CN113481730A - 一种具有光催化活性、自修复功能的超疏水自清洁表面及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种具有光催化活性、自修复功能的超疏水自清洁表面及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113481730A CN113481730A CN202110770105.5A CN202110770105A CN113481730A CN 113481730 A CN113481730 A CN 113481730A CN 202110770105 A CN202110770105 A CN 202110770105A CN 113481730 A CN113481730 A CN 113481730A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种超疏水自清洁表面及其制备方法,通过聚多巴胺沉积、L‑半胱氨酸接枝、L‑胱氨酸和氯化镉矿化自组装、水热硫化、原位还原纳米银以及基于银‑巯基自组装表面疏水化制备得到,具有光催化活性以及自修复功能,且表面聚多巴胺和银的存在使其具有紫外屏蔽、抗菌、导电和电磁屏蔽等性能。上述制备方法条件温和,且多巴胺可以在亲水或疏水的各种界面自聚合沉积,因此该工艺可转移到各种形状、材质的材料表面。对具有该超疏水自清洁表面的织物进行5次加强洗涤,仍保持超疏水性,且受损的超疏水性可通过加热、通电或近红外光处理来修复,可延伸至20次加强洗涤后仍保持超疏水性,通用的制备方法以及优异的性能使其具有广泛的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光催化和疏水涂层领域,尤其涉及一种具有光催化活性、自修复功能的超疏水自清洁表面及其制备方法。
背景技术
超疏水表面一般是指水滴在其表面的接触角大于150°,滚动角小于10°的表面,因其具有自清洁、防污、防雾、防冰、防腐等优异的表面防护性能,在很多领域得到广泛应用。表面疏水性能取决于其微纳复合阶层结构和表面能,通过增加表面的粗糙度和降低表面能可增加表面的疏水性。一般通过制备疏水涂层来降低表面能以及构筑层次结构来提升粗糙度,但由于疏水涂层和层次结构对基底材料的粘附力弱,在使用过程中,涂层容易脱落从而失去表面的超疏水性。
为提高超疏水表面的耐久性,增加涂层与基底之间的粘附力尤为关键,可通过表面化学接枝和自修复来提高超疏水的耐久性能。此外,由于目前大多超疏水表面仅能防止水系污染物的浸透,无法防止一些油脂和洗涤剂等的沾染,由于这些物质的作用会导致表面疏水性能的丧失,因此急需制备一种超疏水的自清洁表面,同时具有光催化活性可分解表面的油污和洗涤剂并修复表面的疏水性,但通常光催化活性会对基底材料和表面的疏水性能造成一定的损伤,这需要表面疏水组分具有较久的耐光老化性能。除此之外,多功能集成的表面也是有难度的,且功能性彼此之间是冲突的,尤其是分步去引入一些表面功能性,因此,制备一种性能优异的多功能超疏水自清洁表面是急需的但同时存在很大挑战。
发明内容
本发明的目的为提供了一种具有光催化活性、自修复功能的超疏水自清洁表面,具有紫外光和可见光光催化活性,可以分解表面沾染的油污和洗涤剂等,同时可在等离子体以及加速洗涤处理损伤后,经加热、通电和近红外光照射修复表面的超疏水性能,且表面耐久性优异。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明提供了如下所述的技术方案:
本发明第一方面提供了一种超疏水自清洁表面的制备方法,主要包括以下步骤:
(1)在基底表面沉积聚多巴胺;
(2)在聚多巴胺上接枝L-半胱氨酸;
(3)通过矿化自组装、水热硫化在基底表面原位生长硫化金属光催化剂;
(4)通过原位还原纳米银,制备得到银修饰的异质结光催化剂;
(5)表面疏水化处理,制备得到所述一种超疏水自清洁表面。
多巴胺在基底表面自组装形成聚多巴胺层,再接枝L-半胱氨酸,通过赋予基底类似L-胱氨酸性质的L-半胱氨酸,以提供活性位点来原位矿化自组装可见光催化剂。此外,由于聚多巴胺可通过共价键或非共价键形式与各种材料表面结合,表现出极强的粘附性,通过聚多巴胺连接基底和光催化剂,大大增加了基底表面光催化剂的耐久性。
原位矿化自组装在基底表面形成可见光催化剂,光催化活性效果较差,经过硫化处理后制备得到具有紫外和可见光光催化活性的异质结光催化剂,光催化活性得到大幅度提升。
通过聚多巴胺原位还原以及一些特定金属硫化物光催化还原获得银核,再利用强还原剂的作用还原银使银核进一步生长形成纳米银;由于银和巯基之间可以形成配位键,通过在基底表面银粒子上接枝巯基类疏水整理剂,以对表面进行疏水处理,形成具有光催化活性的超疏水表面。
进一步地,步骤(1)中,在基底表面沉积聚多巴胺具体操作为:将基底置于含多巴胺盐酸盐、氧化剂及过氧化氢的缓冲溶液中浸渍;所述浸渍的时间为2-8h。
进一步地,所述氧化剂为铜盐、铁盐和高碘酸钠中的一种。
进一步地,所述多巴胺盐酸盐的浓度为1-5mg mL-1;所述氧化剂的浓度为1-10mM;所述过氧化氢的浓度为10-50mM。
进一步地,步骤(2)中,在聚多巴胺上接枝L-半胱氨酸具体操作为:将步骤(1)处理后的基底置于含有L-半胱氨酸的缓冲溶液中浸渍;所述浸渍的时间为0.5-4h。
进一步地,所述L-半胱氨酸的浓度为1-25mM。
进一步地,步骤(3)中,所述矿化自组装的具体操作为:将步骤(2)处理后的基底置于L-胱氨酸和金属盐的缓冲溶液中浸渍;所述浸渍的时间为4-48h。
进一步地,所述金属盐为镉、锌、铜、锰、铅的盐酸盐、硫酸盐和硝酸盐中的一种。
进一步地,所述L-胱氨酸的浓度为10-100mM;所述金属盐中金属离子的摩尔浓度为L-胱氨酸的两倍。
进一步地,步骤(3)中,所述水热硫化具体操作为:将矿化自组装处理后的基底置于硫化剂的水溶液中浸渍;所述浸渍的时间为4-48h。
进一步地,所述硫化剂为硫化铵、硫脲、硫化氢气体或单质硫。
进一步地,所述硫化剂的浓度为1-25wt%。
进一步地,步骤(4)中,原位还原纳米银的具体操作为:将步骤(3)处理后的基底在含有银氨溶液、PVP、三乙醇胺和水混合溶液中浸渍,鼓吹氮气,置于氙灯下照射,再加入强还原剂反应;所述浸渍的时间为0.5-4h。
进一步地,所述强还原剂为葡萄糖、硼氢化钠、氯化锡或氢化铝锂。
进一步地,所述银氨溶液的浓度为10-250mM;所述PVP的浓度为0.1-1wt%。
进一步地,所述鼓吹氮气的时间为10-60min;所述照射的时间为0.5-4h;所述反应的时间为0.5-4h。
进一步地,步骤(5)中,表面疏水化处理具体操作为:将步骤(4)处理后的基底置于含疏水整理剂的有机溶剂中浸渍;所述浸渍的时间为1-10min。
进一步丝,所述疏水整理剂为1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸硫醇、巯基聚二甲基硅氧烷、甲基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、巯基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、十二烷基硫醇、十六烷基硫醇和二十四烷基硫醇中的一种或多种。
进一步地,所述有机溶剂为乙醇、丙酮或四氢呋喃。
进一步地,所述疏水整理剂的浓度为0.5-5vol%;
进一步地,所述缓冲溶液的pH均为8-8.5。
进一步地,所述缓冲溶液优选Tris-HCl。
进一步地,所述Tris-HCl的浓度优选为10-100mM。
本发明第二方面提供了由第一方面所述制备方法制得的一种超疏水自清洁表面。
本发明第三方面提供了第二方面所述的一种超疏水自清洁表面在光催化分解和超疏水自修复方面的应用。
进一步地,所述光催化分解具体为:在紫外光和可见光的照射下,可光催化分解亚甲基蓝溶液、油酸油脂、洗涤剂及表面活性剂;所述自修复具体为:通过加热、通电或近红外光照射修复等离子体或洗涤对表面疏水性造成的损伤。
进一步地,所述紫外光的光照强度为1-50mW cm-2,光照时间为12-24h;所述可见光的光照强度为1-50mW cm-2,光照时间为18-24h。
进一步地,所述加热修复的温度为90-160℃,加热的时间为0.1-12h;所述通电修复的电压为0.5-10V,通电的时间为0.5-10min;所述近红外光修复的光照强度为0.5-10mWcm-2,光照时间为1-10min。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果:
1.本发明通过在基底表面沉积聚多巴胺、L-半胱氨酸接枝、L-胱氨酸和氯化镉矿化自组装,水热硫化、原位还原生长纳米银和银-巯基自组装表面疏水化,制备得到一种具有光催化活性、自修复功能的超疏水自清洁表面,与水的接触角高达162.5°,滚动角<5°,具有极其优异的疏水性能,且制备条件温和、环保适合各种形状、材质的基底,具备工艺可转移性,具有广泛的应用前景。
2.本发明在基底表面沉积聚多巴胺,由于聚多巴胺可以通过共价键或非共价键与各种物质间形成极强的粘附力,因此增加了基底表面光催化剂与基底之间的粘附力,此外通过银与巯基配位作用接枝巯基化疏水剂,增加疏水剂与基底表面的作用力,提升基底表面整体的功能层在使用过程中的耐久性。
3.本发明提供的一种超疏水自清洁表面,具有光催化活性以及自修复功能;可通过紫外光和可见光光催化分解染料废水、油酸油脂洗涤剂以及表面活性剂等,且可通过加热、通电或近红外光照射修复等离子体和洗涤对表面疏水性造成的损伤,耐久性优异。
4.本发明在基底表面沉积的聚多巴胺和纳米银,使基底表面具有紫外屏蔽、抗菌、导电和电磁屏蔽性能。
附图说明
图1是制备超疏水自清洁表面的流程示意图;
图2是棉纤维原样的SEM微观图;
图3是具有超疏水自清洁表面的棉纤维的SEM微观图;
图4是棉纤维表面处理前后的紫外光光催化活性的对比图;
图5是棉纤维表面处理前后的可见催化活性的对比图;
图6是紫外光光催化对应吸光度的变化曲线;
图7是紫外光催化降解油污对应疏水性的变化曲线;
图8是紫外光催化降解洗涤剂残留对应疏水性的变化曲线;
图9是可见光催化降解洗涤剂残留对应疏水性的变化曲线;
图10是加热、通电和近红外光照射修复等离子体处理后受损的超疏水性;
图11是加热、通电和近红外光照射修复加速洗涤处理受损的超疏水性。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明,以使本领域的技术人员可以更好地理解本发明并能予以实施,但所举实施例不作为对本发明的限定。
除非另有定义,本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本发明的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同。本文中在本发明的说明书中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的,不是旨在于限制本发明。本文所使用的术语“及/或”包括一个或多个相关的所列项目的任意的和所有的组合。
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法,所用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。
实施例1:制备具有NDM-Ag@PDA-Ag@CdS表面的复合棉
本实例提供了一种具有光催化活性的超疏水自清洁表面,其中异质结光催化剂为Ag@PDA-Ag@CdS接枝的棉织物,疏水基为十二烷基硫醇(NDM),溶剂为乙醇。具体的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1.银修饰的异质结光催化剂的制备:
(1)称量0.6056g的Tris-base、2g的多巴胺盐酸盐、0.1248g的五水硫酸铜和60μL的过氧化氢,加水得到100mL的pH为8.5的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将基底置于缓冲溶液中浸渍反应4小时,在基底表面沉积聚多巴胺。
(2)称量0.1211g的Tris-base和0.0606g的L-半胱氨酸,加水得到100mL的pH为8.0的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将步骤(1)处理后的基底置于缓冲溶液中浸渍反应3小时,在基底表面的聚多巴胺上接枝L-半胱氨酸。
(3)取0.1211g的Tris-base和4ml的50mM的L-胱氨酸以及2ml的100mM的氯化镉,加水得到100mL的pH为8.0的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将步骤(2)处理后的基底置于缓冲溶液中浸渍反应4小时,取出基底、烘干,然后将基底置于5wt%的硫化铵水溶液中,在室温下浸渍48小时,在基底表面原位矿化自组装生长硫化镉光催化剂。
(4)取0.8494g的银氨溶液、0.2g的PVP、三乙醇胺和水混合溶液中(三乙醇胺和水的体积比1:4)配制的100mL的混合溶液,将步骤(3)处理后的基底置于混合溶液中浸渍1h,然后再鼓氮半小时后,转移至氙灯下在光强度为2.5mW cm-2照射1小时,最后加入1.8016g强还原剂葡萄糖(摩尔量为加入的银胺溶液的两倍)反应1h,制备得到银修饰的异质结光催化剂。
2.表面疏水化:
将上述步骤处理后的基底置于1vol%的十二烷基硫醇的乙醇溶液中浸渍5分钟,即可制备超疏水自清洁表面。
实施例2:制备具有1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸硫醇-Ag@PDA-Ag@CdS表面的复合棉
本实例提供了一种具有光催化活性的超疏水自清洁表面,其中异质结光催化剂为Ag@PDA-Ag@CdS接枝的棉织物,疏水基为1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸硫醇,溶剂为乙醇。具体的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1.银修饰的异质结光催化剂的制备
(1)称量0.6056g的Tris-base、2g的多巴胺盐酸盐、0.1248g的五水硫酸铜和60μL的过氧化氢,加水得到100mL的pH为8.5的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将基底置于缓冲溶液中浸渍反应4小时,在基底表面沉积聚多巴胺。
(2)称量0.1211g的Tris-base和0.0606g的L-半胱氨酸,加水得到100mL的pH为8.0的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将步骤(1)处理后的基底置于缓冲溶液中浸渍反应3小时,在基底表面的聚多巴胺上接枝L-半胱氨酸。
(3)取0.1211g的Tris-base和4ml的50mM的L-胱氨酸以及2ml的100mM的氯化镉,加水得到100mL的pH为8.0的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将步骤(2)处理后的基底置于缓冲溶液中浸渍反应4小时,取出基底、烘干,然后将基底置于5wt%的硫化铵水溶液中,在室温下浸渍48小时,在基底表面原位矿化自组装生长硫化镉光催化剂。
(1)取0.8494g的银氨溶液、0.2g的PVP、三乙醇胺和水混合溶液中(三乙醇胺和水的体积比1:4)配制的100mL的混合溶液,将步骤(3)处理后的基底置于混合溶液中浸渍1h,然后再鼓氮半小时后,转移至氙灯下在光强度为2.5mW cm-2照射1小时,最后加入1.8016g强还原剂葡萄糖(摩尔量为加入的银胺溶液的两倍)反应1h,制备得到银修饰的异质结光催化剂。
2.表面疏水化:
将上述步骤处理后的基底置于1vol%的1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸硫醇的乙醇溶液中浸渍10分钟,即可制备超疏水自清洁表面。
实施例3:制备具有1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸硫醇-Ag@PDA-ZnS表面的复合棉
本实例提供了一种具有光催化活性的超疏水自清洁表面,其中异质结光催化剂为Ag@PDA-ZnS接枝的棉织物,疏水基为1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸硫醇,溶剂为乙醇。具体的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1.异质结光催化剂的制备:
(1)称量0.6056g的Tris-base、2g的多巴胺盐酸盐、0.1248g的五水硫酸铜和60μL的过氧化氢,加水得到100mL的pH为8.5的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将基底置于缓冲溶液中浸渍反应4小时,在基底表面沉积聚多巴胺。
(2)称量0.1211g的Tris-base和0.0606g的L-半胱氨酸,加水得到100mL的pH为8.0的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将步骤(1)处理后的基底置于缓冲溶液中浸渍反应3小时,在基底表面的聚多巴胺上接枝L-半胱氨酸。
(3)取0.1211g的Tris-base和4ml的50mM的L-胱氨酸以及2ml的100mM的氯化锌,加水得到100mL的pH为8.0的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液,将步骤(2)处理后的基底置于缓冲溶液中浸渍反应4小时,取出基底、烘干,然后将基底置于5wt%的硫化铵水溶液中,在室温下浸渍48小时,在基底表面原位矿化自组装生长硫化锌光催化剂。
(4)取0.8494g的银氨溶液、0.2g的PVP、三乙醇胺和水混合溶液中(三乙醇胺和水的体积比1:4)配制的100mL的混合溶液,将步骤(3)处理后的基底置于混合溶液中浸渍1h,然后再鼓氮半小时后,转移至氙灯下在光强度为2.5mW cm-2照射1小时,最后加入1.8016g强还原剂葡萄糖(摩尔量为加入的银胺溶液的两倍)反应1h,纳米银负载到基底表面的聚多巴胺上。
2.表面疏水化:
将上述步骤处理后的基底置于1vol%的1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸硫醇的乙醇溶液中浸渍5分钟,即可制备超疏水自清洁表面。
实施例4:对具有NDM-Ag@PDA-Ag@CdS表面的复合棉进行性能表征
通过扫描电镜(SEM)、接触角测试、光催化活性测试、吸光度测试、水洗测试等对上述实施例1制备得到的具有NDM-Ag@PDA-Ag@CdS表面的复合棉进行性能表征。
1.样品微观结构表征
棉织物表面处理前后的SEM分别如图2、3所示,如图2所示,棉织物未处理前的原样表面除了一些特有的褶皱结构外,整体是光滑整洁的,经过表面处理后制备得到具有超疏水自清洁表面的复合棉,在图3中可以明显看出其表面被涂层遮盖且具有一些包浆结构,这可以清楚对比观察到处理前后棉织物表面的变化,表面结构的变化以及功能性物质的成功引入,给原先普通棉织物带来优异的光催化活性和超疏水性。
2.接触角测试
在室温条件下,采用光学接触角测量仪(Data Physics OCA 20)对复合棉材料表面的进行疏水性测试,水滴为6μL,取不同位置的接触角值取其平均值。测试结果表明棉织物表面疏水角约为162.5°,滚动角小于5°,具有一个优异的超疏水性能。
3.光催化分解染料溶液
将复合棉(3.5cm x 2.5cm)加入到含10ppm亚甲基蓝染料的50毫升甲醇和水混合溶液中,其中甲醇和水体积比为1:1,在黑暗条件下吸附解吸半小时后,将装置分别转移至LED(5.6mW cm-2)和氙灯(2.5mW cm-2)下光催化降解处理,并间隔时间取出溶液去测吸光度,结果如图4、5所示。如图4所示,紫外光催化活性在12小时的照射后,基本完全分解亚甲基蓝染料溶液,而可见光光催化活性仅能分解50%左右(如图5所示),结果说明可见光和紫外光均能使复合面表面的异质光催化剂光催化分解亚甲基蓝染料,但紫外光作用效果更佳。
4.吸光度测试
在室温条件下,使用紫外可见光分光光度计(TU-1900)对光催化降解染料溶液的吸光度进行测试。如图6所示,持续下降的吸光度伴随着紫外光照射处理时间,说明亚甲基蓝染料随着照射时间的增加逐渐被光催化分解。
5.光催化分解油酸
将60微升的0.1mol L-1油酸丙酮溶液滴在整理的织物上,待室温干燥后,置于氙灯(2.5mW cm-2)下光催化降解处理,并测试接触角。如图7所示,油酸沾染后表面接触角降为0°,经紫外光照射后,表面超疏水性修复,修复后的疏水角大于150°,并可经受多重循环的油酸沾污和光降解处理。
6.水洗测试
根据AATCC 61-2006 method标准,将织物置于150毫升的洗涤剂中(50个钢珠)在49℃条件下洗涤45分钟,为1个循环,相当于五个常规家庭洗涤标准。如图8所示,织物可耐约5个加速洗涤循环,相当于25个常规家庭洗涤标准。
7.光催化分解洗涤剂残留
将经加速洗涤的复合棉置于LED(5.6mW cm-2)和氙灯(2.5mW cm-2)下光催化降解处理,并测试处理前后的接触角。如图8、9所示,随着洗涤次数的增加,复合棉表面超疏水性下降,经过紫外光和可见光光催化分解处理后,表面超疏水性被修复,可延长复合棉的洗涤耐久性,在20个加速洗涤循环(相当于100个水洗循环)后仍能保持超疏水性。
8.超疏水性的自修复
用等离子体处理或加速洗涤破坏复合棉表面的疏水性,将表面疏水性被破坏后的复合棉分别置于135℃处理30分钟、1V电压下处理5分钟以及近红外光(2.5mW cm-2)照射两分钟。如图10所示,经加热、通电和近红外光照射可修复等离子体处理过的涂层织物表面的超疏水性,且多次修复处理的表面的疏水性能没有下降;此外,由加速洗涤导致表面疏水性受损的复合棉,也可通过加热、通电或近红外光照射来修复表面的超疏水性(如图11所示),实验结果表明本发明提供的一种超疏水自清洁的表面在疏水性受到损伤后,可通过光、电或热处理修复表面的疏水性达到超疏水的效果,提升产品的耐久性。
综上所述,本发明提供的一种超疏水自清洁的表面具有光催化活性,可以在可见光和紫外光照射下光催化分解表面的染料、油酸以及洗涤剂等以提高表面的疏水性,此外,可通过光、热、电等对由于等离子体或洗涤造成的表面疏水性的损伤进行修复,从而保持超疏水性能,具有该表面的材料不仅防水防油污,还具有自修复功能,大大提升材料的性能以及使用寿命。
以上所述实施例仅是为充分说明本发明而所举的较佳的实施例,本发明的保护范围不限于此。本技术领域的技术人员在本发明基础上所作的等同替代或变换,均在本发明的保护范围之内。本发明的保护范围以权利要求书为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种超疏水自清洁表面的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)在基底表面沉积聚多巴胺;
(2)在聚多巴胺上接枝L-半胱氨酸;
(3)通过矿化自组装、水热硫化在基底表面原位生长硫化金属光催化剂;
(4)通过原位还原纳米银,制备得到银修饰的异质结光催化剂;
(5)表面疏水化处理,制备得到所述一种超疏水自清洁表面。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种超疏水自清洁表面的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,在基底表面沉积聚多巴胺具体操作为:将基底置于含多巴胺盐酸盐、氧化剂及过氧化氢的缓冲溶液中浸渍;所述氧化剂为铜盐、铁盐和高碘酸钠中的一种;所述多巴胺盐酸盐的浓度为1-5mg mL-1;所述氧化剂的浓度为1-10mM;所述过氧化氢的浓度为10-50mM;所述浸渍的时间为2-8h;所述缓冲溶液的pH为8-8.5。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种超疏水自清洁表面的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,在聚多巴胺上接枝L-半胱氨酸具体操作为:将步骤(1)处理后的基底置于含有L-半胱氨酸的缓冲溶液中浸渍;所述L-半胱氨酸的浓度为1-25mM;所述浸渍的时间为0.5-4h;所述缓冲溶液的pH为8-8.5。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种超疏水自清洁表面的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述矿化自组装的具体操作为:将步骤(2)处理后的基底置于L-胱氨酸和金属盐的缓冲溶液中浸渍;所述金属盐为镉、锌、铜、锰、铅的盐酸盐、硫酸盐和硝酸盐中的一种;所述L-胱氨酸的浓度为10-100mM;所述金属盐中金属离子的摩尔浓度为L-胱氨酸的两倍;所述浸渍的时间为4-48h;所述缓冲溶液的pH为8-8.5;所述水热硫化具体操作为:将矿化自组装处理后的基底置于硫化剂的水溶液中浸渍;所述硫化剂为硫化铵、硫脲、硫化氢气体或单质硫;所述硫化剂的浓度为1-25wt%;所述浸渍的时间为4-48h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种超疏水自清洁表面的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中,原位还原纳米银的具体操作为:将步骤(3)处理后的基底在含有银氨溶液、PVP、三乙醇胺和水混合溶液中浸渍,鼓吹氮气,置于氙灯下照射,再加入强还原剂反应;所述强还原剂为葡萄糖、硼氢化钠、氯化锡或氢化铝锂;所述银氨溶液的浓度为10-250mM;所述PVP的浓度为0.1-1wt%;所述浸渍的时间为0.5-4h;所述鼓吹氮气的时间为10-60min;所述照射的时间为0.5-4h;所述反应的时间为0.5-4h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种超疏水自清洁表面的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中,表面疏水化处理具体操作为:将步骤(4)处理后的基底置于含疏水整理剂的有机溶剂中浸渍;所述疏水整理剂为1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸硫醇、巯基聚二甲基硅氧烷、甲基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、巯基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、十二烷基硫醇、十六烷基硫醇和二十四烷基硫醇中的一种或多种;所述有机溶剂为乙醇、丙酮或四氢呋喃;所述疏水整理剂的浓度为0.5-5vol%;所述浸渍的时间为1-10min。
7.一种超疏水自清洁表面,其特征在于,所述超疏水自清洁表面由权利要求1-6任一项所述制备方法制得。
8.权利要求7所述的一种超疏水自清洁表面在光催化分解和超疏水自修复方面的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的一种超疏水自清洁表面的应用,其特征在于,所述光催化分解具体为:通过紫外光或可见光的照射,光催化分解亚甲基蓝、油酸油脂、洗涤剂及表面活性剂;所述自修复具体为:通过加热、通电或近红外光照射的方法修复等离子体或洗涤对表面疏水性造成的损伤。
10.根据权利要求9所述的一种超疏水自清洁表面的应用,其特征在于,所述紫外光的光照强度为1-50mW cm-2,光照时间为12-24h;所述可见光的光照强度为1-50mW cm-2,光照时间为18-24h;所述加热修复的温度为90-160℃,加热的时间为0.1-12h;所述通电修复的电压为0.5-10V,通电的时间为0.5-10min;所述近红外光修复的光照强度为0.5-10mW cm-2,光照时间为1-10min。
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