CN113376260B - Welding seam simulation test block and ultrasonic detection process feasibility verification method - Google Patents
Welding seam simulation test block and ultrasonic detection process feasibility verification method Download PDFInfo
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- CN113376260B CN113376260B CN202110899461.7A CN202110899461A CN113376260B CN 113376260 B CN113376260 B CN 113376260B CN 202110899461 A CN202110899461 A CN 202110899461A CN 113376260 B CN113376260 B CN 113376260B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
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Abstract
The invention provides a welding seam simulation test block which is used for verifying the feasibility of an ultrasonic detection process of a welding joint, and comprises a first base material, a second base material and a butt welding seam, wherein the welding joint is made of austenitic stainless steel and has the thickness of t0, the butt welding seam has the thickness of the welding seam in the vertical direction and is provided with a defect characteristic for ultrasonic detection, the second base material is provided with a main body part, the first base material and the main body part respectively extend towards the left side and the upper right side from the butt welding seam, the top end of the upper right side of the main body part is provided with a horizontally extending detection surface for placing an oblique probe for ultrasonic detection, and the distance between the detection surface and the bottom of the butt welding seam is t 0. The invention also provides a method for verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process by adopting the welding seam simulation test block. The welding seam simulation test block and the ultrasonic detection process feasibility verification method are suitable for verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process of the welding joint with the ultra-large thickness.
Description
Technical Field
The invention provides a welding seam simulation test block for verifying ultrasonic detection process feasibility of a welding joint and relates to an ultrasonic detection process feasibility verification method for the welding joint.
Background
Aiming at ultrasonic detection of an argon arc welding joint with an ultra-large thickness, conventionally, a welding seam simulation test block with the same thickness is welded by argon arc welding to verify the feasibility of an ultrasonic detection process, but argon arc welding of a stainless steel forging with the ultra-large thickness is carried out, on one hand, because the argon arc welding efficiency is low, long welding time is needed, and on the other hand, more forgings are wasted when welding the welding joint with the ultra-large thickness.
The invention aims to provide a weld joint simulation test block and a verification method suitable for performing feasibility verification on the ultrasonic detection process of the welding joint with the ultra-large thickness.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a welding seam simulation test block which can be suitable for carrying out feasibility verification on an ultrasonic detection process of a welding joint with overlarge thickness.
The invention also aims to provide a feasibility verification method for the ultrasonic detection process, which is suitable for verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process of the welding joint with the ultra-large thickness.
The invention provides a welding seam simulation test block which is used for verifying the feasibility of an ultrasonic detection process of a welding joint, the welding seam simulation test block defines the left and right directions, the up and down directions and the depth direction which are perpendicular to each other, and comprises a first base material, a second base material and a butt welding seam extending along the depth direction, the welding joint is made of austenitic stainless steel, the thickness is t0, and t0 is 250-350 mm; in the weld simulation test block, the first base material and the second base material are made of the same material as the welding joint, the butt weld is arranged at the joint of the first base material and the second base material, and the butt weld has a weld thickness in the vertical direction and is provided with defect characteristics for ultrasonic detection; the second parent metal is provided with a main body part, the first parent metal and the main body part respectively extend towards the left side and the upper right side from the butt weld, the main body part provides a horizontally extending detection surface at the top end of the upper right side for placing an oblique probe for ultrasonic detection, and the detection surface is spaced from the bottom of the butt weld by t 0.
In one embodiment, the first base material has a first bottom surface extending horizontally, and the first bottom surface is flush with the slit bottom.
In one embodiment, the main body portion is projected as a parallelogram on each projection plane perpendicular to a depth direction, and the detection plane is projected as a first straight side of the parallelogram at a top end and extending left and right; the second base material is further provided with a connecting portion, the projection of the connecting portion is a closed quadrilateral formed by connecting a top edge line, a right edge line, a bottom edge line and a left edge line end to end on each projection surface, the top edge line is in butt joint with a second straight edge of the parallelogram, the second straight edge is located at the bottom end and extends left and right, the right edge line is connected with a third straight edge of the parallelogram, the third straight edge is located at the right side and extends towards the upper right side, therefore, the main body portion and the connecting portion are integrally arranged, a second bottom surface defined by the bottom edge line of the connecting portion is connected with the first bottom surface of the first base material, and the left edge line of the connecting portion is in butt joint with the butt joint welding line on the side of the butt joint welding line opposite to the first base material.
In one embodiment, the first base material has a first top surface extending horizontally, and the first top surface is flush with a left side edge of a seam surface of the butt weld.
In one embodiment, the first base material has a first thickness in a vertical direction, the first thickness being 70 to 100 mm; and/or the second base material has a second thickness in a direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the body portion, and the second thickness is 70 to 100 mm.
In one embodiment, the first base material has a first top surface and a first bottom surface both extending horizontally, the second base material has a left side surface and a right side surface both extending toward an upper right side, the first base material defines a first thickness between the first top surface and the first bottom surface, the second base material defines a second thickness between the left side surface and the right side surface, and the first thickness and the second thickness are the same.
In one embodiment, an angle between an extending direction of the body portion of the second base material and a left-right direction is 45 °.
In one embodiment, the defect feature is a cross-hole.
In one embodiment, the butt weld is provided with ¢ 3mm and ¢ 8mm cross holes in the up-down direction as the defect features.
The invention also provides a method for verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process for the welding joint, wherein the welding joint is made of austenitic stainless steel, the thickness is t0, and the thickness t0 is 250-350 mm; adopting the welding seam simulation test block; placing an ultrasonic detection oblique probe on the detection surface of the welding seam simulation test block; and verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process by testing the signal-to-noise ratio of the defect characteristics of the welding seam simulation test block.
The welding joint simulated by the welding joint simulation test block is made of austenitic stainless steel with basically consistent sound energy attenuation performance in all directions, in the welding joint simulation test block, the second base metal extending towards the upper right side provides a detection surface and an ultrasonic propagation path, so that a butt welding joint at the bottom can be detected when feasibility verification is conducted, the feasibility of an ultrasonic detection process can be effectively verified, and the welding joint simulation test block is remarkably reduced in size compared with an actually simulated welding joint, so that the material consumption can be remarkably reduced, meanwhile, the welding time can be remarkably shortened, and therefore the welding joint simulation test block is suitable for verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process of the welding joint with the overlarge thickness.
Drawings
The above and other features, properties and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of the embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary weld simulation block according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a front view of the exemplary weld simulation block of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a butt portion of an exemplary weld joint for which a weld simulation block is intended.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein the following description sets forth further details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the present invention, but it is apparent that the present invention can be embodied in many other forms other than those described herein, and it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in many different forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
For example, a first feature described later in the specification may be formed over or on a second feature, and may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features are formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Further, when a first element is described as being coupled or coupled to a second element, the description includes embodiments in which the first and second elements are directly coupled or coupled to each other, as well as embodiments in which one or more additional intervening elements are added to indirectly couple or couple the first and second elements to each other.
The weld joint simulation test block 10 provided by the invention is shown in fig. 1 and 2. Fig. 1 and 2 show a three-dimensional configuration and a planar configuration of the weld simulation block 10, respectively. It is to be understood that the drawings are designed solely for purposes of illustration and not as an isometric view and that no limitation on the scope of the invention is intended.
The weld simulation block 10 may be used for ultrasonic inspection process feasibility verification of a welded joint, i.e., for verifying whether an ultrasonic inspection process of a welded joint (not shown) is feasible. Fig. 3 shows a schematic view of a butt portion 200 of an exemplary weld joint for which the weld simulation block 10 is intended. The weld joint may be formed by two butt joint portions 200 butted together by a section S0, and the thickness of the weld is t0 as shown, which may also be referred to as the thickness of the weld joint.
The inventors have analyzed that the weld simulation block 10 is applied to the test of the austenitic stainless steel for the reason that the thickness t0 and t0 are 250 to 350mm as described above. It is to be understood that the range values denoted by "-" herein each include both end values, i.e., here, 250 mm. ltoreq. t 0. ltoreq.350 mm.
The weld simulation block 10 defines a left-right direction, an up-down direction, and a depth direction D1, all of which are perpendicular to each other, shown in fig. 1. That is, in fig. 2, a direction perpendicular to the paper surface, that is, the depth direction D1, in other words, fig. 2 shows a plane perpendicular to the depth direction D1. It will be understood that spatial relational terms, such as "left", "right", "upper", "lower", "horizontal", and the like, may be used herein to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element or feature as illustrated in the figures for ease of description. These spatial relationship words are intended to encompass other orientations of the element or component in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the components in the figures are turned over, elements described as "below" other elements or features would then be oriented "above" the other elements or features, and the spatially relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly.
The bead simulation block 10 includes a first base material 1, a second base material 2, and a butt weld 3 extending in a depth direction D1. It is to be understood that the terms "first", "second", etc. are used herein to define features only for the purpose of distinguishing between corresponding features, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way unless otherwise specified.
In the weld simulation block 10, the first base material 1 and the second base material 2 are made of the same material as the weld joint, that is, austenitic stainless steel. The butt weld 3 is provided at a joint a1 between the first base material 1 and the second base material 2. The butt weld 3 has a weld thickness in the up-down direction and is provided with a defect feature 4 for ultrasonic inspection. In the illustrated embodiment, the defect feature 4 is a cross-hole, i.e., a hole extending along the depth direction D1.
In the weld simulation block 10, the second base material 2 has a main body 21. The first base material 1 and the main body portion 21 extend from the butt weld 3 toward the left side and toward the upper right side, respectively, that is, the first base material 1 extends leftward in the left-right direction from the butt weld 3, and the main body portion 21 of the second base material 2 extends obliquely toward the upper right side.
The main body 21 provides a horizontally extending detection surface 211 at the top end of the upper right side, which can be used for placing an ultrasonic detection angle probe (not shown). The detection surface 211 is vertically spaced from the seam bottom 31 of the butt weld 3 by a distance t 0. That is, the distance in the up-down direction between the detection surface 211 and the seam bottom 31 of the butt weld 3 is equal to the thickness of the aforementioned weld joint.
In the weld simulation test block 10, the second base material 2 extending in an oblique direction provides a detection surface 211 on which an oblique probe is placed, and also provides a medium through which ultrasound can propagate. The inventor analyzes and considers that a butt weld 3 is arranged between the position of the second base material 2 close to the bottom and the first base material 1, and if the defect feature 4 in the butt weld 3 at the position can be detected in the actual ultrasonic detection, the defect closer to the top in the welding joint can be inferred to be more detectable, and the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process can be effectively verified.
Table 1 below sets forth test data for sound velocity, attenuation coefficient in three directions for a test block made of an austenitic stainless steel material, wherein the test block is a 316LN stainless steel forging.
TABLE 1 Sound velocity, attenuation coefficient test data
The test verification result shows that the acoustic energy attenuation difference of the austenitic stainless steel material in the front, back, left, right, upper and lower directions is very small, namely the acoustic energy attenuation difference in each direction is very small and can be basically ignored, so that the second base material 2 in the welding seam simulation test block 10 provides an ultrasonic propagation path in one direction, and the effectiveness of the ultrasonic detection process in the ultrasonic detection in each direction can be verified.
The inventor analyzes that the weld joint simulation test block 10 is particularly suitable for a welding joint with an ultra-large thickness t0 of 250-350 mm, and in the weld joint simulation test block 10, the sizes of the first base material 1, the second base material 2 and the butt weld 3 are remarkably reduced compared with the size of the welding joint with the ultra-large thickness, so that the material consumption can be remarkably reduced, the welding time can be remarkably shortened, the feasibility verification efficiency of an ultrasonic detection process can be remarkably improved, and the cost can be remarkably reduced. Test data to validate the weld simulation test block 10 for a weld joint having a t0 of 350mm is also provided below and tests have shown to be feasible.
In the illustrated embodiment, the first base material 1 may have a horizontally extending first bottom surface 11, and the first bottom surface 11 may be flush with the seam bottom 31 of the butt weld 3. This can further reduce the amount of material used and shorten the welding time. In addition, it is understood that the description of a plane "extending horizontally" as used herein means that the plane is substantially perpendicular to the up-down direction, and may allow a certain tolerance, for example, a surface that is not strictly flat, may allow a concavity or convexity to within 2 mm.
In fig. 2, taking a plane perpendicular to the depth direction D1 as an example, on each projection plane perpendicular to the depth direction D1, the main body portion 21 is projected as a parallelogram B1, and the detection surface 211 is projected as a first straight side 201 of the parallelogram B1 located at the top and extending left and right. The second base material 2 may further have a connection portion 22. As shown in fig. 2, on each projection plane, the connecting portion 22 may be projected as a closed quadrilateral B2 formed by connecting a top line 221, a right line 222, a bottom line 223 and a left line 224 end to end. The top edge line 221 may be abutted against the second straight edge 202 of the parallelogram B1, which is located at the bottom end and extends left and right, and the right edge line 222 may be continued to the third straight edge 203 of the parallelogram B1, which is located at the right side and extends toward the upper right side, whereby the main body portion 21 of the second base material 2 may be integrally provided with the connecting portion 22. The second bottom surface 23 defined by the bottom edge line 223 of the connection portion 22 may be continuous with the first bottom surface 11 of the first base material 1, and the left edge line 224 of the connection portion 22 may be butted against the butt weld 3 at a side of the butt weld 3 opposite to the first base material 1. The welding seam simulation test block 10 arranged in the way can further reduce the material consumption and shorten the welding time.
In the illustrated embodiment, the first base material 1 may have a first top surface 12 extending horizontally. The first top surface 12 may be flush with the left side edge 321 of the seam table 32 of the butt weld 3. The thus arranged weld simulation test block 10 is more convenient to manufacture.
As shown in fig. 2, the first base material 1 has a first thickness t1 in the vertical direction. The first thickness t1 may be 70-100 mm. The second base material 2 may have a second thickness t2 in a direction perpendicular to the extending direction D2 of the main body 21, and the second thickness t2 may be 70 to 100 mm. The setting ranges of the first thickness t1 and the second thickness t2 can save materials and improve efficiency while ensuring validity verification.
In the illustrated embodiment, as described above, the first base material 1 may have the first top surface 12 and the first bottom surface 11 both extending horizontally. The second base material 2 may have a left side surface 25 and a right side surface 26 both extending toward the upper right side. The first parent material 1 may define a first thickness t1 between the first top surface 12 and the first bottom surface 11, the second parent material 12 may define a second thickness t2 between the left side surface 25 and the right side surface 26, and the first thickness t1 may be the same as the second thickness t 2. Thus, the first base material 1 and the second base material 2 can be made of materials having the same thickness, and the manufacturing is further facilitated and the cost is reduced.
In the illustrated embodiment, the angle θ between the extending direction D2 of the main body 21 of the second base material 2 and the left-right direction is 45 °. The 45 ° longitudinal wave bicrystal oblique probe can be used as the oblique probe placed on the detection surface 211 for ultrasonic detection, and the inventor analyzes that if the ultrasonic detection process is verified to be feasible by using the weld simulation test block 10 with the included angle θ of 45 °, it is also feasible to perform ultrasonic detection by using the 60 ° oblique probe and the 75 ° oblique probe in actual detection, because the ultrasonic propagation path is the longest, that is, the attenuation is the most, when the included angle θ is 45 ° under the condition of thickness determination. In another embodiment, the included angle θ may be 60 °, 75 °, or the like.
It should be understood that the use of particular words herein to describe one embodiment of the invention, such as "one embodiment," "another embodiment," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with at least one embodiment of the invention is included. Therefore, it is emphasized and should be appreciated that two or more references to "one embodiment" or "another embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily to the same embodiment. It will also be appreciated that certain features, structures or characteristics of one or more embodiments of the invention may be combined as suitable.
The invention also provides a method for verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process for the welding joint. The material of the welding joint is austenitic stainless steel, the thickness is t0, and t0 is 250-350 mm. The ultrasonic detection process feasibility verification method comprises the following steps: adopting the welding seam simulation test block 10; placing an ultrasonic detection oblique probe on the detection surface 211 of the welding seam simulation test block 10; and verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process by testing the signal-to-noise ratio of the defect features 4 of the weld simulation test block 10.
The weld simulation test block 10 provided in the test process is shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, and is used for performing feasibility verification on the ultrasonic detection process of the austenitic stainless steel argon arc welding joint with the thickness of 350 mm. The first base material 1 is in the form of a square-block-like forged piece, and the first thickness t1 is set to be 70 mm; the second base material 2 is in the form of a forging like a bar, the second thickness t2 is set to 70mm, the length of the long side (i.e., the whole of the right side line 222 of the closed quadrangle B2 and the third straight side 203 of the parallelogram B1, or the right side surface 26) is 495mm, and the included angle θ formed by the long side and the horizontal plane is 45 °. The first base material 1 and the second base material 2 are welded by the structure shown in fig. 1 and 2, and the butt weld 3 is shown in fig. 1 and 2, and the weld simulation block 10 is substantially similar to a welded joint having an angle of 135 °. After the welding is completed, ¢ 3mm and ¢ 8mm cross holes are drilled at the position of the butt weld 3, that is, ¢ 3mm and ¢ 8mm cross holes are provided in the up-down direction of the butt weld 3 as the defect feature 4. Finally, the signal-to-noise ratios of the transverse holes of ¢ 3mm and ¢ 8mm are respectively tested on the detection surface 211 of the welding seam simulation test block 10 by adopting a 45-degree longitudinal wave bicrystal oblique probe. Specific experimental parameters can be found in table 2 below.
TABLE 2 Acoustic energy test data
Experiments show that for a welding seam with the thickness of 350mm, namely, for the welding seam simulation test block 10 designed for the austenitic stainless steel argon arc welding joint with the thickness of 350mm, ¢ 3mm transverse holes with the depth of 315mm can be detected, the signal-to-noise ratio is about 16dB, and the requirement of ultrasonic detection of the TF coil box can be met. In the ultrasonic detection process, the transmitting probe transmits ultrasonic waves to the surface of the member through the coupling agent, and when the ultrasonic waves propagate in the member, different reflected signals (echoes) exist when the ultrasonic waves encounter different interfaces. By using the time difference of the different reflected signals transmitted to the probe, defects inside the component can be inspected. The signal attenuation of the ultrasonic wave in the process of propagating in the stainless steel forging is larger when the thickness is larger, so that the defect signal in the smaller-size component can be detected if the defect signal in the large-size component can be detected in the ultrasonic detection process. Therefore, the weld simulation test block 10 designed for the austenitic stainless steel argon arc welding joint with smaller thickness can also meet the requirement of the TF coil box for ultrasonic detection. The inventors have analyzed that, if the thickness of the welded joint to which the bead simulation test block 10 is applied is too small, the effect obtained by using the bead simulation test block 10 is not significant, and therefore, it is reasonable to set the lower limit of the thickness of the welded joint to which the bead simulation test block 10 is applied to be 250 mm.
Therefore, the requirement for verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process of the ultra-large thickness austenitic stainless steel of 350mm can be verified and met through the welding seam simulation test block 10 with the structure. By adopting the welding seam simulation test block 10, the welding time is shortened by about 80%, the using amount of the forged piece is reduced by about 80%, and the welding seam simulation test block has very obvious effects on shortening the welding time and reducing the using amount of the forged piece.
Although the present invention has been disclosed in terms of the preferred embodiment, it is not intended to limit the invention, and variations and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, any modification, equivalent change and modification of the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present invention are within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention, unless the technical essence of the present invention departs from the content of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A weld simulation test block for ultrasonic testing process feasibility verification of a welded joint, the weld simulation test block defining a left-right direction, an up-down direction and a depth direction perpendicular to each other and being composed of a first base material, a second base material and a butt weld extending in the depth direction,
the welding joint is made of austenitic stainless steel, the thickness is t0, and the thickness t0 is 250-350 mm;
in the weld simulation test block, the first base material and the second base material are made of the same material as the welding joint, the butt weld is arranged at the joint of the first base material and the second base material, and the butt weld has a weld thickness in the vertical direction and is provided with defect characteristics for ultrasonic detection;
the second base material is provided with a main body part and a connecting part, the first base material and the main body part respectively extend towards the left side and the upper right side from the butt weld, the main body part provides a horizontally extending detection surface at the top end of the upper right side for placing an ultrasonic detection oblique probe, and the detection surface is spaced from the bottom of the butt weld by t 0; the first base material is provided with a first top surface and a first bottom surface which both extend horizontally, and the first top surface is flush with the left side edge of the surface of the butt welding seam;
the main body part is projected to be a parallelogram on each projection plane vertical to the depth direction, and the detection plane is projected to be a first straight edge of the parallelogram, which is positioned at the top end and extends left and right, on each projection surface, the projection of the connecting part is a closed quadrangle formed by connecting a top sideline, a right sideline, a bottom sideline and a left sideline end to end, the top side line is butted with a second straight edge of the parallelogram, which is positioned at the bottom end and extends left and right, and the right side line is connected with a third straight edge of the parallelogram, which is positioned at the right side and extends towards the upper right side, thereby, the main body portion is integrally provided with the connecting portion, a second bottom surface defined by the bottom edge line of the connecting portion is continuous with the first bottom surface of the first base material, the left sideline of the connecting part is butted with the butt weld at one side of the butt weld, which is opposite to the first base material;
the first base material has a first thickness of 70 to 100mm in a vertical direction, and the second base material has a second thickness of 70 to 100mm in a direction perpendicular to an extending direction of the body portion.
2. The weld simulation test block of claim 1,
the first bottom surface is flush with the seam bottom.
3. The weld simulation test block of claim 1,
the first thickness and the second thickness are the same.
4. The weld simulation test block of claim 1,
an angle between the extending direction of the main body portion of the second base material and the left-right direction is 45 °.
5. The weld simulation test block of claim 1,
the defect features employ cross holes.
6. The weld simulation test block of claim 1,
the butt weld is provided with ¢ 3mm and ¢ 8mm cross holes in the up-down direction as the defect features.
7. A method for verifying the feasibility of ultrasonic detection technology for welding joints is characterized in that,
the welding joint is made of austenitic stainless steel, the thickness is t0, and the thickness t0 is 250-350 mm;
simulating a test block using the weld of any one of claims 1 to 6;
placing an ultrasonic detection oblique probe on the detection surface of the welding seam simulation test block;
and verifying the feasibility of the ultrasonic detection process by testing the signal-to-noise ratio of the defect characteristics of the welding seam simulation test block.
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| CN101038270B (en) * | 2005-08-15 | 2011-02-09 | 文荆江 | Ultrasonic color imaging method and its apparatus characterizing ultra-fine structures and continuous variablity |
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| DE102016216875A1 (en) * | 2015-09-07 | 2017-03-09 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Apparatus and method for in situ calibration of a photoacoustic sensor |
| CN205449904U (en) * | 2016-03-31 | 2016-08-10 | 山东瑞祥模具有限公司 | Stainless steel welding seam reference block |
| CN206557165U (en) * | 2017-03-13 | 2017-10-13 | 保定天威电气设备结构有限公司 | It is a kind of to be used for the Special test block of not butt welds ultrasound detection calibration |
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