CN113514393A - Device and method for push-out test of hollow sandwich concrete filled steel tube combination column at high temperature - Google Patents
Device and method for push-out test of hollow sandwich concrete filled steel tube combination column at high temperature Download PDFInfo
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- CN113514393A CN113514393A CN202110757986.7A CN202110757986A CN113514393A CN 113514393 A CN113514393 A CN 113514393A CN 202110757986 A CN202110757986 A CN 202110757986A CN 113514393 A CN113514393 A CN 113514393A
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 202
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 202
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010000369 Accident Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N19/00—Investigating materials by mechanical methods
- G01N19/04—Measuring adhesive force between materials, e.g. of sealing tape, of coating
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- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a device and a method for carrying out a push-out test on a hollow sandwich steel pipe concrete structure at high temperature. When the test piece is subjected to a push-out test at high temperature, the size of the pressurizing block is adjusted to enable the load to act on a specific component of the test piece; push-out test of outer steel tube: the pressure is transmitted to the top end of the test piece through a pressurizing device, the sandwich layer concrete and the inner steel pipe bear the force together, and the outer steel pipe and the cushion block contact the bottom end of the test piece to bear the force; push-out test of inner steel tube: the top end of the test piece is stressed only by the inner steel tube, and the bottom end of the test piece is stressed by the contact of the outer steel tube and the interlayer concrete and the cushion block; the displacement measuring device is contacted with the bottom end of the inner steel tube, and the sliding values of the inner steel tube, the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete at high temperature can be obtained through the displacement measuring device.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of building structure test devices, in particular to a device and a method for performing a push-out test on a hollow sandwich steel pipe concrete structure at a high temperature.
Background
The hollow sandwich steel tube concrete has the characteristics of light dead weight, high bearing capacity, high bending rigidity, good ductility, excellent anti-seismic performance and the like, and has good application prospect in projects with higher requirements on dead weight, such as high-rise buildings, large-span bridges and the like.
The bonding and sliding performance is one of the most important directions in the research of the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete composite structure, the interface bonding performance is the foundation of cooperative work of the inner steel tube, the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete, the bonding and sliding phenomenon between the steel tubes and the concrete is involved in the supporting of a foundation structure and the load transmission of a beam-column joint part of a frame structure, and meanwhile, due to the frequent occurrence of high-temperature fire accidents in recent years, the bonding and sliding performance between the inner steel tube, the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete of the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete test piece at high temperature needs to be measured through a push-out test, and the mechanical performance of the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete test piece at high temperature is further researched.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a device and a method for performing a push-out test on a hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combination column at a high temperature, which provide convenience for researching the bonding property between inner and outer steel tubes and concrete of the hollow concrete-filled steel tube combination column at the high temperature.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a device for performing a push-out test on a hollow sandwich concrete filled steel tube combination column at high temperature comprises a heating furnace, wherein the top of the heating furnace is provided with a pressurizing hole, and the bottom of the heating furnace is provided with a supporting hole;
a pressurizing block penetrates through the pressurizing hole and enters the heating furnace, and the pressurizing block is sealed with the pressurizing hole through a refractory material;
the pressurizing block comprises an inner steel pipe pressurizing block and an outer steel pipe pressurizing block, the diameter of the inner steel pipe pressurizing block is between the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the inner steel pipe in the combined column, and the diameter of the outer steel pipe pressurizing block is the outer diameter of the sandwich concrete;
a pressurizing device is arranged above the pressurizing block;
the cushion block penetrates through the supporting hole and extends into the heating furnace, and a displacement measuring device is further arranged at the bottom of the heating furnace;
the hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combination column is positioned between the pressurizing block and the cushion block and comprises an inner steel tube pressurizing combination column and an outer steel tube pressurizing combination column, an inner steel tube at the bottom end of the inner steel tube pressurizing combination column is connected with a connecting plate, and the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete are both connected with the cushion block; the inner steel pipe and the sandwich concrete at the bottom end of the outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column are both connected with the connecting plate, and the outer steel pipe is connected with the cushion block;
the connecting plate is connected with the displacement measuring device.
Preferably, the pressurizing device is provided with a pressure sensor.
Preferably, the pressurizing block is a cylindrical steel block, and the pressurizing hole is a circular hole and is positioned in the center of the top of the heating furnace.
Preferably, the cushion block is a hollow rigid annular cushion block, a cushion plate is further arranged at the bottom of the cushion block, and the cushion block and the displacement measuring device are both located on the cushion plate.
Preferably, the cushion block, the pressurizing block and the center of the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete combined column are on the same axis.
The method for performing the push-out test on the hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube composite column at the high temperature by using the device comprises the following steps of:
(1) outer steel tube push-out experiment
And selecting an outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column and an outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column, hoisting the outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column into a cushion block in the heating furnace through a pressurizing hole, adding the outer steel pipe pressurizing block on the upper part, performing axial center centering measurement on the cushion block, the outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column and the outer steel pipe pressurizing block, and then performing heat insulation and sealing treatment around the pressurizing hole. Heating the heating furnace to a required temperature, transmitting load pressure to the outer steel tube pressurizing combined column through the outer steel tube pressurizing block by the pressurizing device, enabling the top end of the outer steel tube pressurizing combined column to be subjected to pressure jointly by the inner steel tube and the sandwich concrete, enabling the bottom end of the outer steel tube pressurizing combined column to be only subjected to contact stress by the outer steel tube and the cushion block, enabling the inner steel tube and the sandwich concrete to slide downwards under the action of the pressure, pushing the displacement measuring device to move through the connecting plate, and reading the value of the displacement measuring device, namely the sliding value of the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete.
(2) Inner steel tube push-out experiment
And selecting an inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column, hoisting the inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column into a cushion block in the heating furnace through a pressurizing hole, adding the inner steel pipe pressurizing block on the upper part, performing axis centering measurement on the cushion block, the inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column and the inner steel pipe pressurizing block, and then performing heat insulation and sealing treatment around the pressurizing hole. Heating the heating furnace to a required temperature, then transmitting load pressure to the inner steel tube pressurizing combined column through the inner steel tube pressurizing block by the pressurizing device, independently bearing the pressure by the inner steel tube at the top end of the inner steel tube pressurizing combined column, contacting and stressing the cushion block by the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete at the bottom end together, downwards sliding the inner steel tube under the action of the pressure, pushing the displacement measuring device to move through the connecting plate, and reading the numerical value of the displacement measuring device, namely the sliding value of the inner steel tube and the sandwich concrete.
According to the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention discloses a device and a method for measuring the bonding slippage of a hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combination column push-out test at high temperature. The whole hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combination column is placed in a heating furnace, the bottom end of the hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combination column is used as a free end and is supported on a cushion block at the lower part, the top end of the hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combination column is connected with a steel block and a pressurizing device, pressure is applied to the steel block at the top end through the pressurizing device, the steel block transmits the pressure to the top end of the hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combination column, and the size of the steel block at the top end is adjusted, so that when a test piece is subjected to a push-out test of an inner steel tube, only the inner steel tube bears the pressure at the top end of the test piece; when the test piece is subjected to a push-out test of the outer steel tube, the top end of the test piece is subjected to pressure by the inner steel tube and the interlayer concrete together, when the push-out test of the bonding slippage is carried out, the bottom end of the hollow interlayer concrete-filled steel tube combined column member needs to be processed according to the push-out test structure requirements of the inner steel tube and the outer steel tube, and only the bottom end of the outer steel tube is supported on the lower cushion block when the push-out test of the outer steel tube is carried out; and (5) carrying out an inner steel pipe push-out test, wherein the outer steel pipe and the concrete are supported on the lower cushion block together. The displacement measuring device is contacted with the bottom end of the inner steel tube, and the slip values of the inner steel tube, the outer steel tube and the interlayer concrete of the hollow interlayer concrete-filled steel tube combined column under the push-out test can be obtained through the reading of the displacement measuring device.
The device provided by the invention has a simple structure, and the test method is easy to operate and can be used as a special test method for researching the bonding slippage performance of the hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube composite structure at high temperature.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic elevation structure view of a device for performing a push-out test on a hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube composite column at a high temperature according to the present invention; wherein (a) is an outer steel tube push-out test, and (b) is an inner steel tube push-out test;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional top view of a hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube composite column;
in the context of figure 1 of the drawings,
1-heating a furnace; 2-pressing the block; 21-pressing the inner steel pipe into a block; 22-pressing the outer steel pipe; 3-hollow sandwich steel pipe concrete composite column; 31-inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column; 32-outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column; 4-a pressurizing device; 5, cushion blocks; 6-displacement measuring means; 7-a connecting plate; 8-backing plate.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The embodiment of the invention discloses a device for performing a push-out test on a hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combined column at high temperature, which comprises a heating furnace 1, wherein the top of the heating furnace is provided with a pressurizing hole, and the bottom of the heating furnace is provided with a supporting hole;
the pressurizing block 2 penetrates through the pressurizing hole and enters the heating furnace, and the pressurizing block is sealed with the pressurizing hole through a refractory material;
the pressurizing block comprises an inner steel tube pressurizing block 21 and an outer steel tube pressurizing block 22, the diameter of the inner steel tube pressurizing block 21 is between the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the inner steel tube in the combined column 3, and the diameter of the outer steel tube pressurizing block 22 is the outer diameter of the sandwich concrete;
a pressurizing device 4 is arranged above the pressurizing block 2;
the cushion block 5 penetrates through the supporting hole and extends into the heating furnace, and the bottom of the heating furnace 1 is also provided with a displacement measuring device 6;
the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete combination column 3 is positioned between the pressurizing block 2 and the cushion block 5, the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete combination column 3 comprises an inner steel tube pressurizing combination column 31 and an outer steel tube pressurizing combination column 32, an inner steel tube at the bottom end of the inner steel tube pressurizing combination column 31 is connected with the connecting plate 7, and the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete are both connected with the cushion block 5; the inner steel pipe and the sandwich concrete at the bottom end of the outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column 32 are both connected with the connecting plate 7, and the outer steel pipe is connected with the cushion block 7;
the connection plate 7 is connected 6 with a displacement measuring device.
In order to further optimize the above solution, the pressurizing means 4 is provided with a pressure sensor.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme, the pressurizing block 2 is a cylindrical steel block, and the pressurizing hole is a circular hole and is positioned in the center of the top of the heating furnace 1.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme, the cushion block 5 is a hollow rigid annular cushion block, the bottom of the cushion block 5 is also provided with a cushion plate 8, and the cushion block 5 and the displacement measuring device 6 are both positioned on the cushion plate 8.
In order to further optimize the technical scheme, the cushion block 5 is positioned on the same axis with the centers of the pressurizing block 2 and the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete combination column 3.
The method for performing the push-out test on the hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combination column at the high temperature by using the device comprises the following steps of:
(1) outer steel tube push-out experiment
Selecting an outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column 22 and an outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column 32, hoisting the outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column 32 into a cushion block in the heating furnace 1 through a pressurizing hole, adding the outer steel pipe pressurizing block 22 on the upper part, performing axis centering measurement on the cushion block 5, the outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column 32 and the outer steel pipe pressurizing block 22, and then performing heat insulation and sealing treatment around the pressurizing hole. Heating the heating furnace 1 to the required temperature, then transmitting the load pressure to the outer steel tube pressurizing combined column 32 by the pressurizing device 4 through the outer steel tube pressurizing block 22, enabling the top end of the outer steel tube pressurizing combined column 32 to bear the pressure jointly by the inner steel tube and the interlayer concrete, enabling the bottom end of the outer steel tube pressurizing combined column to be only in contact with the cushion block 5 to bear the force, enabling the inner steel tube and the interlayer concrete to slide downwards under the action of the pressure, pushing the displacement measuring device 6 to move through the connecting plate 7, and reading the numerical value of the displacement measuring device 6 to be the sliding value of the outer steel tube and the interlayer concrete.
(2) Inner steel tube push-out experiment
Selecting an inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column 21 and an inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column 31, hoisting the inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column 31 into a cushion block 5 in the heating furnace 1 through a pressurizing hole, adding the inner steel pipe pressurizing block 21 on the upper part, performing axis centering measurement on the cushion block 5, the inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column 31 and the inner steel pipe pressurizing block 21, and then performing heat insulation and sealing treatment around the pressurizing hole. Heating the heating furnace 1 to a required temperature, then transmitting load pressure to the inner steel tube pressurizing combined column 31 by the pressurizing device 4 through the inner steel tube pressurizing block 21, independently bearing the pressure by the inner steel tube at the top end of the inner steel tube pressurizing combined column 31, contacting and stressing the cushion block 5 by the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete at the bottom end, downwards sliding the inner steel tube under the action of the pressure, pushing the displacement measuring device 6 to move through the connecting plate 7, and reading the value of the displacement measuring device 6, namely the sliding value of the inner steel tube and the sandwich concrete.
The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other. The device disclosed by the embodiment corresponds to the method disclosed by the embodiment, so that the description is simple, and the relevant points can be referred to the method part for description.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (6)
1. The device for performing the push-out test on the hollow sandwich concrete filled steel tube combination column at the high temperature is characterized by comprising a heating furnace, wherein the top of the heating furnace is provided with a pressurizing hole, and the bottom of the heating furnace is provided with a supporting hole;
a pressurizing block penetrates through the pressurizing hole and enters the heating furnace, and the pressurizing block is sealed with the pressurizing hole through a refractory material;
the pressurizing block comprises an inner steel pipe pressurizing block and an outer steel pipe pressurizing block, the diameter of the inner steel pipe pressurizing block is between the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the inner steel pipe in the combined column, and the diameter of the outer steel pipe pressurizing block is the outer diameter of the sandwich concrete;
a pressurizing device is arranged above the pressurizing block;
the cushion block penetrates through the supporting hole and extends into the heating furnace, and a displacement measuring device is further arranged at the bottom of the heating furnace;
the hollow sandwich concrete-filled steel tube combination column is positioned between the pressurizing block and the cushion block and comprises an inner steel tube pressurizing combination column and an outer steel tube pressurizing combination column, an inner steel tube at the bottom end of the inner steel tube pressurizing combination column is connected with a connecting plate, and the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete are both connected with the cushion block; the inner steel pipe and the sandwich concrete at the bottom end of the outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column are both connected with the connecting plate, and the outer steel pipe is connected with the cushion block;
the connecting plate is connected with the displacement measuring device.
2. The device for performing the push-out test on the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete composite column at the high temperature according to claim 1, wherein the pressurizing device is provided with a pressure sensor.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pressurizing block is a cylindrical steel block, and the pressurizing hole is a circular hole and is located at the center of the top of the heating furnace.
4. The device for performing the push-out test on the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete composite column at the high temperature according to claim 1, wherein the cushion block is a hollow rigid annular cushion block, a base plate is further arranged at the bottom of the cushion block, and the cushion block and the displacement measuring device are both arranged on the base plate.
5. The apparatus for push-out testing of a hollow sandwich steel tube concrete composite column at high temperature according to claim 1, wherein the spacer block is on the same axis with the center of the pressurizing block and the hollow sandwich steel tube concrete composite column.
6. The method for performing a push-out test on a hollow sandwich steel tube concrete composite column at high temperature by using the device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) outer steel tube push-out experiment
Selecting an outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column and an outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column, hoisting the outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column into a cushion block in a heating furnace through a pressurizing hole, adding the outer steel pipe pressurizing block on the upper part, performing axis centering measurement on the cushion block, the outer steel pipe pressurizing combined column and the outer steel pipe pressurizing block, and then performing heat insulation and sealing treatment around the pressurizing hole; heating the heating furnace to a required temperature, transmitting load pressure to the outer steel tube pressurizing combined column through the outer steel tube pressurizing block by the pressurizing device, enabling the top end of the outer steel tube pressurizing combined column to be subjected to pressure jointly by the inner steel tube and the sandwich concrete, enabling the bottom end of the outer steel tube pressurizing combined column to be only subjected to contact stress by the outer steel tube and the cushion block, enabling the inner steel tube and the sandwich concrete to slide downwards under the action of the pressure, pushing the displacement measuring device to move through the connecting plate, and reading the value of the displacement measuring device, namely the sliding value of the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete.
(2) Inner steel tube push-out experiment
Selecting an inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column and an inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column, hoisting the inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column into a cushion block in a heating furnace through a pressurizing hole, adding the inner steel pipe pressurizing block on the upper part, performing axis centering measurement on the cushion block, the inner steel pipe pressurizing combined column and the inner steel pipe pressurizing block, and then performing heat insulation and sealing treatment on the periphery of the pressurizing hole; heating the heating furnace to a required temperature, then transmitting load pressure to the inner steel tube pressurizing combined column through the inner steel tube pressurizing block by the pressurizing device, independently bearing the pressure by the inner steel tube at the top end of the inner steel tube pressurizing combined column, contacting and stressing the cushion block by the outer steel tube and the sandwich concrete at the bottom end together, downwards sliding the inner steel tube under the action of the pressure, pushing the displacement measuring device to move through the connecting plate, and reading the numerical value of the displacement measuring device, namely the sliding value of the inner steel tube and the sandwich concrete.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110757986.7A CN113514393A (en) | 2021-07-05 | 2021-07-05 | Device and method for push-out test of hollow sandwich concrete filled steel tube combination column at high temperature |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110757986.7A CN113514393A (en) | 2021-07-05 | 2021-07-05 | Device and method for push-out test of hollow sandwich concrete filled steel tube combination column at high temperature |
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| CN113514393A true CN113514393A (en) | 2021-10-19 |
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Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5325722A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1994-07-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Split pipe testing device for the measurement of bond of reinforcement under controlled confinement |
| CN2740699Y (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2005-11-16 | 韩林海 | Concrete structure with hollow sandwich layer of steel pipe |
| CN106124398A (en) * | 2016-06-14 | 2016-11-16 | 沈阳建筑大学 | A kind of hollow steel tube concrete superposed column push out test charger |
| CN110174349A (en) * | 2019-05-09 | 2019-08-27 | 太原理工大学 | High temperature down-pressing type steel plate and concrete composite plate push out test device and method |
| CN209372663U (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-09-10 | 宁夏大学 | A kind of concrete filled steel tube bonding force test device |
| CN110308092A (en) * | 2019-08-02 | 2019-10-08 | 河南工程学院 | A kind of armored concrete adhesive property cupping machine |
-
2021
- 2021-07-05 CN CN202110757986.7A patent/CN113514393A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5325722A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1994-07-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Split pipe testing device for the measurement of bond of reinforcement under controlled confinement |
| CN2740699Y (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2005-11-16 | 韩林海 | Concrete structure with hollow sandwich layer of steel pipe |
| CN106124398A (en) * | 2016-06-14 | 2016-11-16 | 沈阳建筑大学 | A kind of hollow steel tube concrete superposed column push out test charger |
| CN209372663U (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-09-10 | 宁夏大学 | A kind of concrete filled steel tube bonding force test device |
| CN110174349A (en) * | 2019-05-09 | 2019-08-27 | 太原理工大学 | High temperature down-pressing type steel plate and concrete composite plate push out test device and method |
| CN110308092A (en) * | 2019-08-02 | 2019-10-08 | 河南工程学院 | A kind of armored concrete adhesive property cupping machine |
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Application publication date: 20211019 |
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