CN113313358B - River basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method adapting to river sand conveying amount - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method adapting to river sand transportation quantity, which is used for determining the region suitability level of a terraced field according to positive and negative terrains, soil distribution range and thickness; determining the region suitability level of the forest land according to the climate zone and the soil characteristics; determining different vegetation coverage scenarios based on the vegetation coverage variation characteristics; according to the obtained data, determining a plurality of combination modes of soil and water conservation slope measures, and calculating slope soil erosion amount Ts under each combination mode; giving river sand conveying amount, and determining the number of the reference silting dams in each combination mode according to the calculation result of the slope soil erosion amount; and comparing the treatment situation with the current water and soil conservation measure configuration of the river basin, and determining the water and soil conservation measure configuration scheme of the river basin. The method has scientific flow and strong operability, and according to the configuration scheme of the river basin water and soil conservation measures, the relation between river basin treatment and river sand conveying amount can be fully coordinated.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological environment protection, and relates to a river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method adapting to river sand delivery.
Background
With the promotion of ecological civilization construction of China, the national ecological environment is obviously improved.
Watershed management is a core motive force for promoting ecological civilization, and the primary task of watershed management is the scientific layout of water and soil conservation measures. In the traditional river basin treatment planning, the water and soil conservation measures are laid out to pursue the aim of minimum soil loss, and the requirement of the river on sand conveying quantity is ignored. For healthy rivers, it is necessary to maintain a certain amount of sediment. For yellow river, the rapid drop of sand delivery can threaten the safety of downstream embankment, and can also cause the atrophy of delta, affecting the ecological balance of yellow river delta.
Therefore, development of a river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method with a river sand transportation target as a guide is needed, the relation between river basin treatment and river sand transportation is fully coordinated, and river basin treatment quality improvement and efficiency improvement are promoted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method adapting to river sand conveying capacity, which solves the problem that the river basin treatment planning in the prior art ignores the requirement of river sand conveying capacity and causes the safety of downstream embankments to be crisis.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method adapting to river sand delivery quantity specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, determining the field suitability grade of a terrace according to positive and negative terrains, a soil distribution range and a thickness;
step 2, determining the region suitability level of the forest land according to the climate zone and the soil characteristics;
step 3, determining different vegetation coverage scenes based on vegetation coverage change characteristics;
step 4, determining a plurality of combination modes of soil and water conservation slope measures according to the steps 1, 2 and 3, and calculating the slope soil erosion amount T under each combination mode s ；
Step 5, giving out the target river sand conveying amount, and determining the reference silt dam system amount in each combination mode according to the slope soil erosion amount calculation result in the step 4;
and 6, comparing the treatment situation with the current water and soil conservation measure configuration of the river basin, and determining the water and soil conservation measure configuration scheme of the river basin.
The present invention is also characterized in that,
the regional suitability grade of the terrace in the step 1 is determined by adopting the following method:
determining a positive terrain and a negative terrain range according to the drainage basin digital elevation model, wherein the negative terrain is assigned to be level 4; the positive topography with the soil layer thickness smaller than 1m is assigned as grade 3; the positive topography with soil layer thickness greater than or equal to 1m is assigned a grade 1 with gradient less than or equal to 15 degrees, and is assigned a grade 2 with gradient greater than 15 degrees.
The regional suitability level of the forest land in the step 2 is determined by adopting the following method:
according to the climate characteristics, the river basin is divided into a wet area and an arid area, and according to the soil characteristics, the river basin is divided into a soil-stone mountain area and other areas. The grade of the earth and rocky mountain area of the wet area is 1, the grade of other areas of the wet area is 2, the grade of the earth and rocky mountain area of the arid area is 3, and the grade of other areas of the arid area is 4.
The vegetation coverage scenario in step 3 is determined by the following method:
firstly, dividing ecological units of a river basin according to landform, gradient and climate partition characteristics, wherein the ecological environment of each ecological unit is close, and counting the planting coverage value of 95% quantiles of each ecological unit as the vegetation recovery potential of the unit; calculating the river basin vegetation recovery speed by using the normalized vegetation indexes of the long sequences, and respectively determining the vegetation coverage after different years and in the vegetation recovery potential state according to the current state of the vegetation coverage and the recovery speed of the river basin as a vegetation coverage scene.
The implementation method of the step 4 is as follows:
according to the steps 1, 2 and 3, determining a plurality of soil and water conservation slope measure combination modes, and then calculating the slope soil erosion amount (T) of each soil and water conservation slope measure combination mode s ) The slope soil erosion amount is calculated by adopting the following formula (1):
T s ＝A M s (1)；
wherein M is s The slope soil erosion modulus is the slope soil erosion modulus, and A is the area of the river basin; the slope soil erosion modulus is calculated by using a modified general soil loss equation, and the following formula is adopted(2) The following is shown:
M s ＝RKSLCP (2)；
wherein M is s Is the slope soil erosion modulus, and the unit is: t/(hm) 2 A); r is a rainfall erosion factor in units of: MJ.mm/(hm) 2 H.a); k is a soil corrodibility factor, and the unit is: t.hm 2 .h/(hm 2 Mj.mm)); s is a gradient factor; l is a slope length factor, C is a crop coverage-management factor, P is a soil and water conservation measure factor, and the P value is 0.12 for terraces.
For woodland and grassland, when the vegetation coverage is smaller than 5, C is 1, and when the vegetation coverage is larger than or equal to 5, the grassland C factor calculation formula is:
C grass ＝e -0.0418(V-5) (3)；
the calculation formula of the forest C factor is as follows:
in the formulas (3) and (4), C grass For grassland crop cover-management factor, C forest For the woodland crop coverage-management factor, V is the vegetation coverage,%, calculated from the normalized vegetation index.
The reference silted dam in step 5 is defined as:
the reference silty land dam system refers to a large dam, a medium dam and a small dam with the configuration ratio of 1:2:5, the control area of the large dam is 4.5km 2 The storage capacity is 75 ten thousand m 3 The control area of the medium-sized dam is 1.5km 2 The storage capacity is 25 ten thousand m 3 The control area of the small dam is 0.5km 2 The storage capacity is 8 ten thousand m 3 . In this configuration, the control area of a reference earth-displacement dam is 10km 2 The soil erosion modulus in the control range of the reference silted dam is 1000 t/(km) 2 And a), when the sediment blocking amount of each reference silting dam system is 1 ten thousand t, the arrangement of the storage capacity ensures that the silting years of the large, medium and small dams in one reference silting dam system are the same, namely, the silting is full at the same time.
The implementation method in the step 6 is as follows:
and (3) taking various water and soil conservation slope measure configurations meeting the river sand conveying quantity and the reference silt dam system layout quantity as alternative configuration schemes, investigating the existing water and soil conservation measure configurations of the river basin, and taking the alternative configuration scheme closest to the existing water and soil conservation measure configurations as the river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration scheme.
The river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method for adapting to the river sediment quantity has the advantages of scientific flow and strong operability, and the river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration scheme determined by the method can fully coordinate the relation between river basin treatment and river sediment quantity.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a terrace region suitability grading method of a river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method adapting to river sand transportation quantity;
FIG. 2 is a method for grading the suitability of a forest land by a river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method for adapting to river sediment transport capacity;
FIG. 3 is a regional suitability level of yellow river head road crutch-Tongguan section terrace in an embodiment of a river basin soil and water conservation measure configuration method for adapting river sediment transport according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a regional suitability level of yellow river head road crutch-Tongguan section woodland in an embodiment of a river basin soil and water conservation measure configuration method for adapting river sediment transport according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a yellow river head road corner-on section vegetation restoration scenario in an embodiment of a river basin soil and water conservation measure configuration method adapted to river sediment transport according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description.
The invention relates to a river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method adapting to river sand conveying quantity, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
and collecting data such as a digital elevation model, a soil distribution range and thickness, climate zones, soil characteristics, normalized vegetation indexes, existing water and soil conservation measures and the like in the water and soil distribution areas.
Step 1, extracting positive terrain and negative terrain ranges of the river basin according to the river basin digital elevation model, and assigning the negative terrain as level 4. For positive topography, the soil layer thickness is continuously divided into two subclasses, and for positive topography with the soil layer thickness smaller than the subclasses, the grade 3 is assigned. According to the digital elevation model, the gradient is extracted and divided into two grades smaller than or equal to 15 degrees and larger than 15 degrees, the soil layer thickness is larger than or equal to 1m of positive topography, the grade smaller than or equal to 15 degrees is assigned to grade 1, the grade larger than 15 degrees is assigned to grade 2, and a region suitability grade diagram of the terrace is formed, as shown in fig. 1.
And 2, dividing the river basin into a wet area and an arid area according to the climate characteristics of the river basin, and dividing the river basin into a soil-stone mountain area and other areas according to the soil characteristics. The land and stone mountain areas of the wet area are rated as 1, the other areas of the wet area are rated as 2, the land and stone mountain areas of the arid area are rated as 3, the other areas of the arid area are rated as 4, and a region suitability level diagram of the woodland is formed, as shown in fig. 2.
And 3, dividing the river basin into a plurality of ecological units according to the landform, the gradient and the climate partition characteristics, and counting the vegetation coverage value of 95% quantiles of each ecological unit as the vegetation recovery potential of the unit. Calculating a watershed vegetation recovery speed by using a long-sequence normalized vegetation index, as shown in the following formula (1):
wherein VVS is vegetation recovery speed, median represents Median, NDVI i And NDVI j Respectively t i Time sum t j Normalized vegetation index value at time.
And respectively determining vegetation coverage after different years and in a vegetation restoration potential state according to the current situation of the vegetation coverage and the restoration speed of the river basin, and taking the vegetation coverage as a vegetation coverage scene.
Step 4, determining various water and soil conservation according to the steps 1, 2 and 3The slope measure combination mode is used for calculating the slope soil erosion amount (T) of each water and soil conservation slope measure combination mode s ) The slope soil erosion amount is calculated by adopting the following formula (2):
T s ＝A M s (2)；
wherein M is s The slope soil erosion modulus is the slope soil erosion modulus, and A is the area of the river basin; the slope soil erosion modulus is calculated using a modified general soil erosion equation as shown in equation (3) below:
M s ＝RKSLCP (3)；
wherein M is s Is the slope soil erosion modulus, and the unit is: t/(hm) 2 A); r is a rainfall erosion factor in units of: MJ.mm/(hm) 2 H.a); k is a soil corrodibility factor, and the unit is: t.hm 2 .h/(hm 2 Mj.mm)); s is a gradient factor; l is a slope length factor, C is a crop coverage-management factor, and P is a soil and water conservation measure factor.
In the step 4, for the woodland and the grassland, when the vegetation coverage is less than 5, the C value is 1, and when the vegetation coverage is more than or equal to 5, the grassland C factor calculation formula is:
C grass ＝e -0.0418(V-5) (4)；
the calculation formula of the forest C factor is as follows:
in the formulas (4) and (5), C grass For grassland crop cover-management factor, C forest For woodland crop coverage-management factor, V is vegetation coverage,%. The terrace P value was taken as 0.12.
Step 5, giving a river sediment transport target value (T r ) Survey of surface water intake and reservoir sediment retention (T) h ) The target sand blocking amount (T) of the silt dam c ) The calculation formula is as follows:
T c ＝T s -T h -T r (6)
and determining the number of the reference silty dams under each combination mode of soil and water conservation slope measures according to the target sand blocking amount of the silty dams and the definition of the reference silty dams.
And 6, taking various water and soil conservation slope measure configurations meeting the river sand conveying amount and the reference land dam system layout quantity as alternative configuration schemes, investigating the existing water and soil conservation measure configurations of the river basin, and taking the alternative configuration scheme closest to the existing water and soil conservation measure configurations as the river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration scheme.
Examples
Since 2000, the sand transmission amount of the yellow river on the hydrologic station is drastically reduced due to large-scale ecological construction activities of the yellow river midstream region.
Firstly, determining the region suitability grade of the terraced fields in the turn-cross section of the yellow river head according to the range of positive topography, negative topography, gradient and soil layer thickness, as shown in figure 3, wherein the region suitability grade of the terraced fields is 1 level and the area is 4.56 ten thousand km 2 Level 2 area of 2.04 km 2 The 3-level area is 0.69 ten thousand km 2 Class 4 area 22.35 km 2 The proportions were 15.41%, 6.89%, 2.31% and 75.39%, respectively.
Determining the region suitability grade of the forest land in the yellow river head road turning-Tongguan section according to the climate characteristics and the soil characteristics, as shown in figure 4, wherein the region suitability grade of the forest land is 1 grade and the area is 5.49 km 2 Level 2 area of 6.83 km 2 The 3-level area is 5.10 km 2 Class 4 area of 12.23 km 2 The proportions were 18.51%, 23.03%, 17.20% and 41.26%, respectively. According to the vegetation recovery potential and the vegetation recovery speed, the situations of the 2020 year, the 2040 year and the vegetation recovery potential state 3 are determined, and as shown in fig. 5, the vegetation coverage in the three situations is 0.69, 0.79 and 0.84 respectively.
According to the regional suitability level of terraces and forest lands and vegetation restoration scenes, various treatment measures are combined, the slope soil erosion modulus under each combined measure is calculated, and the total loss amount of the slope soil can be calculated by multiplying the area of the yellow river head road turning-customs clearance area.
The target value of the sand conveying amount of a given yellow river is 3 hundred million t. The reservoir and the water diversion sand taking amount of the yellow river head turning-the-main section are 1.76 hundred million t each year, the total loss amount of slope soil is subtracted by 1.76 hundred million t, and the sand conveying amount target value of 3 hundred million t is subtracted to obtain the sand blocking amount required by the silt dam, and the standard silt dam system amount table 1 is calculated according to the slope soil erosion modulus and the standard silt dam system definition.
Table 1 layout mode
According to the current situation of water and soil conservation in the yellow river head road turning-crossing section, a low-strength terraced field-small Fan Weilin land-vegetation 2040 year scene is recommended to be a river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method for adapting to river sand conveying quantity in the yellow river head road turning-crossing section, and the terraced field area is 4.56 ten thousand km under the configuration scheme 2 The terrace area is 5.49 km 2 The vegetation coverage is 79% and the number of standard silt dams is 7285.
Claims (2)
1. A river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method adapting to river sand transportation quantity is characterized in that: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, determining the region suitability grade of a terrace according to positive and negative terrains, a soil distribution range and a thickness;
the regional suitability grade of the terrace in the step 1 is determined by adopting the following method:
determining a positive terrain and a negative terrain range according to the digital elevation model, wherein the negative terrain is assigned to be level 4; the positive topography with the soil layer thickness smaller than 1m is assigned as grade 3; positive topography with soil layer thickness greater than or equal to 1m, grade less than or equal to 15 degrees assigned grade 1, grade greater than 15 degrees assigned grade 2;
step 2, determining the region suitability level of the forest land according to the climate zone and the soil characteristics;
the regional suitability level of the forest land in the step 2 is determined by adopting the following method:
dividing the river basin into a wet area and an arid area according to climate characteristics, and dividing the river basin into a soil-stone mountain area and other areas according to soil characteristics; the grade of the earth and rocky mountain area of the wetting area is 1, the grade of other areas of the wetting area is 2, the grade of the earth and rocky mountain area of the arid area is 3, and the grade of other areas of the arid area is 4;
step 3, determining different vegetation coverage scenes based on vegetation coverage change characteristics;
the vegetation coverage scenario in the step 3 is determined by adopting the following method:
firstly, dividing ecological units of a river basin according to landform, gradient and climate partition characteristics, wherein the ecological environment of each ecological unit is close, and counting a vegetation coverage value of 95% quantiles of each ecological unit as vegetation recovery potential of the unit; calculating a river basin vegetation recovery speed by using a long-sequence normalized vegetation index, and respectively determining vegetation coverage after different years and in a vegetation recovery potential state according to the current state and the recovery speed of the river basin vegetation coverage to serve as a vegetation coverage scene;
step 4, determining a plurality of combination modes of soil and water conservation slope measures according to the steps 1, 2 and 3, and calculating the slope soil erosion amount T under each combination mode s ；
The implementation method of the step 4 is as follows:
according to the steps 1, 2 and 3, determining a plurality of soil and water conservation slope measure combination modes, and then calculating the slope soil erosion amount T of each soil and water conservation slope measure combination mode s The slope soil erosion amount is calculated by adopting the following formula (1):
T s ＝A M s (1)；
wherein M is s The slope soil erosion modulus is the slope soil erosion modulus, and A is the area of the river basin; the slope soil erosion modulus is calculated using a modified general soil erosion equation as shown in equation (2) below:
M s ＝RKSLCP (2)；
wherein M is s Is the slope soil erosion modulus, and the unit is: t/(hm) 2 A); r is a rainfall erosion factor in units of: MJ.mm/(hm) 2 H.a); k is a soil corrosiveness factor, and the unit is: t.hm 2 .h/(hm 2 Mj.mm)); s is a gradient factor; l is a slope length factor, C is a crop coverage-management factor, P is a soil and water conservation measure factor, and the P value is 0.12 for terraces; for woodland and grassland, when the vegetation coverage is smaller than 5, C is 1, and when the vegetation coverage is larger than or equal to 5, the grassland C factor calculation formula is:
C grass ＝e -0.0418(V-5) (3)；
the calculation formula of the forest C factor is as follows:
in the formulas (3) and (4), C grass For grassland crop cover-management factor, C forest For the coverage-management factor of the woodland crops, V is vegetation coverage, and calculating according to the normalized vegetation index;
step 5, giving river sand conveying amount, and determining the number of the reference silting dams in each combination mode according to the calculation result of the slope soil erosion amount in the step 4;
the reference silted dam in the step 5 is defined as:
the reference silty land dam system refers to a large dam, a medium dam and a small dam with the configuration ratio of 1:2:5, the control area of the large dam is 4.5km 2 The storage capacity is 75 ten thousand m 3 The control area of the medium-sized dam is 1.5km 2 The storage capacity is 25 ten thousand m 3 The control area of the small dam is 0.5km 2 The storage capacity is 8 ten thousand m 3 ；
In this configuration, the control area of a reference earth-displacement dam is 10km 2 The soil erosion modulus in the control range of the reference silted dam is 1000 t/(km) 2 During a), the sediment blocking amount of each reference siltation dam system is 1 ten thousand t, and the arrangement of the storage capacity ensures one reference siltation dam systemThe sedimentation years of the large, medium and small dams in the dam are the same, namely, the dam is full at the same time;
and 6, comparing the treatment situation with the current water and soil conservation measure configuration of the river basin, and adjusting and determining the water and soil conservation measure configuration scheme of the river basin.
2. The river basin water and soil conservation measure configuration method adapting to river sediment transport according to claim 1, wherein the configuration method comprises the following steps: the implementation method in the step 6 is as follows:
and (3) taking various water and soil conservation slope measure configurations meeting the river sand conveying quantity and the reference silt dam system layout quantity as alternative configuration schemes, investigating the existing water and soil conservation measure configurations of the river basin, and taking the alternative configuration scheme closest to the existing water and soil conservation measure configurations as the water and soil conservation measure configuration scheme of the river basin.
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| CN114547919B (en) * | 2022-04-27 | 2022-09-23 | 江西省水利科学院 | Simulation system and method for monitoring and controlling wind power erosion in sandy mountain area |
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