CN113402332B - Method for preparing special functional fertilizer for rice and shrimp joint cropping by utilizing rice field wastes in diversified manner - Google Patents
Method for preparing special functional fertilizer for rice and shrimp joint cropping by utilizing rice field wastes in diversified manner Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for preparing a rice and shrimp co-cropping special functional fertilizer by utilizing rice field wastes in a diversified manner. The high-safety rice straw fertilizer is mainly used for quickly and efficiently decomposing high-safety wastes through rice straws and the like, so that the fertilizer retention and supply capacity is improved; partial nitrogen fertilizer slow release is comprehensively realized through porous adsorption characteristics of waste combustion residues such as rice straws, rice husks and the like, namely carbon residues, chelation characteristics of auxiliaries such as macromolecular amino acid, vegetable protein and the like, so that the requirement of the panicle fertilizer of rice in the co-working process of rice and shrimps is met, and the goal of improving the quality and stabilizing the yield of the rice and shrimps is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for preparing a rice and shrimp co-culture special functional fertilizer by diversified utilization of rice field wastes, relates to a related technology for realizing efficient circulation of substance nutrients in an ecological rice and shrimp culture process by multidirectional resource treatment of the rice field wastes and specialization optimization of a soil fertilizer supply function in a rice and shrimp co-culture process, and belongs to the field of intersection of organic waste resource utilization and a rice and shrimp culture mode fertilizer supply technology.
Background
The ecological breeding mode of the rice shrimps (procambarus clarkii (hereinafter referred to as crayfish)) realizes the aims of one-water dual-purpose, one-field dual-harvest, grain stabilization and efficiency improvement and one-time multi-win, effectively improves the resource utilization rate and the output benefit of farmlands, and becomes an important ecological agricultural mode in rice farming areas in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river in China. The 'rice shrimp' co-culture process is an important component of 'rice shrimp' planting mode, and the standard shrimp seedlings (3-5 g/tail) are thrown in before rice is transplanted, and the rice is harvested into shrimps in succession during the growth period. The mode can greatly relieve the situation that the market sale is busy in seasons, the demand is greater than the supply, and the comprehensive benefits of the mode are effectively improved. With the continuous development of the rice shrimp mode, two problems of 'nutrient characteristic loss' and 'resource idle waste' exist in production practice.
Firstly, the problem of 'nutrient characteristic deficiency' caused by the rice and shrimp breeding mode and the special water management mode thereof;
in order to improve the breeding effect of crayfishes, in the process of rice and shrimp co-cultivation, the water management is usually carried out on the ridge surface in a flooding mode (the water level is kept for a long time by 20 cm), the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the rice field are directly influenced, and the method mainly comprises the following steps:
(1) the soil submerged cultivation risk is deepened, the root system growth is not facilitated, and the nutrient absorption efficiency is influenced;
(2) the risk of easily lost soil nutrients such as nitrate and nitrogen is increased, and the effective nutrient supply process is influenced;
(3) the adversity avoidance characteristic causes the plant height of the rice under the flooding management mode to be increased, the effectiveness of functional elements such as silicon, potassium and the like is reduced along with the prolonging of the co-cultivation period, the lodging risk is increased, and the achievement of the stable yield target of the rice is not facilitated.
At present, the special fertilizer for the rice shrimps is various in types, mainly takes an organic and inorganic fertilizer application mode as a main mode, and mainly considers the production safety of the crayfish and the rice quality. However, in practical production, the following problems exist:
(1) the organic components of the rice shrimp fertilizer are mostly prepared from food leftovers with small heavy metal risk and the like, and the distribution of the organic components has certain regionality, so that the purchase cost is high;
(2) due to the short development time, the problems of influence on the nutrient supply capacity of the paddy soil, initial research, insufficient functional nutrient supply and the like are not yet considered;
(3) considering the crayfish breeding process, the spike fertilizer application is mostly omitted in the rice and shrimp co-farming process, which is not beneficial to the stability of the rice yield.
In a word, the rice shrimp special fertilizer sold in the current market has more varieties, but related products with stronger pertinence are in the bright market.
Secondly, resource idleness waste caused by inefficient utilization of crop waste resources in a rice and shrimp breeding mode;
in the rice and shrimp breeding mode operation process, the rice straws are used as organic wastes with the highest yield, so that the goal of recycling the organic wastes effectively is realized, and the problem mode sustainable development is achieved. The straw returning is beneficial to soil fertility and the purpose of guaranteeing stable yield of rice is achieved, but in the mode, the full straw returning often causes the deterioration of the water environment after rice, and influences the culture effect of shrimp seedlings before rice and adult shrimps before rice in the next year.
The method combines the straw-based main rice field waste 'moderate returning fertilizer utilization' with 'proper harvesting carbonization utilization':
(1) the problem of high moss caused by the fact that the water body is too thin is controlled through effective fertilizer and water, and the crayfish culture effect is guaranteed;
(2) the method has the advantages that the straw, rice hull and other rice field wastes are subjected to crushing, wall breaking and aerobic composting processes, so that the mineralization and decomposition degrees of organic components are promoted, and the nutrient supply and fertilizer retention capacity of the rice soil are improved;
(3) agricultural heavy metal with rice field waste as a main organic component has low risk and is cheap and easy to obtain, and the production cost of the special fertilizer is favorably controlled;
(4) the waste (straw and rice hull) in the rice field is carbonized to form a biological carbon resource, so that the problem of functional trace element loss is solved, the quick-acting nutrient slow release process is realized, the nutrient utilization efficiency is improved, and the slow release agent is more environment-friendly compared with a commercially available resin coated slow release agent.
Comprehensively helps to solve the problem of 'nutrient characteristic loss' related in 'one', controls the production cost of the special fertilizer, and simultaneously improves the pertinence and the diversity of the special fertilizer, thereby achieving multiple purposes.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the existing problems and provides a method for preparing a special functional fertilizer for rice and shrimp joint cropping by utilizing rice field wastes in a diversified manner.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows: a method for preparing a rice and shrimp co-cropping special functional fertilizer by utilizing rice field wastes in a diversified manner is characterized by comprising the following specific implementation steps of:
(1) preparing a biochar material;
preparing rice straws and rice hulls, wherein the weight ratio of the rice straws to the rice hulls is 3-4:1, and drying and crushing the rice straws and the rice hulls to obtain particles with the particle size of 1-3 cm; adding sodium hydroxide into the mixture of the rice straws and the rice hulls with the grain diameter of 1-3cm, wherein the addition amount of the sodium hydroxide is 5-10 percent of the total weight of the mixture of the rice straws and the rice hulls, uniformly mixing, slowly heating to the range of 500-700 ℃, carrying out limited oxygen pyrolysis for 2 hours, and crushing and sieving to obtain biochar with the grain diameter of 1 cm;
(2) preparing slow-release nitrogen-carrying biological carbon particles;
2-1), adjusting the pH value of deionized water to 5-6 by adopting a 0.1mol/L sulfuric acid solution, soaking the biochar in the deionized water for 1-3h, then taking the biochar out of the deionized water, and drying at 105 ℃;
adding ammonium sulfate into deionized water with pH of 5-6 to prepare an aqueous solution containing 10% of ammonium sulfate, then placing the dried biochar into the aqueous solution to be soaked for 2-4h, then taking the biochar out of the aqueous solution, and drying at low temperature to obtain nitrogen-carrying biochar;
2-2) carrying out disc granulation on the nitrogen-carrying biochar obtained in the step 2-1), spraying a fixed-concentration slow release agent for hole sealing in the granulation process to enhance the slow release effect of the nitrogen fertilizer and the drying mechanical hardness, and finally forming slow-release nitrogen-carrying biochar particles for later use;
(3) preparing granular organic fertilizer mainly comprising straws;
3-1), pre-crushing harvested rice straws to the length of 1-3cm, then carrying out puffing wall-breaking treatment on the pre-crushed rice straws, uniformly mixing the puffed wall-broken rice straws with mushroom dregs and rice hulls according to the volume ratio of 4:1:1-3:1:1, then regulating the moisture of the uniformly mixed mixture of the rice straws, the mushroom dregs and the rice hulls to 55-65% and the carbon-nitrogen ratio to 20-30:1, carrying out an aerobic fermentation process for 40-60 days, wherein the pile temperature lasts more than or equal to 55 ℃ for more than 10 days, and finally crushing and sieving to form thoroughly decomposed compost;
3-2) spraying and mixing the decomposed compost and the biogas slurry in the pig farm according to the weight ratio of 4-5:1 by using a disc machine, and performing low-temperature granulation treatment by using a tunnel type drying kiln to form a granular organic fertilizer for later use;
(4) compounding special functional fertilizers for rice and shrimp joint cropping;
slowly releasing nitrogen-loaded biological carbon particles, granular organic fertilizer and granular urea according to the weight supply amount of nitrogen nutrients of 2-3: 3-4: 2-3, the compound dosage of the granular calcium superphosphate and the granular potassium chloride is determined according to the ratio of N: p2O5：K2And O is carried out according to a fixed weight proportion, and the slow-release nitrogen-carrying biochar particles, the granular organic fertilizer, the granular urea, the granular calcium superphosphate and the granular potassium chloride are uniformly mixed to finally form the rice and shrimp co-culture special functional fertilizer.
In the steps 2-1) and 3-2), the low-temperature drying temperature ranges from 55 ℃ to 65 ℃.
In the step (3), the slow release agent comprises one or two of polyaspartic acid and vegetable protein, the dosage of polyaspartic acid is 1-3 per mill of the nitrogen-carrying amount of the charcoal, the vegetable protein comprises one or more of zein and soybean protein, and the dosage of the vegetable protein is 1-4 per mill of the mass of the charcoal.
In the step 3-2), the piggery biogas slurry is filtered and treated, the piggery biogas slurry is filtered by adopting pressurization filtration, and the filtration pore diameter is 0.2-0.5mm so as to control the risk of blockage in disc granulation spraying treatment.
In step (4), P is in calcium superphosphate2O5The effective content is 12% -14%, and K is contained in potassium chloride2The effective content of O is 50-60%;
superphosphate and potassium chlorideThe amount is different according to the rice variety type, sets up different mu's quantity respectively, and japonica rice adopts N: p2O5：K218-20 kg: 4-6 kg: 6-8 kg; the indica rice adopts N: p2O5：K2O is 12-14 kg: 4-6 kg: 6-8kg of the additive is added and compounded.
In conclusion, the invention belongs to the field of the crossing of organic waste resource utilization and rice shrimp breeding mode fertilizer supply technology, and particularly relates to a related technology for specifically optimizing the soil fertilizer supply function in the rice shrimp co-working process through multi-directional resource treatment of rice field waste and realizing the efficient circulation of substance nutrients in the rice shrimp ecological breeding process. The special functional fertilizer for rice and shrimp co-cropping mainly utilizes the high-efficiency fertilizer of the rice field wastes, meets the problem of characteristic nutrient deficiency caused by the special production process and the water management mode of the rice and shrimp field, relieves the safety problem of the rice and shrimp co-cropping production caused by the disordered resource utilization of the rice field wastes, and controls the production cost. The high-safety rice straw fertilizer is mainly used for quickly and efficiently decomposing high-safety wastes through rice straws and the like, so that the fertilizer retention and supply capacity is improved; partial nitrogen fertilizer slow release is comprehensively realized through porous adsorption characteristics of waste combustion residues such as rice straws, rice husks and the like, namely carbon residues, chelation characteristics of auxiliaries such as macromolecular amino acid, vegetable protein and the like, so that the requirement of the panicle fertilizer of rice in the co-working process of rice and shrimps is met, and the goal of improving the quality and stabilizing the yield of the rice and shrimps is realized.
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Fig. 1 is a diagram of a test cell.
Fig. 2 is a schematic top view of a test cell.
Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a test cell.
Detailed description of the invention
The following detailed description is to be read in connection with specific embodiments, but it should be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.
Example 1
The biomass fuel pressed by straws and rice husks is adopted, and the carbon slag after combustion and heat supply replaces biochar to control the fertilizer production cost, but the effective silicon content (SiO) in the biomass fuel needs to be ensured2) Not less than 5%, and total silicon content (SiO)2) Not less than 25%, whereinThe method for measuring silicon and effective silicon refers to lithium metaborate melting-ICP method and acetic acid buffer solution extraction-molybdenum blue colorimetric method in soil chemical analysis (Lurueyun).
Example 2
Drying and crushing rice straws and rice husks according to a ratio of 4:1 until the particle size is 2cm, and then respectively treating the rice straws and the rice husks according to the following three modes:
1) adding sodium hydroxide according to the weight of 1%, 5% and 10% of the biomass respectively;
2) soaking the biomass in 10%, 20% and 40% hydrogen peroxide for 2h, filtering the solution and not cleaning;
3) the biomass is soaked for 2 hours by adopting 5 percent, 10 percent and 20 percent of sulfuric acid, and the solution is filtered and not cleaned.
And (3) carrying out limited oxygen pyrolysis on the three types of materials at the temperature of 500-700 ℃ for 2h, crushing and sieving to obtain a biochar material with the particle size of 1cm, and measuring the contents of effective silicon and quick-acting potassium in the biochar. The results show that (table 1), a 10% sodium hydroxide mixing pyrolysis mode is adopted, so that straw waxy coatings and fiber aggregation structures are facilitated, rice hull layered structures are cracked and softened, silicon and potassium-rich structures are facilitated to be uniformly heated, the silicon and potassium effectiveness of a charcoal material is improved, and the application potential of the charcoal material in replacing lodging-resistant chemical fertilizers is enhanced.
TABLE 1 Effect of different pretreatments on the effectiveness of silico-potassium in biochar
Example 3
The rice straw (with the water content of 15.2%) is crushed to the length of 2cm, and then is pyrolyzed for 2 hours in a tubular furnace at 500 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere. And (3) taking pyrolytic end biochar, crushing and sieving the biochar (80 meshes), soaking the biochar in 0.1mol/L sulfuric acid solution for 2 hours, and washing the biochar with deionized water until the pH value is stable. Soaking in 10% ammonium sulfate solution for 0.5h, 1h, 2h, and 4h (fixed drying temperature is 60 deg.C), respectively drying at 50 deg.C, 60 deg.C, 70 deg.C, and 80 deg.C for 1h (fixed soaking time is 4h), and measuring the final nitrogen loading content of biochar at different soaking time and drying temperature. The results show (table 2) that the dipping time and the drying temperature are set to 1h and 50 ℃, respectively, and the content of ammonium-loaded nitrogen in the biochar is the highest, but 1h and 60 ℃ are more suitable drying conditions for the nitrogen-loaded biochar in consideration of the drying efficiency.
TABLE 2 ammonium nitrogen concentration carried by biochar under different drying conditions
Example 4
Pre-crushing harvested rice straws to 2cm in length, setting puffing wall breaking treatment (A) and non-puffing wall breaking treatment (CK), uniformly mixing the rice straws with the fungus residues according to the volume ratio of 4:1-3:1, adjusting the water content to 55-65%, and performing high-temperature aerobic composting. And calculating to obtain different mineralization proportions of the quick-acting nutrients according to total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium of the compost at the end of composting. The result shows (table 3), the pre-puffing treatment is more beneficial to opening the straw composite wrapping structure, so that the decomposition uniformity of the internal and external structures is improved, the nutrient mineralization efficiency is promoted, and the nutrient supply capacity of the straw is improved.
TABLE 3 straw content of compost
Example 5
According to the earthwork structure shown in the figures 2 and 3, a field shown in figure 1 is constructed, and a rice and shrimp co-culture mode (hereinafter referred to as rice and shrimp mode) production process is simulated. As shown in table 4, the rice variety-fengyou xiang occupied fertilizer amount in the suitable rice shrimp model was compared with the effects of the use of two formulas, nitrogen-carrying biochar + decomposed straw compost + conventional urea (a), silicon fertilizer + resin coated urea + conventional urea (B), on the lodging resistance of rice, yield composition, and crayfish yield characteristics under the condition of an equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supply by using single-applied resin coated urea + conventional urea as a Control (CK). CK. And (3) performing full-quantity basal application on the fertilizers treated by the A and the B, wherein the using amount of the silicon fertilizer treated by the CK and the B is determined according to the content of the effective silicon of the biochar in the treatment of the A.
Table 4 experimental design
In the rice and shrimp mode, the rice lodging resistance character determination result shows that compared with the commercially available slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (CK), the silicon increasing effectively improves the rice stem lodging resistance related indexes, and part of the rice stem lodging resistance related indexes reaches a significant level, while the effective silicon of the biochar is adopted to replace silicon fertilizer, the biochar has a porous adsorption function, and the organic part is adopted to replace the nitrogen fertilizer slow-release mode, so that the lodging resistance indexes are further improved, and particularly in the lodging indexes, the sections 2, 3 and 4 are significantly lower than other two treatments.
TABLE 5 lodging resistance index of rice straw
In the aspect of rice yield, the biochar replaces silicon fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer slow release treatment (A) is realized through porous adsorption and organic partial replacement, and the actual and theoretical rice of the biochar is higher than that of other treatments (CK and B); in the yield composition, the advantages of the indexes of the number of grains per cluster and the number of clusters in the holes are the reasons for higher yield of the treatment A.
TABLE 6 Rice yield composition
The crayfish output analysis result shows that the biochar replaces silicon fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer slow release treatment (A) is realized through porous adsorption and organic partial replacement to realize crayfish output improvement, and from the aspect of specification distribution, the treatment of the A nitrogen operation formula is more favorable for reducing application or slow release through chemical fertilizer, adverse stress reaction of the rice field environment to crayfish is reduced, the crayfish is cultivated to be suitable for the environment and to enrich the bait supply source, the large-specification (6-1 two) crayfish output effect in the lifting mode is favorable for solving the production problem of 'high yield and low harvest' in crayfish cultivation, and the anti-risk capability of the lifting mode is improved.
TABLE 7 Cray yields and specification distributions thereof
Claims (5)
1. A method for preparing a rice and shrimp co-cropping special functional fertilizer by utilizing rice field wastes in a diversified manner is characterized by comprising the following specific implementation steps of:
(1) preparing a biochar material;
preparing rice straws and rice hulls, wherein the weight ratio of the rice straws to the rice hulls is 3-4:1, and drying and crushing the rice straws and the rice hulls to obtain particles with the particle size of 1-3 cm; adding sodium hydroxide into the mixture of the rice straws and the rice hulls with the grain diameter of 1-3cm, wherein the addition amount of the sodium hydroxide is 5-10 percent of the total weight of the mixture of the rice straws and the rice hulls, uniformly mixing, slowly heating to the range of 500-700 ℃, carrying out limited oxygen pyrolysis for 2 hours, and crushing and sieving to obtain biochar with the grain diameter of 1 cm;
(2) preparing slow-release nitrogen-carrying biological carbon particles;
2-1), adjusting the pH value of deionized water to 5-6 by adopting a 0.1mol/L sulfuric acid solution, soaking the biochar in the deionized water for 1-3h, then taking the biochar out of the deionized water, and drying at 105 ℃;
adding ammonium sulfate into deionized water with pH of 5-6 to prepare an aqueous solution containing 10% of ammonium sulfate, then placing the dried biochar into the aqueous solution to be soaked for 2-4h, then taking the biochar out of the aqueous solution, and drying at low temperature to obtain nitrogen-carrying biochar;
2-2) carrying out disc granulation on the nitrogen-carrying biochar obtained in the step 2-1), spraying a fixed-concentration slow release agent for hole sealing in the granulation process to enhance the slow release effect of the nitrogen fertilizer and the drying mechanical hardness, and finally forming slow-release nitrogen-carrying biochar particles for later use;
(3) preparing granular organic fertilizer mainly comprising straws;
3-1), pre-crushing harvested rice straws to the length of 1-3cm, then carrying out puffing wall-breaking treatment on the pre-crushed rice straws, uniformly mixing the puffed wall-broken rice straws with mushroom dregs and rice hulls according to the volume ratio of 4:1:1-3:1:1, then regulating the moisture of the uniformly mixed mixture of the rice straws, the mushroom dregs and the rice hulls to 55-65% and the carbon-nitrogen ratio to 20-30:1, carrying out an aerobic fermentation process for 40-60 days, wherein the pile temperature lasts more than or equal to 55 ℃ for more than 10 days, and finally crushing and sieving to form thoroughly decomposed compost;
3-2) spraying and mixing the decomposed compost and the biogas slurry in the pig farm according to the weight ratio of 4-5:1 by using a disc machine, and performing low-temperature granulation treatment by using a tunnel type drying kiln to form a granular organic fertilizer for later use;
(4) compounding special functional fertilizers for rice and shrimp joint cropping;
slowly releasing nitrogen-loaded biological carbon particles, granular organic fertilizer and granular urea according to the weight supply amount of nitrogen nutrients of 2-3: 3-4: 2-3, the compound dosage of the granular calcium superphosphate and the granular potassium chloride is determined according to the ratio of N: p2O5：K2And O is carried out according to a fixed weight proportion, and the slow-release nitrogen-carrying biochar particles, the granular organic fertilizer, the granular urea, the granular calcium superphosphate and the granular potassium chloride are uniformly mixed to finally form the rice and shrimp co-culture special functional fertilizer.
2. The method for preparing the rice and shrimp co-cropping special functional fertilizer by utilizing the rice field wastes in a diversified manner as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the steps 2-1) and 3-2), the low-temperature drying temperature is controlled to be 55-65 ℃.
3. The method for preparing the rice and shrimp co-cropping special functional fertilizer by utilizing the rice field wastes in a diversified manner according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the slow release agent comprises one or two of polyaspartic acid and vegetable protein, the dosage of polyaspartic acid is 1-3 per thousand of the nitrogen-carrying amount of the charcoal, the type of the vegetable protein comprises one or more of zein and soy protein, and the dosage of the vegetable protein is 1-4 per thousand of the mass of the charcoal.
4. The method for preparing the functional fertilizer special for rice and shrimp co-culture by utilizing the rice field wastes in a diversified manner according to claim 1, wherein in the step 3-2), the pig farm biogas slurry is filtered and treated, the pig farm biogas slurry is filtered by adopting pressurization filtration, and the filtration pore diameter is 0.2-0.5mm, so that the risk of blockage in disc granulation spraying treatment is controlled.
5. The method for preparing the functional fertilizer special for rice and shrimp co-culture by utilizing the rice field wastes in a diversified manner as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (4), P in calcium superphosphate is added2O5The effective content is 12% -14%, and K is contained in potassium chloride2The effective content of O is 50-60%;
the dosages of the calcium superphosphate and the potassium chloride are respectively set to be different according to different types of rice seeds, and the dosage of each mu is N: p2O5：K2O =18-20 kg: 4-6 kg: 6-8 kg; the indica rice adopts N: p2O5：K2O =12-14 kg: 4-6 kg: 6-8kg of the additive is added and compounded.
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