CN113528997B - Plating assistant agent, hot dip plating process method and thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing - Google Patents
Plating assistant agent, hot dip plating process method and thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing Download PDFInfo
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- CN113528997B CN113528997B CN202110805962.4A CN202110805962A CN113528997B CN 113528997 B CN113528997 B CN 113528997B CN 202110805962 A CN202110805962 A CN 202110805962A CN 113528997 B CN113528997 B CN 113528997B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/0081—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product pretreatment of the insert, e.g. for enhancing the bonding between insert and surrounding cast metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/16—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for making compound objects cast of two or more different metals, e.g. for making rolls for rolling mills
Abstract
The invention discloses a plating assistant agent, a hot dip plating process method and a thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing, wherein the process method comprises the following steps: the invention has the advantages of simple process method, low manufacturing cost and suitability for mass production. The thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing prepared by the process method comprises the following steps: the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing has higher strength and rigidity, has wider application field and is particularly suitable for industries such as wind power, ships and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of hot dip plating, in particular to a plating assistant agent, a hot dip plating process method and a thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing.
Background
The common metal sliding bearing alloy materials mainly comprise Babbitt metal, copper-based alloy and aluminum-based alloy. The microstructure of babbitt is a classical "dual phase structure", i.e. a hard and brittle eutectic compound phase is distributed in a soft Sn or Pb matrix structure, which provides good deformability and lubrication properties. The alloy has good embedding property, compliance, seizure resistance, antifriction property, low thermal expansion coefficient and good technological property, the hard eutectic compound phase can increase the wear resistance and mechanical strength of the alloy, but the strength of the matrix is very low, and the bearing capacity and fatigue strength of the matrix can be greatly reduced when the working temperature is increased to 100 ℃, so that the alloy can only be applied to small and light-load automobile engine bearing bushes or bushings. The copper-based alloy has higher fatigue strength than the Babbitt alloy, has better self-lubricity after being added with certain soft metals such as tin, lead, cadmium, antimony, zinc, bismuth and the like, can meet the use requirements of a modern high-speed high-load engine under various working conditions, but has poorer embedding property, smoothness and seizure resistance than the Babbitt alloy. Zn and Cu elements are added into the aluminum base alloy to be solid-solved into the aluminum base, so that the effect of solid-solution strengthening can be achieved, and Si elements are added into the aluminum base alloy to form a hard Si particle phase, so that the effect of strengthening the mechanical properties of the alloy can be achieved. On the other hand, the addition of Sn element to the aluminum alloy can form a soft Sn phase in the alloy matrix, and thus can provide good lubrication characteristics. Therefore, the aluminum alloy not only has good fatigue strength and bearing capacity, but also has high temperature resistance which is not possessed by the Babbitt alloy. Because the aluminum alloy has higher comprehensive mechanical property, heat conductivity and good corrosion resistance, and the aluminum alloy has rich resources and low price, the aluminum-based bearing alloy is more and more widely applied.
At present, aluminum-based bimetallic bearings are mainly manufactured by a rolling compounding method and a sputtering deposition method. The rolling compounding method has higher requirements on equipment, large mechanical deformation and energy consumption are required to be generated in the rolling process, and a good metallurgical bonding interface can be formed after long-time diffusion annealing after rolling, so that the production process is complex and is not suitable for mass production. In addition, the rolling compounding method is only suitable for manufacturing the thin-wall bearing bush, the thickness of the aluminum alloy layer is 0.4-1.5mm, and the thickness of the steel back layer is about 1-4 mm. The sputtering deposition method has high requirements on equipment, high preparation cost and low production efficiency, and the thickness of the prepared aluminum alloy layer is between a few micrometers and tens of micrometers, so that the method is not suitable for mass production. Moreover, in the wind and marine industries, bearing requirements include: the thin-walled aluminum-based bearing shells are limited in use in such industries because of the need to withstand high temperatures, high axial forces, high load changes, and impacts.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a plating assistant agent, a hot dip plating process method and a thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing, which are used for solving the problems existing in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides a plating assistant agent, which comprises the following components: KF.2H 2 O、KCl、NiCl 2 And H 2 O。
Preferably KF.2H 2 O, KCl and NiCl 2 The mass ratio of (2) is between 1:1:1 and 3.2:2:1.
Preferably, the plating assistant is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight based on 1L of solution: KF.2H 2 O25～77g、KCl 16～48g、NiCl 2 8-24 g, the balance of H 2 O。
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention also provides a hot dip plating process method, which adopts any one of the plating assistant agents, and comprises the following steps:
step 4, preparing molten alloy liquid, immersing the workpiece with the surface covered with the anti-oxidation layer into the molten alloy liquid for hot dip coating treatment, wherein the surface of the workpiece after the hot dip coating treatment is covered with the alloy layer;
step 5, preparing a die, preheating the die, placing a workpiece with a layer of alloy layer covered on the surface in the die, and pouring the molten alloy in the step 4 into the die for casting treatment before the alloy layer is completely solidified;
and step 6, taking the blank after casting treatment out of the die, carrying out heat preservation treatment, and air cooling.
Preferably, the plating assistant treatment in the step 2 includes:
and (3) preheating the plating assistant agent to 60-80 ℃, immersing the workpiece subjected to oil removal treatment and rust removal treatment in the plating assistant agent, and maintaining for 2-7 min to perform plating assistant treatment.
Preferably, the drying treatment in step 3 includes:
and taking the workpiece after the plating assistant treatment out of the plating assistant agent, placing the workpiece at 100-250 ℃ for baking, keeping for 5-20 min, and drying.
Preferably, the casting treatment temperature in the step 5 is greater than the hot dip coating treatment temperature in the step 4.
Preferably, the molten alloy bath is an aluminum alloy melt.
The invention also provides a thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing, which is characterized by being prepared by the hot dip plating process method according to any one of the above.
Preferably, the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing comprises: an aluminum-based alloy layer, a steel back and an intermediate bonding layer positioned between the aluminum-based alloy layer and the steel back.
The beneficial effects of the technical scheme are that:
compared with the rolling composite aluminum-based bearing bush, the invention has the beneficial effects that: 1) The process for preparing the aluminum-based bearing bush by rolling and compounding is complex, and the steps of pretreatment, rolling, heat treatment after rolling, trimming, straightening, rolling and the like are needed; the process method of the invention can prepare the finished bearing bush only through pretreatment, plating assistance, smelting, hot dip plating and casting, heat preservation and cooling, and the process is relatively simple; 2) The thickness of the aluminum-based bearing bush steel back prepared by the rolling composite process and the thickness of the aluminum layer are limited, wherein the thickness of the steel back is between 1mm and 4mm, and the thickness of the aluminum alloy layer is between 0.4mm and 1.5 mm; the thickness of the aluminum-based bearing bush steel back and the thickness of the aluminum layer are not limited in theory, and an aluminum-based composite bearing bush with any thickness can be designed; 3) The aluminum-based bearing bush prepared by the rolling composite process has insufficient rigidity, has high requirement on the machining precision of the bearing, can be only applied to automobile engines and diesel engines, has higher strength and rigidity, has wider application field, and is particularly suitable for industries such as wind power, ships and the like.
Compared with the sputtering deposition of the aluminum-based bearing bush, the invention has the following effects: 1) The process requirement for preparing the aluminum-based bearing bush by sputtering deposition is high, and the steps of coating, adjusting the frequency and the temperature of a magnetron target and the like are needed by utilizing a magnetron sputtering deposition technology; the process method only needs pretreatment, plating assistance, smelting, hot dip plating and casting, and heat preservation and cooling to prepare the finished bearing bush, and has relatively low process requirements; 2) The sputtering equipment used for preparing the aluminum-based bearing bush by sputtering deposition has high cost and low production efficiency, and is not suitable for mass production; the thick-wall aluminum-based bearing bush prepared by the method is low in cost and high in efficiency, can be produced in a large scale, has higher strength and rigidity, has wider application field, and is particularly suitable for industries such as wind power, ships and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the invention provides a thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing, which comprises an aluminum-based alloy layer 1, a steel back 3 and an intermediate bonding layer 2 containing elements such as Fe, al and the like, wherein the intermediate bonding layer 2 is positioned between the aluminum-based alloy layer 1 and the steel back 3. The thickness of the intermediate bonding layer 2 is typically 10-20 μm, the steel backing 3 provides sufficient strength and support, and the aluminum-based alloy layer 1 is a working layer.
The invention also provides a hot dip plating process method for manufacturing the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing, which comprises the following steps of:
and step 1, preparing a steel back (workpiece), and carrying out oil removal treatment and rust removal treatment on the surface of the steel back.
Before casting an aluminum-based alloy bearing, the surface of the steel back must be subjected to oil removal and rust removal pretreatment, and if the oil removal and rust removal treatment is not performed, oil stains and oxide films on the surface of the steel back can seriously obstruct the mutual diffusion between elements of molten alloy liquid and the steel back, so that a complete intermediate metallurgical layer cannot be formed, and the bearing is low in bonding strength and poor in material performance.
In an exemplary embodiment, the degreasing process is: heating 15% NaOH solution to 60-80 ℃, immersing the steel back into the heated NaOH solution for 5-10min for degreasing, and then taking out the steel back and cleaning with clear water to remove the residual NaOH solution on the surface of the steel back.
The invention adopts NaOH solution as degreasing liquid, and the grease and sodium hydroxide are saponified to generate higher fatty acid sodium and glycerin which can be mixed with water, thereby achieving the purpose of degreasing. The purpose of degreasing is to improve the wettability between the plating assistant agent and the steel back in the subsequent plating assistant treatment. If the oil is not removed thoroughly, the wettability of the oil-containing region of the steel back is poor, the missed plating is generated, an oxide film is generated after the missed plating region is oxidized, the mutual diffusion between elements of the molten alloy and the steel back is blocked, the integrity of the middle metallurgical layer is further affected, and the problem of poor bonding property of the oxide film region is caused.
In the oil removal process, the concentration of NaOH is preferably 15%, the heating temperature is preferably 70 ℃, and the oil removal time is preferably 8min. When the concentration of NaOH is too high, the solution is strong in alkalinity and corrosiveness, and the production safety and environmental protection are affected; and when the concentration of NaOH is too small, the oil removal time is prolonged, and the production efficiency is affected. Meanwhile, the energy consumption is increased when the heating temperature of the NaOH solution is too high, the evaporation of the solution is accelerated, and finally the concentration of the solution is out of control; and too low heating temperature can lead to slow saponification reaction and long oil removal time, and affect production efficiency.
In an exemplary embodiment, the rust removal process is: immersing the steel back subjected to oil removal treatment into 15% HCl at normal temperature for 1-5min to remove rust, and then taking out the steel back and cleaning with clear water to remove residual HCl solution on the surface of the steel back.
The invention adopts HCl solution as rust removing liquid, and iron oxide reacts with HCl to generate FeCl through acid washing rust removing 3 Or FeCl 2 And water, thereby achieving the effect of removing the oxide. The purpose of rust removal is to remove the residual oxide film on the steel back. As mentioned above, the presence of an oxide film prevents interdiffusion between the steel and aluminum elements, affecting the integrity of the intermediate metallurgical layer, resulting in poor bonding of the areas where the oxide film is present.
In the above-mentioned rust removing process, the concentration of HCl is preferably 15%, and the rust removing time is preferably 3min. When the concentration of HCl is too high, the Fe matrix (steel back) is severely corroded, and a passivation film is easily formed, so that the subsequent process is influenced; and too low HCl concentration can result in too long pickling time and affect production efficiency.
And 2, immersing the steel back subjected to oil removal treatment and rust removal treatment into a plating assistant agent for plating assistant treatment.
And step 3, drying the steel back subjected to the plating assisting treatment, wherein the surface of the steel back subjected to the drying treatment is covered with an oxidation preventing layer.
The plating assisting treatment can activate the surface of steel, promote the wetting between alloy liquid and steel matrix and react during hot dip plating, and improve the quality of plating. In combination with step 2 and step 3, the action of the plating assistant agent mainly comprises the following aspects:
1. isolation function: after plating aid and drying treatment, a layer of salt film oxidation prevention layer is hung on the surface of the steel back, the surface of the steel back is separated from air, and the clean steel base surface obtained through degreasing and acid washing is prevented from being further oxidized;
2. infiltration: the surface tension of the steel back and the molten alloy liquid is reduced, and the infiltration capacity of the molten alloy liquid to the surface of the steel base is improved;
3. purifying action: in the process of plating assisting treatment, the plating assisting agent can remove impurities such as residual ferric salt, oxide and the like on the surface of the steel back, and in the subsequent hot dip plating treatment, the salt film oxidation preventing layer formed by the plating assisting treatment can generate chemical reaction with various harmful impurities in molten alloy liquid, so that the slag is removed;
4. activation: the salt film oxidation-preventing layer formed by the plating-assisting treatment and the drying treatment can be rapidly decomposed at the temperature of the subsequent hot dip plating treatment, and a series of chemical reactions occur, so that the surface of the steel back is further activated, the normal reaction process of the aluminum-iron alloy is promoted, and the plating layer with firm adhesive force is obtained.
In an exemplary embodiment, the plating assist process is: and (3) preheating the plating assistant agent to 60-80 ℃, immersing the steel back subjected to oil removal treatment and rust removal treatment in the step (1) into the plating assistant agent, and keeping for 2-7 min for plating assistance.
The invention adopts water-soluble salt solution as plating assistant solution, wherein the water-soluble salt solution comprises KF.2H 2 O、KCl、NiCl 2 And H 2 O。
Wherein KF.2H 2 O, KCl and NiCl 2 Preferably between 1:1:1 and 3.2:2:1, and the plating assistant concentration is preferably between 50 and 150g/L. The implementation is carried out in KF.2H 2 O, KCl and NiCl 2 Three mass ratio ranges are selected between 1:1:1 and 3.2:2:1 for comparison, and three concentration ranges are selected from 50-150 g/L in the three mass ratio ranges for experimental comparison. The mass ratio ranges of the implementation and the application are 1:1:1, 2:2:1 and 3.2:2:1, and the concentration range is 50g/LThe results of 120g/L and 150g/L are shown in Table 1.
| Plating assistant agent proportion | Concentration (g/L) | Bond strength |
| KF·2H 2 O：KCl：NiCl 2 ＝1:1:1 | 50 | 21MPa |
| KF·2H 2 O：KCl：NiCl 2 ＝1:1:1 | 120 | 33MPa |
| KF·2H 2 O：KCl：NiCl 2 ＝1:1:1 | 150 | 36MPa |
| KF·2H 2 O：KCl：NiCl 2 ＝2:2:1 | 50 | 28MPa |
| KF·2H 2 O：KCl：NiCl 2 ＝2:2:1 | 120 | 35MPa |
| KF·2H 2 O：KCl：NiCl 2 ＝2:2:1 | 150 | 39MPa |
| KF·2H 2 O：KCl：NiCl 2 ＝3.2:2:1 | 50 | 32MPa |
| KF·2H 2 O：KCl：NiCl 2 ＝3.2:2:1 | 120 | 44MPa |
| KF·2H 2 O：KCl：NiCl 2 ＝3.2:2:1 | 150 | 42MPa |
TABLE 1 bonding Strength of finished plating aid products of different mass ratios and concentrations
It should be noted that the above-mentioned finished product means a final product: the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing is obtained by testing the bonding strength according to ISO 4386-2-2012.
The concentration of the plating assistant agent is too high, residual plating assistant agent is attached to the surface of the steel back after hot dip plating treatment in the subsequent treatment process, and air holes or slag holes are generated by reaction with molten alloy liquid during casting treatment and can remain on a bonding surface to influence bonding performance; however, if the concentration of the plating assistant agent is too low, a complete salt film oxidation-preventing layer cannot be formed or the salt film oxidation-preventing layer is thinner (less than 100 μm), and plating leakage occurs during hot dip plating, so that the bonding performance is affected. As is clear from Table 1, KF.2H 2 O, KCl and NiCl 2 The mass ratio of (3.2:2:1) is 120g/L, and the bonding strength of the finished product is optimal.
In the plating assisting process, the plating assisting agent is preferably prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight based on 1L of solution: 61.9g KF.2H 2 O、38.7g KCl、19.4g NiCl 2 The balance is H 2 O, the concentration of the plating assistant agent is 120g/L. Meanwhile, in the embodiment, three temperature ranges are selected for comparison at 60-80 ℃, and three time ranges are selected from 2-7 min for experimental comparison in the three temperature ranges. The temperature ranges of 60 ℃, 70 ℃ and 80 ℃ and the time ranges of 2min, 5min and 7min are selected in the embodiment, and the results are shown in Table 2.
| Temperature (. Degree. C.) | Time (min) | Salt film oxidation-preventing layer coverage area |
| 60 | 2 | 80％ |
| 60 | 5 | 90％ |
| 60 | 7 | 95％ |
| 70 | 2 | 90％ |
| 70 | 5 | 100％ |
| 70 | 7 | 100％ |
| 80 | 2 | 95％ |
| 80 | 5 | 100％ |
| 80 | 7 | 100％ |
TABLE 2 salt film oxidation protection layer coverage area at different plating assisting temperatures and times
The area covered by the oxidation-preventing layer of the salt film is the area covered by the plating assistant agent on the surface of the steel back after the plating assistant treatment, and the surface is obtained by naked eye observation.
Too low plating assisting temperature can influence the activity of a plating assisting agent, increase the plating assisting time and influence the production efficiency; and when the plating assisting temperature is too high, the energy consumption can be obviously increased, and the evaporation of the plating assisting agent is accelerated, so that the concentration is out of control. As can be seen from Table 2, the plating aiding efficiency was optimal when the plating aiding temperature was 70℃and the plating aiding time was 5 minutes.
In an exemplary embodiment, the drying process is: and taking the steel back subjected to plating assisting treatment out of the plating assisting agent, placing the steel back at 100-250 ℃ for baking, keeping for 5-20 min, and drying.
The invention selects the method of the plating assistant to pass through 61. gKF.2H based on the optimal plating assistant parameter (based on 1L solution 2 O、38.7g KCl、19.4g NiCl 2 The balance is H 2 Preparing a plating assistant agent with the concentration of 120g/L from the raw materials in parts by weight, selecting the plating assistant temperature to be 70 ℃, selecting the plating assistant time to be 5 min), selecting three baking temperatures to be compared at 100-250 ℃, and selecting three baking times from 5-20 min in the three baking temperatures to be tested and compared.The preferred baking temperature in this embodiment is 100deg.C, 150deg.C, 250deg.C, and the baking time is 2min, 5min, and 7min, and the results are shown in Table 3.
| Temperature (. Degree. C.) | Time (min) | Salt film oxidation-preventing layer crystallization state | Salt film oxidation-resistant layer color |
| 100 | 5 | Incompletely crystallized | White color |
| 100 | 10 | Incompletely crystallized | White color |
| 100 | 20 | Complete crystallization | White color |
| 150 | 5 | Incompletely crystallized | White color |
| 150 | 10 | Complete crystallization | White color |
| 150 | 20 | Complete crystallization | Light yellow |
| 250 | 5 | Incompletely crystallized | White color |
| 250 | 10 | Complete crystallization | Light yellow |
| 250 | 20 | Complete crystallization | Deep yellow |
TABLE 3 salt film oxidation preventive layer crystallization states and colors at different drying temperatures and times
The oxidation-preventing layer of the salt film was visually observed for its crystalline state and color.
As can be seen from Table 3, the baking temperature was 150℃and the baking temperature was 10 minutes, with the highest baking efficiency.
And 4, preparing molten alloy liquid, immersing the steel back covered with the salt film oxidation-resistant layer into the molten alloy liquid for hot dip coating treatment, and covering the surface of the steel back subjected to hot dip coating treatment with an aluminum alloy layer.
In an exemplary embodiment, the molten alloy is heated by placing a pure aluminum ingot in a medium frequency induction melting furnaceMelting at 730 ℃, adding Al-Cu or Al-Si intermediate alloy, adding low-melting-point metals such as pure tin or pure Zn according to different application scenes of the bearing bush, stirring uniformly by using a graphite rod after each substance is fully melted, adding 0.3wt% of refining agent according to the mass of the melted metals for refining and degassing, and finally uniformly spreading covering agent on the surface of the melt. The added amount of Sn is 6-40% based on the mass of the total metal smelted, and the Al-Sn alloy obtained after adding Sn has the characteristics of excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance and embeddability, and meanwhile, the bearing capacity and fatigue strength are relatively high, so that the Al-Sn alloy is widely applied to engines of automobiles, tractors, ships and the like. The addition amount of Zn is 3% -5%, and the Al-Zn alloy obtained after Zn addition has high bearing capacity and can be applied to heavy-duty bearings. In the present invention, furthermore, the refining agent may be a conventional refining agent known in the art, the main component of which is C 2 Cl 6 、KCl，K 3 AlF 6 And the like, the covering agent can also be a conventional covering agent known in the art, and the main components of the covering agent are KCl, naCl and Na 3 AlF 6 Etc. The preparation method prepares the components of the aluminum alloy through smelting treatment to obtain a preset aluminum alloy melt, thereby completing the preparation work.
Before hot dip coating, a smelting ladle is used for removing the covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt to expose the bright aluminum alloy melt, the steel back subjected to the drying treatment in the step 3 is immersed into the aluminum alloy melt, and the covering agent is spread, and the hot dip coating treatment is carried out for 3min-7min at 700-760 ℃.
In the hot dip plating process, the steel back is immersed in an aluminum alloy melt (aluminum liquid), the plating assistant reacts with the oxide to remove surface oxide, meanwhile, the aluminum alloy melt is immersed with the steel back, aluminum element in the aluminum alloy melt and iron element in the steel back are mutually diffused, and an aluminum alloy layer is formed at a contact interface.
And 5, preparing a mould, preheating the mould, placing the steel back covered with the aluminum alloy layer in the mould, and pouring the molten alloy liquid in the step 4 into the mould for casting treatment before the aluminum alloy layer is completely solidified.
Before the casting process, the mold is preheated in a furnace at 400 ℃ to prevent casting failure caused by too fast loss of heat of the melt during casting. The preheating temperature is preferably 400 ℃, the preheating temperature is too low, and the casting failure or casting defect can be caused by too fast loss of the heat of the melt in the casting process; and when the preheating temperature is too high, the energy consumption is increased remarkably.
After the hot dip plating of the step 4 is completed, removing the covering agent on the surface, exposing the bright aluminum alloy melt, rapidly taking out the steel back, fixing the steel back after the hot dip plating in a preheated die within 30 seconds, and casting the steel back by using the aluminum alloy melt in the step 4, wherein the casting temperature is 700-760 ℃.
In the casting process, before the fixed steel back is taken out and cast in 30 seconds, the aluminum alloy layer formed on the surface of the steel back in the hot dip plating process in the step 4 is not solidified yet, and the newly cast aluminum alloy melt with higher temperature and the aluminum alloy layer which is not solidified on the surface of the steel back are fused and solidified with each other, so that the composite material of the steel-metallurgical bonding layer-aluminum alloy structure is formed.
In this example, the hot dip coating process is preferably performed at 730℃for 5 minutes. If the hot dip plating temperature is too low, the oxidation-preventing layer of the salt film can be completely reacted only for a long time, and the metallurgical bonding layer is thin and the bonding force is poor due to the too low temperature; if the hot dip coating temperature is too high, the surface of the steel back is covered with a layer of aluminum which is not completely solidified, the surface is seriously oxidized, the aluminum is easily left on the bonding surface during subsequent casting, the bonding strength is affected, and on the other hand, the metallurgical bonding layer is too thick, the brittleness of the bonding layer is increased, and the bonding force is reduced. Meanwhile, too long hot dip plating time can lead to too thick metallurgical bonding layers, increased brittleness of the bonding layers and poor bonding force; if the plating assisting time is too short, the metallurgical bonding layer is thin, and the bonding force is poor.
In this example, the casting temperature is preferably 750 ℃. If the casting temperature is too low, the aluminum alloy melt in the casting process in the step 5 and the unset aluminum alloy layer on the surface of the steel back in the step 4 are difficult to be completely fused, delamination is generated, and the bonding strength is reduced; and too high a casting temperature increases energy consumption and causes the aluminum alloy structure to be coarse.
And step 6, taking the blank after casting treatment out of the die, carrying out heat preservation treatment, and air cooling.
And (3) placing the blank cast in the step (5) in an oven at 200-400 ℃ for 1-2 h, and then air-cooling to obtain the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing. The heat preservation process after casting can ensure the uniform shrinkage of the aluminum alloy in the solidification process, and avoid the cracking of the bonding interface caused by the generation of larger thermal stress. The heat preservation temperature is too low or the heat preservation time is too short, so that the cracking tendency of the bonding layer is increased, and even delamination is caused when the bonding layer is serious; and the too high heat preservation temperature or the heat preservation time process can lead to coarse grains of the alloy and reduced material performance.
Example 1
In the embodiment, the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing is prepared by a hot dip plating process method, and the specific method is as follows:
wherein, the size of the steel back is required to leave a machining allowance of 1mm-2mm.
wherein the degreasing treatment comprises: heating 15% NaOH solution to 70 ℃ by adopting a water bath, immersing the steel back in the NaOH solution, keeping for 8min, taking out, and cleaning with clear water to remove residual NaOH on the surface of the steel back;
the rust removing treatment includes: at normal temperature, immersing the steel back in 15% HCl solution for 3min, taking out, and cleaning with clear water to remove residual HCl on the surface of the steel back.
wherein, based on 1L solution, the plating assistant agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 61. gKF.2H 2 O、38.7g KCl、19.4g NiCl 2 The balance is H 2 O, the concentration of the plating assistant agent is 120g/L.
Step 4, preparing molten alloy liquid;
and (3) placing the pure aluminum ingot in a medium-frequency induction smelting furnace, heating to 730 ℃ for melting, adding Al-Cu alloy to melt, adding 20% of low-melting-point metal pure Sn, fully melting all substances, uniformly stirring by a graphite rod, adding a refining agent accounting for 0.3% of the weight of the melted metal for refining and degassing to obtain an aluminum alloy melt, and uniformly scattering a covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt.
And 5, preheating the die in a furnace at 400 ℃ in advance.
And 6, removing the covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt in the step 4 by using a smelting ladle to expose the bright aluminum alloy melt, immersing the steel back covered with the salt film oxidation-resistant layer in the step 3 into the aluminum alloy melt, uniformly spreading the covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt, and carrying out hot dip plating treatment at 730 ℃ for 5min.
And 7, removing the covering agent on the surface after the hot dip coating treatment is finished, exposing the bright aluminum alloy melt, taking out the steel back from the aluminum alloy melt within 30 seconds (at the moment, covering the surface of the steel back with a layer of aluminum alloy layer which is not completely solidified), fixing the steel back in a mold, and pouring the aluminum alloy melt into the mold for casting treatment, wherein the casting temperature is 750 ℃.
And 8, placing the blank cast in the step 7 in an oven at 300 ℃ for 1h, and then air-cooling.
And 9, machining the cooled blank into fan-shaped tiles, and fixing the fan-shaped tiles on a tile seat to manufacture the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing.
The bonding strength of the bimetallic layer of the bearing in this example was tested to ISO4386-2-2012, 44MPa.
Example two
In the embodiment, the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing is prepared by a hot dip plating process method, and the specific method is as follows:
wherein, the size of the steel back is required to leave a machining allowance of 1mm-2mm.
wherein the degreasing treatment comprises: heating 15% NaOH solution to 70 ℃ by adopting a water bath, immersing the steel back in the NaOH solution, keeping for 8min, taking out, and cleaning with clear water to remove residual NaOH on the surface of the steel back;
the rust removing treatment includes: at normal temperature, immersing the steel back in 15% HCl solution for 3min, taking out, and cleaning with clear water to remove residual HCl on the surface of the steel back.
wherein, based on 1L solution, the plating assistant agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25. gKF.2H 2 O、8.1g KCl、16.1NiCl 2 The balance is H 2 O, the concentration of the plating assistant agent is 50g/L.
Step 4, preparing molten alloy liquid;
and (3) placing the pure aluminum ingot in a medium-frequency induction smelting furnace, heating to 730 ℃ for melting, adding Al-Cu alloy to melt, adding 20% of low-melting-point metal pure Sn, fully melting all substances, uniformly stirring by a graphite rod, adding a refining agent accounting for 0.3% of the weight of the melted metal for refining and degassing to obtain an aluminum alloy melt, and uniformly scattering a covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt.
And 5, preheating the die in a furnace at 400 ℃ in advance.
And 6, removing the covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt in the step 4 by using a smelting ladle to expose the bright aluminum alloy melt, immersing the steel back covered with the salt film oxidation-resistant layer in the step 3 into the aluminum alloy melt, uniformly spreading the covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt, and carrying out hot dip plating treatment at 730 ℃ for 5min.
And 7, removing the covering agent on the surface after the hot dip coating treatment is finished, exposing the bright aluminum alloy melt, taking out the steel back from the aluminum alloy melt within 30 seconds (at the moment, covering the surface of the steel back with a layer of aluminum alloy layer which is not completely solidified), fixing the steel back in a mold, and pouring the aluminum alloy melt into the mold for casting treatment, wherein the casting temperature is 750 ℃.
And 8, placing the blank cast in the step 7 in an oven at 300 ℃ for 1h, and then air-cooling.
And 9, machining the cooled blank into fan-shaped tiles, and fixing the fan-shaped tiles on a tile seat to manufacture the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing.
The bonding strength of the bimetallic layer of the bearing in this example was tested to ISO4386-2-2012, and was 32MPa.
Example III
In the embodiment, the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing is prepared by a hot dip plating process method, and the specific method is as follows:
wherein, the size of the steel back is required to leave a machining allowance of 1mm-2mm.
wherein the degreasing treatment comprises: heating 15% NaOH solution to 70 ℃ by adopting a water bath, immersing the steel back in the NaOH solution, keeping for 8min, taking out, and cleaning with clear water to remove residual NaOH on the surface of the steel back;
the rust removing treatment includes: at normal temperature, immersing the steel back in 15% HCl solution for 3min, taking out, and cleaning with clear water to remove residual HCl on the surface of the steel back.
wherein, based on 1L solution, the plating assistant agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 77.4 gKF.2H 2 O、48.4g KCl、24.2g NiCl 2 The balance is H 2 O, the concentration of the plating assistant agent is 150g/L.
Step 4, preparing molten alloy liquid;
and (3) placing the pure aluminum ingot in a medium-frequency induction smelting furnace, heating to 730 ℃ for melting, adding Al-Cu alloy to melt, adding 20% of low-melting-point metal pure Sn, fully melting all substances, uniformly stirring by a graphite rod, adding a refining agent accounting for 0.3% of the weight of the melted metal for refining and degassing to obtain an aluminum alloy melt, and uniformly scattering a covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt.
And 5, preheating the die in a furnace at 400 ℃ in advance.
And 6, removing the covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt in the step 4 by using a smelting ladle to expose the bright aluminum alloy melt, immersing the steel back covered with the salt film oxidation-resistant layer in the step 3 into the aluminum alloy melt, uniformly spreading the covering agent on the surface of the aluminum alloy melt, and carrying out hot dip plating treatment at 730 ℃ for 5min.
And 7, removing the covering agent on the surface after the hot dip coating treatment is finished, exposing the bright aluminum alloy melt, taking out the steel back from the aluminum alloy melt within 30 seconds (at the moment, covering the surface of the steel back with a layer of aluminum alloy layer which is not completely solidified), fixing the steel back in a mold, and pouring the aluminum alloy melt into the mold for casting treatment, wherein the casting temperature is 750 ℃.
And 8, placing the blank cast in the step 7 in an oven at 300 ℃ for 1h, and then air-cooling.
And 9, machining the cooled blank into fan-shaped tiles, and fixing the fan-shaped tiles on a tile seat to manufacture the thick-wall aluminum-based bimetallic bearing.
The bonding strength of the bimetallic layer of the bearing in this example was tested to ISO4386-2-2012, and was 42MPa.
The foregoing description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, but rather is intended to cover any equivalents of the structures or equivalent processes disclosed herein or in the alternative, which may be employed directly or indirectly in other related arts.
Claims (8)
1. A plating assistant agent is characterized in that the plating assistant agent is composed of KF.2H 2 O、KCl、NiCl 2 And H 2 The four components of O consist of,
wherein KF.2H 2 O, KCl and NiCl 2 The mass ratio of the plating assistant agent is 3.2:2:1, and the concentration of the plating assistant agent is 120g/L;
and carrying out plating assisting treatment on the workpiece by adopting the plating assisting agent, and immersing the workpiece into molten alloy liquid for hot dip coating treatment after drying, wherein the molten alloy liquid is aluminum alloy melt.
2. The plating assistant according to claim 1, wherein the plating assistant is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight, based on 1L of solution: KF.2H 2 O25~77g、KCl16~48g、NiCl 2 8-24 g, the balance of H 2 O。
3. A hot dip plating process using a plating assistant according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the process comprises:
step 1, preparing a workpiece, and carrying out oil removal treatment and rust removal treatment on the surface of the workpiece;
step 2, immersing the workpiece subjected to oil removal treatment and rust removal treatment into a plating assistant agent for plating assistant treatment;
step 3, drying the workpiece subjected to the plating assisting treatment, wherein the surface of the workpiece subjected to the drying treatment is covered with an anti-oxidation layer;
step 4, preparing molten alloy liquid, namely immersing the workpiece with the surface covered with the anti-oxidation layer into the molten alloy liquid for hot dip coating treatment, wherein the surface of the workpiece after the hot dip coating treatment is covered with the alloy layer, and the molten alloy liquid is aluminum alloy melt;
step 5, preparing a die, preheating the die, placing a workpiece with a layer of alloy layer covered on the surface in the die, and pouring the molten alloy in the step 4 into the die for casting treatment before the alloy layer is completely solidified;
and step 6, taking the blank after casting treatment out of the die, carrying out heat preservation treatment, and air cooling.
4. A hot dip plating process according to claim 3, wherein said plating assistant treatment in step 2 comprises:
and (3) preheating the plating assistant agent to 60-80 ℃, immersing the workpiece subjected to oil removal treatment and rust removal treatment in the plating assistant agent, and maintaining for 2-7 min to perform plating assistant treatment.
5. A hot dip coating process according to claim 3, wherein the drying process in step 3 comprises:
and taking the workpiece subjected to the plating assisting treatment out of the plating assisting agent, placing the workpiece at 100-250 ℃ for baking, keeping for 5-20 min, and drying.
6. A hot dip coating process according to claim 3, wherein the casting process temperature in step 5 is greater than the hot dip coating process temperature in step 4.
7. A thick-walled aluminium-based bimetallic bearing produced by the hot dip coating process of any one of claims 3 to 6.
8. The thick-walled aluminum-based bimetallic bearing of claim 7, wherein the thick-walled aluminum-based bimetallic bearing comprises: an aluminum-based alloy layer, a steel back and an intermediate bonding layer positioned between the aluminum-based alloy layer and the steel back.
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Effective date of registration: 20230801 Address after: Floor 1-2, Building 2, No. 1188 Dongma Road, Dongqian Street, Nanxun District, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313009 Patentee after: Zhejiang Lianyi Bearing Technology Co.,Ltd. Address before: 200245 No. 2, Nanya Road, Minhang District, Shanghai Patentee before: SHANGHAI LIANYI BEARING TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd. |