident wavea j While measuringiReflected wave of portb i At this time, the other ports except the incident port are all connected to a matched load (generally 50 Ω). At this time the portSThe parameters are defined asS ij =b i /a j 。
For two-port devices such as amplifiers, four may be usedSAnd characterizing the parameters. Wherein,S 11the reflection coefficient of the port 1 is shown under the condition that the port 2 is connected with matched load;S 21represents the forward transmission coefficient, also referred to as gain, from port 1 to port 2 in the case of port 2 being matched to the load;S 22the reflection coefficient of the port 2 under the condition that the port 1 is connected with matched load is shown;S 12shows the reverse transmission coefficient from port 2 to port 1 under the condition that port 1 is connected with matched load。
Using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), single, double, or even multiple ports of a device can be performed quicklySAnd (4) measuring the parameters. For a two-port device under test, port 1 and port 2 are input and output ports of the device under test, respectively. When the port 1 is connected with a 50 omega internal resistance signal source and the port 2 is connected with a 50 omega matching load, the reflected wave and the incident wave of the output port and the output port are recorded. When the signal source generates a dot frequency signal, the incident wave and the reflected wave recorded by the receiver are the same frequency signals, and the higher harmonic wave is not recorded. Therefore, it isSThe parameter is only characteristic of the linear response of the measured piece.
To perform a reverse directionSDuring parameter measurement, the port 1 is connected with a 50 omega load, the port 2 is connected with a 50 omega internal resistance signal source, and incident waves and reflected waves of the two ports are recorded. During measurement, the 50 omega matching signal source and the 50 omega internal resistance signal source are integrated in the vector network analyzer, and measurement is performed through automatic switching of the switch.
Since a passive circuit, an amplifier operating in a linear region, etc. can be usedSThe parameters are accurately characterized, and the method is widely applied to the field of microwaves.
However, for a nonlinear device, the output and input signals are not in a linear relationship, and amplitude compression (AM-AM) and phase compression (AM-PM) characteristics of an amplifier are typical. When the input power is increased and the amplifier works in a nonlinear region, the output power growth rate is slowed down when the input power is increased until saturation occurs; the phase of the corresponding output signal is not constant any more, but is related to the power of the input signal, and a power modulation phenomenon occurs. Tradition ofSThe test object of the parameter is the tested piece under the low-power excitation, and the response of the tested piece under the different power excitations is not considered, so that the phenomena of AM-AM and AM-PM can not be represented.
The non-linear response also includes a new spectral generation. For example, after a 1 GHz signal passes through an amplifier, due to a nonlinear effect, not only a 1 GHz output signal is generated, but also higher harmonics are generated at frequency points such as 2 GHz and 3 GHz, and thus time domain waveform distortion is caused.SHarmonic information is not contained in the parameter definition, and a general vector network analyzer does not have harmonicThe test capability of the wave.
AsSSuperset of mathematical parametersXThe behavioral models such as the parametric model, the CM + model, the EPHD model and the like can be used for measuring and representing the linear and nonlinear behavioral characteristics of the radio frequency microwave device. However, becauseXThe complexity of parametric models, CM + models, EPHD models, and the high cost of dedicated extraction equipment limit their engineering utility and universality.
If the nonlinear effect is not prominent, only the fundamental wave response of the tested piece, namely AM-AM and AM-PM effects, needs to be considered, and only the fundamental wave characteristic of the tested piece can be recorded. The invention provides a method for extracting a nonlinear behavior model of a radio frequency microwave two-port device based on a common vector network analyzer. After the power calibration is carried out on the vector network analyzer, the excitation power is scanned, the measured piece is measured, and the measured piece under different powers is obtainedSAnd (4) parameters. Correlation of power obtainedSParameters of forward transmission coefficient under different excitation powerS 21And carrying out normalization processing on the amplitude and the phase to sequentially obtain amplitude and phase compression data corresponding to different input powers at all frequency points. By using the data, simulation software Advanced Design System can be introduced to carry out circuit simulation, and the nonlinear characteristic of the tested piece can be obtained. The method is suitable for vector network analyzers of any brand and model, namely, the method has compatibility with measuring instruments and can realize rapid extraction of the nonlinear behavior model of the radio frequency microwave two-port device.
Disclosure of Invention
To solve the problem in the conventional methodSThe invention discloses a method for extracting a nonlinear behavior model of a radio frequency microwave two-port device based on a common vector network analyzer, and solves the problem that parameters cannot represent the nonlinear characteristics of fundamental wave response of the radio frequency microwave device. The method comprises the following steps:
step one, carrying out vector calibration and power calibration on a vector network analyzer to ensure excitation power on a test reference surface of the vector network analyzerP in The accuracy of (2). According to the manual of the tested piece, the excitation power of the vector network analyzerP in The following settings are set: slave quiltInput power corresponding to linear region of measuring partP min Corresponding input power to 3 dB compression point output by a tested pieceP max . Setting at calibrationP in FromP min Is increased in fixed steps toP max Saving different excitation powersP in A corresponding calibration file.
Step two, scanning the excitation power of the vector network analyzerP in Obtaining different excitation power correspondencesSAnd (4) parameters. Excitation power of scanning vector network analyzerP in FromP min Is increased in fixed steps toP max And calling the corresponding calibration file to set the vector network analyzer. The ratio measurement of the reflected wave and the incident wave is carried out on the input port 1 and the output port 2 of the tested piece: under the condition that the port 2 is connected with matched load, the reflection coefficient of the port 1 is obtainedS 11(ii) a Under the condition that the port 2 is connected with matched load, the forward transmission coefficient from the port 1 to the port 2 is obtainedS 21(ii) a Under the condition that the port 1 is connected with matched load, the reflection coefficient of the port 2 is obtainedS 22(ii) a Under the condition that the port 1 is connected with matched load, the reverse transmission coefficient from the port 2 to the port 1 is obtainedS 12. Will be provided withS 11、 S 21、 S 22、S 12The four coefficients are combined into a scattering matrixSAnd (4) parameters. The test results are stored in dB format, i.e. amplitude in dB and phase in angle. Preservation ofSLoading device port excitation power in file name during parameter fileP in 。
Step three, inP min Forward transmission coefficient at power excitationS 21For reference, for amplitude at different excitation powersAAnd phaseφAnd (6) carrying out normalization processing. Selecting the excitation power of the vector network analyzer asP min When the output port is connected with matched load, the forward transmission coefficient from the input port to the output port is transmittedS 21With amplitude and phase as reference amplitudesA rAnd referencePhase positionφ rFor other excitation powerS 21Amplitude ofAAnd phaseφAnd (6) carrying out normalization. The normalized amplitude is: deltaA=A-AAnd r. The normalized phase is: deltaφ=φ-φ r. Adding into the nonlinear behavior model fileP min Under power excitationSUsing parameter ACDATA as reference, and sequentially adding all excitation power at different test frequenciesP in Corresponding series of normalized amplitudes ΔAAnd normalized phase deltaφData PDATA. The most basic nonlinear behavior model of the tested piece at least comprises the following two groups of data:P min under power excitationSParameters ACDATA and normalized amplitude and normalized phase data PDATA.
And step four, substituting the nonlinear behavior model extracted in the step three into a radio frequency microwave simulation software Advanced Design System (ADS), calling the model extracted by the method by using an AmplifierS2D device, and simulating the amplitude and phase compression characteristics of the tested piece.
Specifically, the technical principle of the invention is as follows: the measuring instrument only needs to adopt a conventional vector network analyzer, and the problems of complex structure and high testing cost caused by the use of a special measuring instrument in the traditional behavior model extraction are solved; adopting a common vector network analyzer to actually measure the measured piece under different excitation powers, and correlating the measured powersSThe model extraction method provided by the invention directly converts the actual measurement result without paying attention to the brand and model of a vector network analyzer used for actual measurement, namely, the model extraction method has compatibility with a measuring instrument. When the method provided by the invention is used for extracting the nonlinear behavior model of the tested piece, special test equipment does not need to be additionally purchased, and the measurement cost can be reduced.
Optionally, for a nonlinear behavioral model format of a radio frequency microwave two-port device provided by the invention, the nonlinear behavioral model format is to be selectedSThe temperature Temp and DC bias DCbias parameters in parameter test are used as table head, and then storedP min Under power excitationSParameter ACDATA, and all excitation powersP in Corresponding series of normalized amplitudes ΔAAnd normalized phase deltaφData PDATA. The two-port behavior model is composed of a plurality of groups of data, and describes different temperature and direct current bias conditions during behavior model extraction.
Optionally, the circuit to be tested is simulated by using a simulation tool under different power excitations to obtain corresponding power correlationsSAnd (4) parameter extraction is carried out by using the steps of the invention.
Optionally, the input and output frequencies of the radio frequency microwave two-port device selected as the tested piece are consistent, and amplitude and phase compression occurs at the output end along with the increase of the input power. The radio frequency microwave two-port device comprises a low noise amplifier, a power amplifier, an amplitude limiter, an equalizer and a switch.
Optionally, the measured piece is subjected toSFor parameter measurement, a coaxial, waveguide or on-chip test mode is used.
Optionally, except for the standard vector network analyzer, the external power amplifier and the coupler are added to form high powerSAnd a parameter extraction platform.
Finally, the invention is based on the measured data of the vector network analyzer to the RF microwave two-port device under different input powersSForward transmission coefficient of parameterS 21The method is suitable for vector network analyzers of any brand and model, solves the problems that the traditional measuring method is complex, a professional measuring instrument is expensive, the model extraction process is complicated and the like, and therefore the two-port behavior model provided by the invention has engineering practicability.
Drawings
FIG. 12 GHz time, different input powersP in Corresponding amplifier forward transmission coefficientS 21Amplitude ofAAnd normalized amplitude deltaACurve line.
FIG. 22 GHz time, different input powersP in Corresponding amplifierCoefficient of forward transmissionS 21Phase positionφCurve and normalized phase deltaφCurve line.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a nonlinear behavior model file data structure of a RF microwave two-port device according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows different frequency points at different input powersFCorresponding amplifier forward transmission coefficientS 21Amplitude ofA。
FIG. 5 shows different frequency points at different input powersFCorresponding amplifier forward transmission coefficientS 21Phase positionφ。
Icon: 101-test temperature; 102-testing the DC bias; 110-P min Under power excitationSA parameter; 111-normalized amplitude and normalized phase values at different excitation powers at a minimum excitation frequency; 120-normalized amplitude and normalized phase values at maximum frequency, at different excitation powers.
Detailed Description
And performing nonlinear behavior model extraction on the GaAs monolithic integration low-noise amplifier chip BW295 developed and produced by the Michelson thirteen-generation.
Firstly, vector calibration and power calibration are carried out on a vector network analyzer.
Firstly, calibrating an on-chip vector between 2 GHz and 7 GHz for a vector network analyzer; then, the power calibration is carried out, and the input power of the amplifier is setP in Stepping by 1 dBm from-25 dBm to-1 dBm, and storing calibration files under different powers.
Second, testing power dependenceSAnd (4) parameters.
At-25 dBm input powerP in And calling a-25 dBm excitation corresponding calibration file to set the vector network analyzer to obtain the tested pieceSParameters coexist asP min Under power excitationSAnd a parameter 110. Scanning excitation power, calling calibration files under different powers to set a vector network analyzer, and performing power correlation on a tested pieceSAnd (6) measuring parameters. If the excitation power is set to be-24 dBm, calling the calibration file at-24 dBm, and obtaining the calibration file at the momentIs/are as followsSAnd (4) parameters. In the preservation ofSFor parameters, the suffix-24 dBm was added. Setting the excitation power to-23 dBm, calling a calibration file at-23 dBm, and obtaining the current timeSAnd (4) parameters. In the preservation ofSFor parameters, the suffix-23 dBm was added. In the same way, the input power is increased to-1 dBm in sequence and is savedSParameters, plus corresponding power values as suffixes.
Third, the test power is correlatedSAnd processing the parameters by data and storing the parameters as a model file.
At 2 GHz, amplifier input powerP in When = 25 dBm, the reflection coefficient S of port 1 of the tested piece11Amplitude of-13.73 dB, phase of-40.36 degrees, and forward transmission coefficientS 21Amplitude of 20.79 dB, phase of-16.48 degrees, and reverse isolation S12Amplitude of-43.03 dB, phase of 95.54 degrees, and 2-port reflection coefficient S22The amplitude was-30.23 dB and the phase was 50.47 °. Selecting S21Amplitude ofA r=20.79 dB as reference amplitude, as shown by the dashed line in fig. 1; selecting S21Phase positionφ rAnd-16.48 deg. as reference phase, as shown by the dashed line in fig. 2.
At 2 GHz and the input power of-23 dBm, the normalized amplitude delta is obtained by the algorithm in step threeA= -0.0059; at an input power of-21 dBm, a normalized amplitude Δ is obtainedA= -0.0138; until the excitation power is-1 dBm, a normalized amplitude Delta is obtainedA= -2.9475, as shown in fig. 1. At 2 GHz and the input power of-23 dBm, the normalized phase delta is obtained by the algorithm in step threeφ=0.0033,; at an input power of-21 dBm, a normalized phase Δ is obtainedφ= 0.0293; until the excitation power is-1 dBm, a normalized amplitude Delta is obtainedA= -2.9475, normalized phase deltaφ= -0.4323, as shown in fig. 2. Scanning input powerP in The obtained normalized amplitude and normalized phase value are normalized amplitude and normalized phase value 111 at the minimum frequency and different excitation powers, and are stored in a model file.
If the model frequency step is 0.2 GHz, the steps are repeated for 2.2 GHz, 2.4 GHz … … and up to 7 GHz. The 7 GHz array is stored as the normalized amplitude and normalized phase values 120 at the maximum frequency at different excitation powers.
The file can be expanded, and more variables, such as test temperature 101, test dc offset 102, etc., can be added to the header of the file to form a multidimensional data model, as shown in fig. 3.
And fourthly, bringing the simulation software in to obtain a corresponding result.
In the simulation software ADS, the extracted amplifier nonlinear behavior model is called using the device AmplifierS 2D. 2-6 GHz frequency can be obtained through harmonic balance simulationFLower, input powerP in Forward transmission coefficient of corresponding amplifier when increasing from-25 dBm to-1 dBmS 21Amplitude ofAAs shown in fig. 4. When the input power is small, the power of the power supply is low,Ais relatively large. Dependent on input powerP in The number of the grooves is increased, and the,Agradually decreases. Through simulation, different input powers can also be obtainedP in Time corresponding to forward transmission coefficientS 21Phase positionφAs shown in fig. 5. As can be seen,φdependent on input powerP in And changes occur.
Therefore, the amplifier model obtained by the two-port device nonlinear behavior model extraction method provided by the invention can represent the forward transmission coefficient of the fundamental wave of the amplifierS 21Amplitude ofAAnd forward transmission coefficientS 21Phase positionφDependent on input powerP in And frequencyFThe change that occurs can characterize the fundamental nonlinear characteristics of the amplifier.
The method is suitable for vector network analyzers of any brand and model and has engineering practicability.
Claims (6)
1. A nonlinear behavior model extraction method for a radio frequency microwave two-port device is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, carrying out vector calibration and power calibration on a vector network analyzer to ensure excitation power on a test reference surface of the vector network analyzerP in The accuracy of (2); according to the manual of the tested piece, the excitation power of the vector network analyzerP in The following settings are set: corresponding to input power from linear region of tested pieceP min Corresponding input power to 3 dB compression point output by a tested pieceP max (ii) a Setting at calibrationP in FromP min Is increased in fixed steps toP max Saving different excitation powersP in A corresponding calibration file;
step two, scanning the excitation power of the vector network analyzerP in Obtaining different excitation power correspondencesSA parameter; excitation power of scanning vector network analyzerP in FromP min Is increased in fixed steps toP max Calling the corresponding calibration file to set the vector network analyzer; the ratio measurement of the reflected wave and the incident wave is carried out on the input port 1 and the output port 2 of the tested piece: under the condition that the port 2 is connected with matched load, the reflection coefficient of the port 1 is obtainedS 11(ii) a Under the condition that the port 2 is connected with matched load, the forward transmission coefficient from the port 1 to the port 2 is obtainedS 21(ii) a Under the condition that the port 1 is connected with matched load, the reflection coefficient of the port 2 is obtainedS 22(ii) a Under the condition that the port 1 is connected with matched load, the reverse transmission coefficient from the port 2 to the port 1 is obtainedS 12(ii) a Will be provided withS 11、 S 21、 S 22、S 12The four coefficients are combined into a scattering matrixSA parameter; the test results are stored in dB format, i.e. the amplitude is expressed in decibels and the phase is expressed in angle; preservation ofSLoading device port excitation power in file name during parameter fileP in ；
Step three, inP min Forward transmission coefficient at excitationS 21For reference, for amplitude at different excitation powersAAnd phaseφNormalization is carried outProcessing; selecting excitation of vector network analyzer asP min Under the condition that the output port is connected with matched load, the forward transmission coefficient from the input port to the output port is converted into the forward transmission coefficientS 21With amplitude and phase as reference amplitudesA rAnd a reference phaseφ rFor other excitation powerS 21Amplitude ofAAnd phaseφCarrying out normalization; the normalized amplitude is: deltaA=A-Ar, normalized phase: deltaφ=φ-φ r(ii) a Adding into the nonlinear behavior model fileP min Under excitationSParameter ACDATA as a reference; then adding all excitation power under different test frequencies in sequenceP in Corresponding series of normalized amplitudes ΔAAnd normalized phase deltaφData PDATA; the most basic nonlinear behavior model of the tested piece at least comprises the following two groups of data:P min under excitationSParameters ACDATA and normalized amplitude and normalized phase data PDATA;
and step four, substituting the nonlinear behavior model extracted in the step three into a radio frequency microwave simulation software Advanced Design System, calling the model extracted by the method by using an AmplifierS2D device, and simulating the amplitude and phase compression characteristics of the tested piece.
2. The method for extracting the nonlinear behavioral model of the radio frequency microwave two-port device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: will be provided withSThe temperature Temp and DC bias DCbias parameters in parameter test are used as table head, and then storedP min Under excitationSParameter ACDATA, and all excitation powersP in Corresponding series of normalized amplitudes ΔAAnd normalized phase deltaφData PDATA; using a set of temperatures Temp, DC bias DCbias,SThe parameter ACDATA and the normalized amplitude and phase data PDATA describe a working state of the tested piece; the nonlinear behavior model of the tested piece can be composed of a plurality of groups of working state data and describes different temperature and direct current bias conditions of the tested piece during testing.
3. The method for extracting the nonlinear behavioral model of the radio frequency microwave two-port device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in the second step, the excitation power is scanned by the simulation toolP in Obtaining the ratio of the reflected wave to the incident wave of a series of input/output ports of the tested pieceSAnd (5) parameters are used for carrying out nonlinear behavior model extraction in the step three.
4. The method for extracting the nonlinear behavioral model of the radio frequency microwave two-port device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: to the tested pieceSThe parametric measurements use either coaxial, waveguide or on-chip test modes.
5. The method for extracting the nonlinear behavioral model of the radio frequency microwave two-port device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the radio frequency microwave two-port device comprises an amplifier, an amplitude limiter, an equalizer and a switch.
6. The method for extracting the nonlinear behavioral model of the radio frequency microwave two-port device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: except the standard vector network analyzer, the high power is formed by adding an external power amplifier and a couplerSAnd a parameter extraction platform.
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