CN113500280A - Diffusion welding method for dissimilar metals - Google Patents
Diffusion welding method for dissimilar metals Download PDFInfo
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- CN113500280A CN113500280A CN202110767878.8A CN202110767878A CN113500280A CN 113500280 A CN113500280 A CN 113500280A CN 202110767878 A CN202110767878 A CN 202110767878A CN 113500280 A CN113500280 A CN 113500280A
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- tungsten
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- dissimilar metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/001—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by extrusion or drawing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/14—Preventing or minimising gas access, or using protective gases or vacuum during welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
- B23K20/233—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/24—Preliminary treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of connection between dissimilar metals, in particular to a diffusion welding method for dissimilar metals, which mainly aims at the connection of dissimilar materials of tungsten and copper, and has the main technical method of S1, material selection, S2, material pretreatment, S3, material die filling, S4, combined welding and S5 post-welding treatment, wherein the outstanding characteristics of the invention are that the diffusion connection of the dissimilar metals is realized under the conditions of not adopting brazing filler metal or other intermediate layers and not adopting secondary heating such as hot isostatic pressing and the like, so that the effective connection of the tungsten and the copper is formed; compared with the scheme of deposition and hot pressing, the connection method has the advantages of simple process operation, low cost and good connection effect, and opens up a new method for connecting tungsten-copper composite materials used for divertors.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of connection between dissimilar metals, in particular to a diffusion welding method for dissimilar metals.
Background
Tungsten is widely recognized as the most promising nuclear fusion device facing plasma materials due to its advantages of high melting point, excellent thermal conductivity, low sputtering yield and high self-sputtering threshold, and low vapor pressure and low tritium retention. Tungsten joined with a heat sink material copper alloy or structural material made to face the plasma body part can be applied to the fusion device first wall and divertor locations. Tungsten and copper have very different melting points and cannot be metallurgically bonded directly, and thus cannot be joined by conventional welding methods. The Chinese patent No. ZL200910021316.8, the patent name of which is tungsten-copper connection method, proposes a tungsten-copper connection method, firstly processing a wave-shaped groove on the surface of tungsten, then cladding a copper layer, then welding a copper alloy on the copper cladding layer, and finally obtaining the indirect connection of the tungsten and the copper alloy. Chinese patent No. ZL201410830058.9, entitled tungsten-copper module manufacturing method, proposes a method combining deposition and hot pressing to connect copper to the surface of tungsten, and the limitation of this patent is that the equipment cost of hot isostatic pressing is high, and the capacity and efficiency are not high due to the size of the furnace and the time of each heating and cooling. In addition, the cladding needs enough excessive copper raw materials to meet the processing requirements of subsequent material removal, so that tungsten-copper composite sheets used for fusion devices cannot be produced in batches due to delay, and the cost is high.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of the prior art that the connection technology between dissimilar metals is insufficient, particularly the problems of complex process and high equipment cost existing in the connection between tungsten and copper, the invention aims to provide a method for diffusion welding of dissimilar metals, particularly a method for diffusion welding of dissimilar metals in a tungsten-copper composite material welding process, which is used for connecting copper to the surface of tungsten and meets the installation requirement of a Tokamak fusion device.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a diffusion welding method for dissimilar metals, wherein the dissimilar metals are tungsten and copper.
A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals mainly comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting materials: selecting tungsten and copper with proper microstructures and mechanical properties as connecting raw materials;
s2, material pretreatment: pretreating the surfaces of tungsten and oxygen-free copper;
s3, material die filling: loading tungsten and oxygen-free copper into a tool positioning die;
s4, combined welding: putting the tooling positioning die and the tungsten and copper combined piece into welding equipment for welding;
s5, post-welding treatment: and after welding, carrying out mechanical processing and surface finish grinding treatment on the welded tungsten-copper piece to meet the subsequent installation and use requirements.
The tungsten and the oxygen-free copper are in a sheet shape, a block shape, a strip shape or a special shape.
The tungsten raw material is pure tungsten or tungsten alloy, the grain size is better than 5 grade, the tensile strength is more than or equal to 400MPa (1000 ℃), and the grain size does not exceed the grain size in the matrix
Equivalent crack defects; the copper raw material is oxygen-free pure copper or copper alloy, the oxygen content is less than or equal to 0.003 percent, and the total impurity content is less than or equal to 0.05 percent.
The material pretreatment of the step S2 comprises the following steps: the surface of the material is intact, and the phenomena of unfilled corners, edge breakage, scraping and the like do not exist; the welding surfaces of tungsten and oxygen-free copper are required to be finely ground until the Ra of the surfaces is 0.8-1.6, the positioning surfaces are ensured to be parallel to each other, and the parallelism is approximately equal to 0.02; then ultrasonically cleaning the mixture by using alcohol and acetone respectively, and drying the mixture in time for later use.
The tool positioning die adopts a graphite die.
And in the steps S3 and S4, when the tungsten and the oxygen-free copper are loaded into the tool positioning die, the copper is placed on the tungsten.
And a cooling system can be arranged in the tool positioning die.
The tool positioning die can be internally provided with a plurality of assembling stations, and a plurality of assembling pieces can be welded and heated simultaneously.
And the post-welding treatment in the step S5 is to process and flatten each surface of the welded tungsten-copper connecting piece, remove the defects of surface shrinkage cavity, metal flow and the like, polish the tungsten-copper connecting piece until the surface roughness Ra is approximately equal to 0.8, and finally remove the residual oil stain on the surface by ultrasonic cleaning for 2-4 h and vacuum heating treatment at 200 ℃ for 1-3 h.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention relates to a dissimilar metal diffusion welding method, which mainly aims at the connection of tungsten and copper dissimilar materials, and has the outstanding characteristics that the diffusion connection of dissimilar metals is realized under the conditions of not adopting brazing filler metal or other intermediate layers and not adopting secondary heating such as hot isostatic pressing and the like, so that the effective connection of tungsten and copper is formed; compared with the scheme of deposition and hot pressing, the connection method has simple process operation, low cost and good connection effect, and opens up a new method for connecting tungsten-copper composite materials used by divertors; more specific beneficial effects are as follows: firstly, the welding method of the invention needs simple equipment, has the advantages of low production cost, simple and convenient operation, easy control of technological parameters, high efficiency and the like, and is suitable for batch production; secondly, heating in a non-oxidizing atmosphere (vacuum) to prevent the surfaces of tungsten and copper from being oxidized and ensure good tungsten-copper interface bonding; finally, after the welding method is used for welding copper on tungsten, further machining can be carried out to obtain a tungsten-copper composite sheet with the required shape and size; the method reduces the difficulty of tungsten copper welding, improves the flexibility of subsequent processing, and can be applied to batch production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows how a tungsten piece and a copper piece are mounted in a graphite mold in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a macroscopic view of a tungsten-copper composite after welding in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows the result of the ultrasonic nondestructive testing after welding in the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a microstructure of a post-weld tungsten-copper interface in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 shows the mechanical test result of the shearing failure of the W-Cu interface after welding in the embodiment of the invention.
Reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which: 1-heating electrode, 2-tooling positioning mould, 3-copper sheet, 4-tungsten sheet and 5-pressure module.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1-4, a method for diffusion welding dissimilar metals, which are tungsten and copper, the tungsten and the copper are in a sheet shape or a block shape or a strip shape or a special shape or other required shapes.
A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals mainly comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting materials: selecting tungsten and copper with proper microstructures and mechanical properties as connecting raw materials, wherein the materials are selected to meet the following requirements, namely the parameters of the tungsten raw materials are as follows: the tensile strength is more than or equal to 400MPa (1000 ℃), the grain size is better than 5 grade, and the grain size is not more than that in the tungsten matrix
Equivalent crack defects; the parameters of the copper raw material are as follows: the oxygen content is less than or equal to 0.003 percent, and the total content of impurities is less than or equal to 0.05 percent.
S2, material pretreatment: pretreating the surfaces of tungsten and copper; the pretreatment comprises the following operation contents that the surface of the material is intact, and the phenomena of unfilled corners, edge breakage, scraping and the like do not exist; finely grinding the welding surfaces of tungsten and copper until the Ra of the surfaces is 0.8-1.6, ensuring the positioning surfaces to be parallel to each other, and ensuring the parallelism to be approximately equal to 0.02; then ultrasonically cleaning the mixture by using alcohol and acetone respectively, and drying the mixture in time for later use.
S3, material die filling: loading tungsten and copper into a tool positioning die; the tool positioning die is preferably a graphite die with good heat conductivity and high strength; in order to accelerate the cooling rate, a cooling system can be arranged in the tool positioning die; in order to improve the production efficiency, a plurality of assembling stations can be arranged inside the tooling positioning die according to the shape and the size of the tungsten copper to be welded and connected, and the tungsten copper is combined together to form a plurality of combined parts which can be welded and heated simultaneously; and during film loading, placing the copper on the tungsten when the tungsten and the copper are loaded into the tool positioning die.
S4, combined welding: putting the tooling positioning die and the tungsten and copper combined piece into welding equipment for welding; the vacuum degree is better than 3 x 10 during welding-3Pa, heating rate of 10-30 ℃/min, temperature of 600-1000 ℃, heat preservation for 10-30 minutes, and connection pressure of 3-30 Mpa; after the heating and heat preservation time of the welding process is finished, the welding process is disassembledAnd (3) carrying out pressure loading, cooling the weldment along with the furnace, or quickly cooling by using a cooling system, and opening the furnace to take out the tungsten-copper weldment when the temperature of the vacuum chamber is reduced to be below 100 ℃, and then carrying out welding post-treatment.
S5, post-welding treatment: after welding, carrying out mechanical processing and surface finish grinding treatment on the welded tungsten-copper piece to meet the subsequent installation and use requirements; and the post-welding treatment is to process and flatten each surface of the welded tungsten-copper connecting piece, remove the defects of surface shrinkage cavity, metal flow and the like, polish the tungsten-copper connecting piece until the surface roughness Ra is approximately equal to 0.8, and finally remove residual oil stains on the surface by ultrasonic cleaning for 2-4 h and vacuum heating treatment at 200 ℃ for 1-3 h.
Example (b): and connecting the industrial pure tungsten sheet with the oxygen-free copper sheet.
As shown in fig. 1-5, S1, selecting a material: the size of the tungsten sheet is 45mm multiplied by 12mm, the size of the oxygen-free copper sheet is 45mm multiplied by 12mm, the thickness of the tungsten sheet is 2-12 mm, and the thickness of the copper sheet is 1-5 mm.
S2, material pretreatment: accurately grinding the parts to be connected on the surfaces of the tungsten sheet and the copper sheet on a grinding machine until the roughness is 0.8, sequentially soaking the parts in 5% hydrochloric acid for 30s, flushing the parts with running water for 40s, flushing the parts with deionized water for 20s, ultrasonically cleaning the parts with alcohol or acetone for 10min, and drying the parts with hot air for later use;
s3, material die filling: and during film loading, placing the oxygen-free copper on the tungsten when the tungsten sheet and the oxygen-free copper sheet are loaded into the tool positioning die to form a combined body.
S4, combined welding: vacuum degree of 3X 10 during welding-3Pa, heating rate of 10-30 ℃/min, temperature of 600-1000 ℃, heat preservation for 10-30 minutes, and connection pressure of 3-30 Mpa. And (4) after the heating and heat preservation time is finished, unloading the pressure, cooling the weldment along with the furnace, or quickly cooling by using a cooling system, and opening the furnace to take out the tungsten-copper weldment when the temperature of the vacuum chamber is reduced to be below 100 ℃.
S5, post-welding treatment: and processing and post-processing according to the drawing size requirement after welding. Since copper is softer and tungsten is harder, the interface formed by the copper and tungsten may adversely affect the joint under the action of a large mechanical impact force, and thus, the appearance after grinding is as shown in fig. 2 by using a small feed amount and a fine sandpaper.
After the welding is completed, the performance after welding is detected, including nondestructive testing and destructive testing:
nondestructive testing: since diffusion welding is solid phase welding, that is, the raw materials are not melted, unlike the defects generated by conventional fusion welding, most of the welding defects are area-type defects such as non-welded joints and cracks, except a few volume-type defects such as inclusions and intermetallic compounds, the joint nondestructive testing is performed by C-scan ultrasonic testing, and the testing result is shown in fig. 3, and no defect with the testing equivalent of more than 1mm is found, that is, the welding rate is 100%.
Destructive testing: metallographic analysis and mechanical property test. After welding, metallographic phase and shear test are carried out on the tungsten copper sheet welded joint, and the metallographic phase shows that the welding condition of the whole welding interface is good, as shown in fig. 4 and 5. Through performance detection, the method can be confirmed to be a diffusion welding method, pure tungsten and oxygen-free copper can be directly welded together, 5 samples are randomly extracted to carry out shearing destructive test on a welding surface, the shearing strength value is 133-168 MPa, the average value reaches 152.4MPa, and the installation requirement of a divertor of a Tokamak fusion device is met.
The principle of the technical scheme of the invention is that a pressurizing module 5 is used for pressurizing a welding piece in the welding process, a heating electrode 1 is used for heating the welding piece, an oxide film on the welding surface is crushed under the pressurizing and heating effects, and the microcosmic convex part is subjected to plastic deformation so as to continuously increase the area of tight contact of welding materials. Due to the fact that defects such as lattice distortion, dislocation and the like caused by plastic deformation appear in a large quantity, atoms are in a highly activated state, diffusion migration is very active, a contact interface starts to move, and a welding joint can be formed after a period of time. The diffusion welding connection method realizes effective connection by controlling factors such as temperature, pressure, heating rate, vacuum degree and the like, wherein the temperature and the pressure are particularly critical and have great influence on welding quality. D ═ D0exp (-Q/RT), where D is the diffusion coefficient and T is the temperature, it can be seen from the relationship between diffusion coefficient and temperature that small changes in heating temperature cause significant changes in diffusion rateThe higher the temperature is, the larger the diffusion coefficient is, and the faster the diffusion is; however, when the temperature exceeds a certain range, the overall fluidity of the metal is too good under the action of pressure, so that macroscopic plastic deformation occurs, and the coarsening mechanical property of the welded joint structure is reduced due to too high local temperature. The pressure is not enough to cause large-area plastic deformation of materials to complete close contact, and the overall shape and size of the weldment possibly change when the pressure is too high, so that the quality of the weldment is adversely affected.
In conclusion, the welding method of the invention has the advantages of simple required equipment, low production cost, simple and convenient operation, easy control of process parameters, high efficiency and the like, and is suitable for batch production; secondly, heating in a non-oxidizing atmosphere (vacuum) to prevent the surfaces of tungsten and copper from being oxidized and ensure good tungsten-copper interface bonding; finally, after the welding method is used for welding copper on tungsten, further machining can be carried out to obtain a tungsten-copper composite sheet with the required shape and size; the method reduces the difficulty of tungsten copper welding, improves the flexibility of subsequent processing, and can be applied to batch production.
While the invention has been described with reference to specific preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals is characterized in that: the dissimilar metals are tungsten and copper.
2. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals is characterized in that: the diffusion welding method mainly comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting materials: selecting tungsten and copper with proper microstructures and mechanical properties as connecting raw materials;
s2, material pretreatment: pretreating the surfaces of tungsten and copper;
s3, material die filling: loading tungsten and copper into a tool positioning die;
s4, combined welding: putting the tooling positioning die and the tungsten and copper combined piece into welding equipment for welding;
s5, post-welding treatment: and after welding, carrying out mechanical processing and surface finish grinding treatment on the welded tungsten-copper piece to meet the subsequent installation and use requirements.
3. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals according to claim 2, wherein: the tungsten and the copper are in a sheet shape, a block shape, a strip shape or an abnormal shape.
4. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the tungsten raw material is pure tungsten or tungsten alloy, the grain size is better than 5 grade, the tensile strength is more than or equal to 400MPa (1000 ℃), and the grain size does not exceed the grain size in the matrix
Equivalent crack defects; the copper raw material is oxygen-free pure copper or copper alloy, the oxygen content is less than or equal to 0.003 percent, and the total impurity content is less than or equal to 0.05 percent.
5. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals according to claim 2, wherein: the material pretreatment of the step S2 comprises the following steps: the surface of the material is intact, and the phenomena of unfilled corners, edge breakage, scraping and the like do not exist; finely grinding the welding surfaces of tungsten and copper until the Ra of the surfaces is 0.8-1.6, ensuring the positioning surfaces to be parallel to each other, and ensuring the parallelism to be approximately equal to 0.02; then ultrasonically cleaning the mixture by using alcohol and acetone respectively, and drying the mixture in time for later use.
6. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals according to claim 2, wherein: and S3 and S4, placing the copper on the tungsten when the tungsten and the copper are loaded into the tool positioning die.
7. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals according to claim 2, wherein: the tool positioning die adopts a graphite die.
8. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals according to claim 2 or 7, wherein: and a cooling system can be arranged in the tool positioning die.
9. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals according to claim 2 or 7, wherein: the tool positioning die can be internally provided with a plurality of assembling stations, and a plurality of assembling pieces can be welded and heated simultaneously.
10. A diffusion welding method of dissimilar metals according to claim 2, wherein: and the post-welding treatment in the step S5 is to process and flatten each surface of the welded tungsten-copper connecting piece, remove the defects of surface shrinkage cavity, metal flow and the like, polish the tungsten-copper connecting piece until the surface roughness Ra is approximately equal to 0.8, and finally remove the residual oil stain on the surface by ultrasonic cleaning for 2-4 h and vacuum heating treatment at 200 ℃ for 1-3 h.
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| CN115255606A (en) * | 2022-06-21 | 2022-11-01 | 北京科技大学 | Copper and graphite diffusion bonding method containing aluminum interlayer |
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