CN113295772A - Thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device and method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves - Google Patents
Thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device and method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves Download PDFInfo
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- CN113295772A CN113295772A CN202110645246.4A CN202110645246A CN113295772A CN 113295772 A CN113295772 A CN 113295772A CN 202110645246 A CN202110645246 A CN 202110645246A CN 113295772 A CN113295772 A CN 113295772A
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/041—Analysing solids on the surface of the material, e.g. using Lamb, Rayleigh or shear waves
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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Abstract
The invention provides a thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device and method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves, wherein the device comprises: the box, the box both ends set up the through-hole respectively, and the outside of through-hole respectively sets up a transport mechanism, and the pipeline that awaits measuring passes through in the through-hole to bear in transport mechanism, be provided with first ultrasonic transducer and second ultrasonic transducer on the inner wall of box respectively, first ultrasonic transducer and second ultrasonic transducer set up along the pipeline axial interval that awaits measuring, and it has the acoustics couplant to fill in the box. The thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device and method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves are simple in structure and reasonable in design; the detection method carries out omnibearing nondestructive detection on the pipeline to be detected by exciting and receiving ultrasonic leaky lamb wave signals and matching with the axial movement of the pipeline to be detected, and solves the problem that the pipeline to be detected or an ultrasonic transducer is inconvenient to rotate in the existing detection.
Description
Technical Field
The disclosure relates to the technical field of ultrasonic nondestructive testing of pipelines, in particular to a nondestructive testing device and method for a thin-walled pipe based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves.
Background
The stainless steel thin-wall pipe is widely applied to the aspects of aerospace industry, automobile industry and ship industry as an oil conveying pipe of airplanes, automobiles, ships and the like. But the defects generated by the thin pipe wall in the forming process, such as delamination, interlayer, hole-shaped defects, cracks and the like, can threaten the manufacturing and using safety of the product. Meanwhile, due to external loading and changes of the use environment, the expansion of a tiny defect source in the thin-walled tube can be caused, and further a fatigue failure accident is caused, so that the defect identification of the stainless steel thin-walled tube is very necessary.
Ultrasonic non-destructive inspection is generally used for longitudinal wave (compressional wave) and shear wave (shear wave) inspection, and is effective for flaw detection of thick workpieces using shear waves and longitudinal waves. However, when the thickness of the workpiece is less than 2mm, the traditional transverse wave and longitudinal wave detection has the defects of large noise, short sound path and weak defect echo, and cannot achieve good detection effect.
In fact, when the acoustic waveguide thickness is on the same order of magnitude as the acoustic wavelength, obliquely incident longitudinal waves will be excited in the acoustic waveguide at an appropriate excitation angle to produce lamb waves synthesized from shear waves and longitudinal waves. Ultrasonic lamb wave propagation in-process decay reduces, and propagation distance is far away, can cover most detection range in the short time, and when the work piece immerged in the fluid, the lamb wave of propagating along the work piece can be to work piece both sides medium leakage energy, and the ripples of revealing is called leaking the lamb wave, is received by the receiver, is favorable to discovering the inside and outside surface of work piece and inside defect.
The particularity of the vibration and propagation mode of ultrasonic lamb wave particles makes the ultrasonic lamb wave particle vibration and propagation mode an effective means for detecting the thin plate. When the diameter of the small-sized bar or the wall thickness of the pipe satisfies the above conditions, lamb waves can be excited and propagated as well. However, lamb waves were originally used for the detection of thin plates, and the wide application thereof in industrial production is greatly limited due to the complexity of lamb wave theory and detection mechanism. The application technology of lamb waves on the nondestructive detection of thin-walled tubes is obviously not mature on thin plates.
At present, the scanning mode of the automatic pipe detection system is that an ultrasonic probe scans along the circumferential direction and the axial direction according to a spiral line, and the specific transmission modes are four: firstly, the probe is static and the pipe rotates and advances; secondly, the pipe linearly advances, and the probe rotates at a high speed; thirdly, the pipe rotates, and the probe advances linearly; fourthly, the pipe is not moved, and the probe moves along the spiral line. The pitch of the scanning spiral line of the scanning probe needs to be controlled not to be too large, so that the ultrasonic beam is prevented from scanning the pipe completely. It is obvious that there is certain degree of difficulty and complexity in realizing comprehensive and accurate scanning, and this scanning still has the detection speed slow, easy being detected equipment fish tail when tubular product is rotatory scheduling problem.
Disclosure of Invention
The present disclosure is directed to a thin-walled tube nondestructive testing apparatus and method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves, which may solve one or more of the above-mentioned problems of the prior art.
According to one aspect of the disclosure, a thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves is provided, and the device comprises a box body, through holes are respectively arranged at two ends of the box body, a conveying mechanism is respectively arranged at the outer side of each through hole, a pipeline to be tested passes through the through holes and is borne on the conveying mechanism, a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer are respectively arranged on the inner wall of the box body, and the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are axially arranged at intervals along the pipeline to be tested;
the central lines of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are respectively positioned on two cross sections of the box body;
the projection of the connecting line of the incident points of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer on the pipe wall of the pipeline to be measured on the cross section of the pipeline to be measured is the diameter of the cross section of the pipeline to be measured;
the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are arranged at the same inclination angle with the pipe wall of the pipeline to be tested;
the signal input end of the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with the signal output end of the main control computer through a first solid-state relay, a first power amplifier and a first pulse signal generator in sequence;
the signal output end of the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with the signal input end of the main control computer through a first solid-state relay, a first preamplifier, a first time gain control amplifier, a first filter and a first analog-digital converter in sequence;
the signal input end of the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with the signal output end of the main control computer through a second solid-state relay, a second power amplifier and a second pulse signal generator in sequence;
the signal output end of the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with the signal input end of the main control computer through a second solid-state relay, a second preamplifier, a second time gain control amplifier, a second filter and a second analog-digital converter in sequence;
the box body is filled with acoustic couplant.
In some embodiments, the acoustic couplant is water.
In some embodiments, the first and second ultrasonic transducers each employ a point focused water immersion probe, the piezoelectric wafer material within the point focused water immersion probe being a lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic.
In some embodiments, the first and second ultrasound transducers are both a duplexer-type transducer.
In some embodiments, an ultrasonic horn is attached to each of the housings of the first and second ultrasonic transducers.
In some embodiments, the box is a cylindrical box, and a cavity is formed between the outer wall and the inner wall of the box, and the inner wall of the box surrounds and forms the channel.
In some embodiments, the conveying mechanism includes a base and a plurality of rollers arranged in pairs, each pair of rollers is horizontally arranged above the base along the moving direction of the pipeline to be measured, and the distance between two rollers in each pair of rollers is set as the diameter of the pipeline to be measured.
In some embodiments, the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are arranged at the same inclination angle with the pipe wall of the pipe to be measured, wherein the calculation formula of the inclination angle θ is
θ＝arcsin(Cw/Cp)
Wherein, CpIs the phase velocity of the leaky lamb wave, CwIs the sound velocity in the acoustic couplant outside the pipe to be tested.
According to another aspect of the disclosure, a thin-walled tube nondestructive testing method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves is provided, which is applied to a thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves, and comprises the following steps,
(1) determining a primary frequency f of a sound source0: selecting a frequency-thickness product interval from lamb wave frequency dispersion curves, and determining a main frequency f of a sound source according to the central value of the frequency-thickness product interval and the thickness of a pipe wall0，f0Namely the center frequency of the narrow-band excitation pulse signals output by the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator;
(2) selecting resonant frequency as main frequency f of sound source0The ultrasonic transducers are used as a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer;
(3) determining the incidence angle, namely the inclination angle theta, of the excited lamb wave zero-order antisymmetric mode: the calculation formula is as follows,
θ＝arcsin(Cw/Cp)
wherein, CpFor the main frequency f of the sound source in the step (1)0The corresponding frequency thickness product is the phase velocity, C, of the leaky lamb wave on the corresponding ordinate in the frequency dispersion curve of the lamb wavewThe sound velocity is the sound velocity in the acoustic couplant outside the pipeline to be measured;
(4) adjusting the emission angles of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to be an inclination angle theta;
(5) the master control computer controls the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator to output a central frequency f0The narrow-band excitation pulse signal is generated, and meanwhile, the pipeline to be tested moves along the axial direction under the action of the transmission mechanism;
(6) narrow-band excitation pulse signals output by the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator respectively drive the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to excite single-mode leaky lamb waves which stably propagate in the pipeline to be tested through the first power amplifier and the second power amplifier;
(7) the leaky lamb waves excited by the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are transmitted along the same direction of the pipe wall of the pipeline to be tested and form reflected waves after the leaky lamb waves act on the defects, and the reflected waves are received by the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer respectively;
(8) the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer convert received reflected wave signals into voltage signals, ultrasonic echo voltage signals converted by the first ultrasonic transducer are processed by a first preamplifier, a first time gain control amplifier, a first filter and a first analog-digital converter in sequence and then transmitted to a main control computer, and ultrasonic echo voltage signals converted by the second ultrasonic transducer are processed by a second preamplifier, a second time gain control amplifier, a second filter and a second analog-digital converter in sequence and then transmitted to the main control computer;
(9) and (4) analyzing and processing the signals received in the step (8) by the main control computer to obtain characteristic parameters related to the defects.
The thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device and method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves are simple in structure and reasonable in design; through excitation and receiving supersound hourglass lamb wave signal, the axial displacement of the pipeline that awaits measuring is cooperated, carries out omnidirectional nondestructive test to the pipeline that awaits measuring, controls the inconvenient problem of pipeline or the rotation of ultrasonic transducer that awaits measuring in solving current detection.
In addition, in the technical solutions of the present disclosure, the technical solutions can be implemented by adopting conventional means in the art, unless otherwise specified.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present disclosure, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of relative positions of a first ultrasonic transducer, a second ultrasonic transducer, a pipeline to be detected and a cross section of a box body in the ultrasonic leaky lamb wave-based thin-walled tube nondestructive testing apparatus provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an ultrasonic horn in a thin-walled tube nondestructive testing apparatus based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
Fig. 4 is a schematic circuit control diagram of excitation and reception of ultrasonic lamb waves in a first ultrasonic transducer in a thin-walled tube nondestructive testing apparatus based on ultrasonic lamb waves according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Fig. 5 is a schematic circuit control diagram of excitation and reception of ultrasonic lamb waves in the second ultrasonic transducer in the ultrasonic leaky lamb wave-based thin-walled tube nondestructive testing apparatus provided in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
To make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present disclosure more clear, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present disclosure will be described clearly and completely with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present disclosure, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present disclosure. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments disclosed herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present disclosure.
Example 1:
in this embodiment, referring to the accompanying fig. 1-5 of the specification, there is provided an ultrasonic leaky lamb wave-based thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device, comprising,
the ultrasonic testing device comprises a box body 1, through holes 11 are respectively arranged at two ends of the box body 1, a conveying mechanism 2 is respectively arranged at the outer side of each through hole 11, a pipeline 3 to be tested passes through the through holes 11 and is borne on the conveying mechanisms 2, a first ultrasonic transducer 4 and a second ultrasonic transducer 5 are respectively arranged on the inner wall of the box body 1, and the first ultrasonic transducer 4 and the second ultrasonic transducer 5 are axially arranged at intervals along the pipeline 3 to be tested;
the central lines of the first ultrasonic transducer 4 and the second ultrasonic transducer 5 are respectively positioned on two cross sections of the box body 1;
the projection of the connecting line of the incident points of the first ultrasonic transducer 4 and the second ultrasonic transducer 5 on the pipe wall of the pipeline 3 to be measured on the cross section of the pipeline 3 to be measured is the diameter of the cross section of the pipeline 3 to be measured;
the first ultrasonic transducer 4 and the second ultrasonic transducer 5 are arranged at the same inclination angle with the pipe wall of the pipeline 3 to be measured;
the signal input end of the first ultrasonic transducer 4 is connected with the signal output end of the main control computer through a first solid-state relay, a first power amplifier and a first pulse signal generator in sequence;
the signal output end of the first ultrasonic transducer 4 is connected with the signal input end of the main control computer through a first solid-state relay, a first preamplifier, a first time gain control amplifier, a first filter and a first analog-digital converter in sequence;
the signal input end of the second ultrasonic transducer 5 is connected with the signal output end of the main control computer through a second solid-state relay, a second power amplifier and a second pulse signal generator in sequence;
the signal output end of the second ultrasonic transducer 5 is connected with the signal input end of the main control computer through a second solid-state relay, a second preamplifier, a second time gain control amplifier, a second filter and a second analog-digital converter in sequence;
the box body 1 is filled with acoustic couplant.
The utility model provides a thin wall pipe nondestructive test device based on supersound leaks lamb wave, through set up transport mechanism outside the box, realize that ultrasonic probe does not move, the pipeline that awaits measuring carries out the single detection mode of motion of axial, the detection difficulty has been reduced, the detection procedure has been simplified, the detection precision has been improved, first ultrasonic transducer and second ultrasonic transducer set up along the pipeline axial interval that awaits measuring, make two ultrasonic transducers separate the certain distance in the space, avoid detecting the sound wave and interfere with each other, make the transmission and the receipt of first ultrasonic transducer and second ultrasonic transducer all independent, can be used for the defect detection of half pipe circumference respectively, thereby realize hundreds scanning detection to the pipeline that awaits measuring, the omission problem that traditional fixed point detected and appears easily has been avoided, the accuracy of detection has further been improved.
Meanwhile, the first solid-state relay and the second solid-state relay which are high in switching speed and long in service life are used as the switching switches to rapidly switch the transceiving circuit, so that asymmetric circuit errors are eliminated, the transmitting circuits and the receiving circuits of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are completely isolated, and the influence of transmitting signals on receiving is eliminated; the arrangement of the first solid-state relay and the second solid-state relay realizes the automatic switching control of signal excitation receiving, simplifies the nondestructive testing process of the thin-walled tube and improves the testing efficiency; the circuits between the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer and the main control computer are completely independent, so that when the main control computer collects signals, the serial numbers of the channels used for excitation and receiving of the ultrasonic transducers are clearly displayed, the observation by operators is facilitated, and the efficiency of pipeline detection is improved.
In an alternative embodiment, the first solid state relay and the second solid state relay may be connected to the host computer through a parallel port. Therefore, the synchronous control signal provided by the main control computer indirectly controls the connection and disconnection of the first solid-state relay and the second solid-state relay, so that the states of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are controlled, the connection and disconnection of the transmitting circuit and the receiving circuit are realized, and the rapid switching of the transmitting circuit and the receiving circuit is realized. The master control computer controls the switching of the transceiver circuits, so that the detection process is more flexible and convenient, meanwhile, the interference between the transceiver circuits is avoided, and the high efficiency of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer when the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are used as transmitters and the good signal-to-noise ratio when the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are used as receivers are ensured.
In an alternative embodiment, the acoustic couplant is water. Therefore, the inside of the pipeline to be tested is air, the outside of the pipeline to be tested is water, and the water is used as an acoustic coupling agent and is used for filling air gaps between the first ultrasonic transducer 4 and the second ultrasonic transducer 5 and the pipeline to be tested 3, so that the propagation of ultrasonic waves between the probe and the pipeline to be tested is facilitated, and the lubricating effect is achieved.
In an alternative embodiment, the first ultrasonic transducer 4 and the second ultrasonic transducer 5 both use a point focusing water immersion probe, and the piezoelectric wafer material in the point focusing water immersion probe is lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic (PZT). Therefore, the point focusing water immersion probe gathers the ultrasonic waves into a thin beam, has good directivity, reduces the problem of ultrasonic surface blind areas, and simultaneously, the ultrasonic probe and the pipeline to be detected are detected in a non-contact mode, so that the transmitting and receiving of ultrasonic lamb waves are more stable, the possibility of probe damage is reduced, the service life is prolonged, and the detection cost is reduced.
In an alternative embodiment, the first ultrasonic transducer 4 and the second ultrasonic transducer 5 are both a duplexer type transducer. Thus, a transceive shared transducer is used both for transmitting and receiving acoustic signals.
In an alternative embodiment, shown in fig. 3 with reference to the description, an ultrasonic horn 6 is attached to each of the housings of the first and second ultrasonic transducers 4 and 5. Therefore, the ultrasonic amplitude transformer 6 has the energy gathering function, concentrates the ultrasonic energy at a smaller area, and improves the flaw detection sensitivity and the resolution.
In an alternative embodiment, the box 1 is a cylindrical box, a cavity 12 is formed between the outer wall and the inner wall of the box 1, and the inner wall of the box 1 surrounds and forms the channel 13. The acoustic couplant is filled in the passage 13. Therefore, wires and circuit elements can be arranged in the cavity 12, and the influence of the acoustic couplant on the wires or the circuit is avoided.
In an alternative embodiment, the conveying mechanism 2 includes a base 21 and a plurality of rollers 22 arranged in pairs, each pair of rollers 22 is horizontally arranged above the base 21 in the moving direction of the pipe 3 to be measured, and the distance between two rollers 22 in each pair of rollers 22 is set to the diameter of the pipe 3 to be measured. Therefore, the pipeline 3 to be detected moves axially under the action of the two rollers 22 which are oppositely arranged and have the distance of the diameter of the pipeline to be detected, the movement process is carried out by driving the rollers 22 to rotate through the control motor of the main control computer, the rotating speed is adjustable, the full automation of the detection of feeding and discharging is realized, the detection efficiency is improved, and the detection cost is reduced; meanwhile, the roller 22 has a clamping effect, so that the pipeline 3 to be detected is kept stable in the moving process, and the influence on the detection result caused by the shaking of the pipeline 3 to be detected is avoided.
In an alternative embodiment, the distance between the two rollers 22 of each pair of rollers 22 is adjustable. Therefore, the distance between the rollers 22 can be adjusted according to the different diameters of the pipeline 3 to be detected so as to adapt to the detection of pipelines with different diameters.
In an optional embodiment, the signal output end of the main control computer is further connected with a display, a printer and an external data storage module. Therefore, targeted repair information is provided, the leakage phenomenon is not easy to occur, the detection efficiency is improved, and the pipeline quality is ensured; the detection result is convenient to store.
In an alternative embodiment, the first ultrasonic transducer 4 and the second ultrasonic transducer 5 are arranged at the same inclination angle with the pipe wall of the pipe 3 to be measured, wherein the calculation formula of the inclination angle θ is
θ＝arcsin(Cw/Cp)
Wherein, CpIs the dominant frequency f of the sound source0The corresponding frequency thickness product is the phase velocity, C, of the leaky lamb wave on the corresponding ordinate in the frequency dispersion curve of the lamb wavewIs the sound velocity in the acoustic coupling agent outside the pipeline to be measured and the main frequency f of the sound source0By selecting a frequency-thickness product interval from the lamb wave frequency dispersion curve and determining the central value of the frequency-thickness product interval and the pipe wall thickness, the detailed steps can refer to embodiment 2 of the disclosure. Therefore, included angles between the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer and a pipeline to be detected are set to be theta, ultrasonic lamb waves can be conveniently excited and received, the ultrasonic transducers set at the fixed angles are parallel to lamb wave reflected wave fronts reflected by defects, the amplitude of lamb wave reflected waves received by the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer can be enhanced, reflected wave signals have higher signal-to-noise ratio, and detection accuracy is improved.
In an alternative embodiment, the first and second ultrasonic transducers 4 and 5 may be axially spaced apart by a distance of 100 mm.
Example 2:
in this embodiment, a thin-walled tube nondestructive testing method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves is provided, and is applied to any one of the thin-walled tube nondestructive testing devices based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves in the product embodiments, including the following steps:
(1) determining a primary frequency f of a sound source0: selecting a frequency-thickness product interval from lamb wave frequency dispersion curves, and determining a main frequency f of a sound source according to the central value of the frequency-thickness product interval and the thickness of a pipe wall0，f0Namely the center frequency of the narrow-band excitation pulse signals output by the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator;
(2) selecting resonant frequency as main frequency f of sound source0The ultrasonic transducers are used as a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer;
(3) determining the incidence angle, namely the inclination angle theta, of the excited lamb wave zero-order antisymmetric mode: the calculation formula is as follows,
θ＝arcsin(Cw/Cp)
wherein, CpFor the main frequency f of the sound source in the step (1)0The corresponding frequency thickness product is the phase velocity, C, of the leaky lamb wave on the corresponding ordinate in the frequency dispersion curve of the lamb wavewThe sound velocity is the sound velocity in the acoustic couplant outside the pipeline to be measured;
(4) adjusting the emission angles of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to be an inclination angle theta;
(5) the master control computer controls the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator to output a central frequency f0The narrow-band excitation pulse signal is generated, and meanwhile, the pipeline to be tested moves along the axial direction under the action of the transmission mechanism;
(6) narrow-band excitation pulse signals output by the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator respectively drive the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to excite single-mode leaky lamb waves which stably propagate in the pipeline to be tested through the first power amplifier and the second power amplifier;
(7) the leaky lamb waves excited by the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are transmitted along the same direction of the pipe wall of the pipeline to be tested and form reflected waves after the leaky lamb waves act on the defects, and the reflected waves are received by the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer respectively;
(8) the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer convert received reflected wave signals into voltage signals, ultrasonic echo voltage signals converted by the first ultrasonic transducer are processed by a first preamplifier, a first time gain control amplifier, a first filter and a first analog-digital converter in sequence and then transmitted to a main control computer, and ultrasonic echo voltage signals converted by the second ultrasonic transducer are processed by a second preamplifier, a second time gain control amplifier, a second filter and a second analog-digital converter in sequence and then transmitted to the main control computer;
(9) and (4) analyzing and processing the signals received in the step (8) by the main control computer to obtain characteristic parameters related to the defects.
In an optional embodiment, in step (1), the method specifically includes:
step 1.1, under the condition of a high-frequency sound source, the condition that a defect exists in a pipe can be equivalent to the condition that a defect exists in a metal plate, and frequency dispersion curves of a lamb wave symmetric (S) mode and an anti-symmetric (A) mode in an immersion solid plate are obtained according to a Rayleigh-lamb frequency dispersion equation of the immersion solid plate;
the symmetric mode dispersion equation of the immersion solid plate is as follows:
the antisymmetric mode dispersion equation of the immersion solid plate is as follows:
in the formula, kL＝ω/ClThe longitudinal wave number k of the pipeline body to be measuredS＝ω/CsThe wave number of the transverse wave of the pipeline body to be detected is; k is omega/CpIs the lamb wave number;
Clis the longitudinal wave velocity, C, of the pipe material to be measuredsTransverse wave velocity, rho, of the pipe material to be measured1The density of the pipeline material to be measured, and h is the thickness of the pipeline wall of the pipeline to be measured; rho2Density of acoustic couplant, CwIs the acoustic velocity in the acoustic couplant; cpIs the lamb wave phase velocity and omega is the lamb wave frequency.
Step 1.2, selecting a frequency-thickness product interval according to a lamb wave frequency dispersion curve, and determining a main frequency f of a sound source according to the central value of the frequency-thickness product interval and the thickness of a pipe wall0。
Due to the frequency dispersion and multi-mode characteristics of lamb waves, echoes of lamb waves in multiple modes are overlapped to form wave packets, and difficulty is caused in analyzing and identifying the echo signals of defect or crack detection. Therefore, a pure single mode and excitation frequency are required to be selected for more accurate signal analysis during detection.
The horizontal axis of the lamb wave dispersion curve is the product of frequency and plate thickness, namely the frequency-thickness product, and the unit is MHz mm. Selecting an interval which can excite stronger zero-order antisymmetric (A0) mode lamb waves and avoid excessive interference of the zero-order symmetric (S0) mode lamb waves on a frequency dispersion curve, and determining a main frequency f of a sound source according to the central value of the interval and the pipe wall thickness of a pipeline to be detected0。
Selecting the resonant frequency as the main frequency f of the sound source in the step (2)0The ultrasonic transducers of (1) are used as the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer. Thus, the resonant frequency of the piezoelectric transducer and the frequency of the input electrical signal, i.e., the primary frequency f of the sound source0At the same time, maximum acoustic energy can be generated.
And (4) adjusting the emission angles of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to be the inclination angle theta. Therefore, errors of lamb wave analog-digital excitation and identification are avoided, and energy of lamb waves is improved.
In the step (5), the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator both output frequency f0Wherein the pulse signal is a narrowband pulse signal. Therefore, the excitation response signal of the narrow-band pulse signal is simple and stable and is easy to analyze.
And (4) transmitting the lamb waves in the pipeline to be tested, which are excited by the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer in the step (6), along the same direction of the pipe wall, partially reflecting the lamb waves when the lamb waves meet defects, and reversely transmitting reflected waves.
In the step (7), the first ultrasonic transducer receives the leaky lamb wave excited by the first ultrasonic transducer and propagated along the upper half cycle (or the lower half cycle) of the pipe and the reflected wave after the defect action, and the second ultrasonic transducer receives the leaky lamb wave excited by the second ultrasonic transducer and propagated along the lower half cycle (or the upper half cycle) of the pipe and the reflected wave after the defect action, namely the two transducers are respectively responsible for detecting the upper half cycle and the lower half cycle of the pipe.
And (8) processing the ultrasonic echo voltage signals converted by the first ultrasonic transducer by a first preamplifier, a first time gain control amplifier, a first filter and a first analog-digital converter in sequence and then transmitting the signals to a main control computer, and processing the ultrasonic echo voltage signals converted by the second ultrasonic transducer by a second preamplifier, a second time gain control amplifier, a second filter and a second analog-digital converter in sequence and then transmitting the signals to the main control computer. Therefore, the first preamplifier and the second preamplifier initially amplify weak received signals, improve the signal-to-noise ratio and are used for impedance matching; the first time gain control amplifier and the second time gain control amplifier are used for compensating the attenuation of the ultrasonic echo signal along with the propagation distance; the first filter and the second filter are used for removing interference signals and extracting effective signals; the first analog-digital converter and the second analog-digital converter convert the signals into digital signals which can be processed by the main control computer, so that the main control computer can process the digital signals conveniently.
In an optional embodiment, a signal input end of the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with a signal output end of the main control computer sequentially through the first solid-state relay, the first power amplifier and the first pulse signal generator; and the signal output end of the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with the signal input end of the main control computer through a first solid-state relay, a first preamplifier, a first time gain control amplifier, a first filter and a first analog-digital converter in sequence. The signal input end of the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with the signal output end of the main control computer through a second solid-state relay, a second power amplifier and a second pulse signal generator in sequence; and the signal output end of the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with the signal input end of the main control computer through a second solid-state relay, a second preamplifier, a second time gain control amplifier, a second filter and a second analog-digital converter in sequence.
Therefore, the first solid-state relay and the second solid-state relay which are high in switching speed and long in service life are used as the switching switches to rapidly switch the transceiving circuit, so that asymmetric circuit errors are eliminated, the transmitting circuits and the receiving circuits of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are completely isolated, and the influence of transmitting signals on receiving is eliminated; the arrangement of the first solid-state relay and the second solid-state relay realizes the automatic switching control of signal excitation receiving, simplifies the nondestructive testing process of the thin-walled tube and improves the testing efficiency; the circuits between the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer and the main control computer are completely independent, so that when the main control computer collects signals, the serial numbers of the channels used for excitation and receiving of the ultrasonic transducers are clearly displayed, the observation by operators is facilitated, and the efficiency of pipeline detection is improved.
In an alternative embodiment, the first solid state relay and the second solid state relay may be connected to the host computer through a parallel port. Therefore, the synchronous control signal provided by the main control computer indirectly controls the connection and disconnection of the first solid-state relay and the second solid-state relay, so that the states of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are controlled, the connection and disconnection of the transmitting circuit and the receiving circuit are realized, and the rapid switching of the transmitting circuit and the receiving circuit is realized. The master control computer controls the switching of the transceiver circuits, so that the detection process is more flexible and convenient, meanwhile, the interference between the transceiver circuits is avoided, and the high efficiency of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer when the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are used as transmitters and the good signal-to-noise ratio when the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are used as receivers are ensured.
For the purpose of explaining the theory of the present invention and as a reference for the embodiment of the present invention, the following are experimental procedures and results of the thin-walled tube nondestructive testing method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb wave proposed by the present disclosure.
And selecting one stainless steel thin-walled tube with defects as a pipeline to be detected. The defects were radial defects parallel to the tube axis and the defect size was 3mm (length) 0.1mm (width) 0.05mm (depth).
A point focusing probe with the size of 18mm in diameter, the focal length of 20mm and the wafer thickness of 6mm is selected as a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer. The diameter of the radiation surface at the tail end of the ultrasonic amplitude transformer is 1 mm. The acoustic couplant is water.
Longitudinal wave velocity C of pipeline to be measured15950m/s, shear wave velocity Cs3250m/s, 6mm diameter d, 0.5mm wall thickness h, and ρ density1＝7850kg/m3(ii) a Speed of sound C in waterw1500m/s, density ρ2＝1000kg/m3。
Substituting the data information of the pipe and the water into the following two formulas,
and solving a phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curve of the leaky lamb wave in the immersion solid plate, and accordingly selecting a frequency-thickness product of 1.5MHz mm, wherein only two modes of A0 and S0 exist in the frequency band, the phase velocity and the group velocity of the two modes have larger difference, and when the mode conversion occurs due to the interaction between the A0 mode and the defect, the difference of the phase velocity can avoid the interference of the converted S0 mode to a certain extent.
For a thin-wall steel pipe with the wall thickness of 0.5mm, the dominant frequency of a sound source can be calculated to be 3MHz, and the A0 mode phase velocity at the central frequency is CpWhen 2557.5m/s, the ultrasonic wave incident angle for exciting the a0 mode lamb wave in the thin-walled steel tube with immersion liquid is calculated to be 35.91% arcsin (1500/2557.5)°。
Group velocity C according to tube diameter d 6mm and A0 mode at center frequencygThe time t required for the lamb wave in A0 mode to propagate around the pipe in one circle can be calculated as 3250m/s1＝πd/CgApproximately 5.8 mus, the travel time of the reflected wave from the defect at the circumference of the transmitting transducer 1/2; if the distance H between the radiation end face of the amplitude transformer and the pipe wall is 2mm, the travel time of the ultrasonic wave in water is t2＝2(H/cosθ)/CwApproximately 3.3. mu.s, so that about 9.1. mu.s can complete one measurement. Even if each measurement time is calculated according to 20 mu s, the maximum measurement speed can reach 50000 times/s. The axial measurement precision is 0.1mm, and the allowable moving speed of the pipe fitting to be measured along the axial direction is 5 m/s. Therefore, the pipeline to be measured can move at high speed, and high-speed measurement is realized.
The thin-wall pipe nondestructive testing method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves adopts a self-generating and self-receiving transducer, narrow-band pulse signals generated by a first pulse signal generator and a second pulse signal generator act on a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer through a first power amplifier and a second power amplifier, the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer convert electric signals into ultrasonic signals through the inverse piezoelectric effect of a piezoelectric wafer at the bottom of the transducer, excite leaky lamb waves in a pipeline to be tested at a proper angle and transmit the leaky lamb waves in the pipeline to be tested, generate reflected waves when the defects or impurities are encountered, the reflected waves are respectively received by the originally corresponding ultrasonic transducers and converted into the electric signals through the positive piezoelectric effect, the electric signals are amplified by corresponding preamplifiers and time gain control amplifiers and filtered by filters and are converted into digital signals which can be processed by a main control computer through an analog-to-digital converter, and finally, analyzing and processing by a main control computer to finish detection.
The thin-walled tube nondestructive testing method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves, which is provided by the invention, realizes a testing mode that an ultrasonic probe does not move and a pipeline to be tested performs axial single movement, reduces the testing difficulty, simplifies the testing process and improves the testing precision, the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are axially arranged at intervals, so that the two ultrasonic transducers are spaced at a certain distance, the whole testing area of the pipeline to be tested is covered by enough sound beams, mutual interference of testing sound waves is avoided, the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are independent in emission and reception, and can be respectively used for detecting the defects of the circumference of a half tube, thereby realizing the hundred-percent scanning testing of the pipeline to be tested, avoiding the omission problem easily caused by the traditional fixed-point testing and further improving the testing accuracy; meanwhile, the detection process realizes full-digital adjustment and is convenient to use.
The foregoing is merely an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure, and it should be noted that modifications and embellishments could be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principle of the present disclosure, and these should also be considered as the protection scope of the present disclosure.
Claims (9)
1. A thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves is characterized by comprising
The ultrasonic testing device comprises a box body (1), through holes (11) are respectively formed in two ends of the box body (1), a conveying mechanism (2) is respectively arranged on the outer side of each through hole (11), a pipeline (3) to be tested passes through the through holes (11) and is borne on the conveying mechanism (2), a first ultrasonic transducer (4) and a second ultrasonic transducer (5) are respectively arranged on the inner wall of the box body (1), and the first ultrasonic transducer (4) and the second ultrasonic transducer (5) are axially arranged at intervals along the pipeline (3) to be tested;
the central lines of the first ultrasonic transducer (4) and the second ultrasonic transducer (5) are respectively positioned on two cross sections of the box body (1);
the projection of the connecting line of the incident points of the first ultrasonic transducer (4) and the second ultrasonic transducer (5) on the pipe wall of the pipeline to be measured (3) on the cross section of the pipeline to be measured (3) is the diameter of the cross section of the pipeline to be measured (3);
the first ultrasonic transducer (4), the second ultrasonic transducer (5) and the pipe wall of the pipeline to be tested (3) are arranged at the same inclination angle;
the signal input end of the first ultrasonic transducer (4) is connected with the signal output end of the main control computer sequentially through a first solid-state relay, a first power amplifier and a first pulse signal generator;
the signal output end of the first ultrasonic transducer (4) is connected with the signal input end of the main control computer through a first solid-state relay, a first preamplifier, a first time gain control amplifier, a first filter and a first analog-digital converter in sequence;
the signal input end of the second ultrasonic transducer (5) is connected with the signal output end of the main control computer sequentially through a second solid-state relay, a second power amplifier and a second pulse signal generator;
the signal output end of the second ultrasonic transducer (5) is connected with the signal input end of the main control computer through a second solid-state relay, a second preamplifier, a second time gain control amplifier, a second filter and a second analog-digital converter in sequence;
and the box body (1) is filled with an acoustic coupling agent.
2. The ultrasonic leaky lamb wave-based thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device according to claim 1, wherein the acoustic couplant is water.
3. The thin walled pipe nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves as claimed in claim 1,
the first ultrasonic transducer (4) and the second ultrasonic transducer (5) both adopt point focusing water immersion probes, and piezoelectric wafer materials in the point focusing water immersion probes are lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics.
4. The thin walled pipe nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves as claimed in claim 1,
the first ultrasonic transducer (4) and the second ultrasonic transducer (5) are both of a transmitting-receiving shared type transducer.
5. The thin walled pipe nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves as claimed in claim 1,
the shells of the first ultrasonic transducer (4) and the second ultrasonic transducer (5) are respectively connected with an ultrasonic amplitude transformer (6).
6. The thin walled pipe nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves as claimed in claim 1,
the box body (1) is a cylindrical box body, a cavity (12) is formed between the outer wall and the inner wall of the box body (1), and the inner wall of the box body (1) is surrounded to form a channel (13).
7. The thin walled pipe nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves as claimed in claim 1,
conveying mechanism (2) include base station (21) and a plurality of gyro wheel (22) that set up in pairs, it is every along gyro wheel (22) the direction level that awaits measuring pipeline (3) removed sets up base station (21) top, it is every right in gyro wheel (22) two the distance between gyro wheel (22) sets up as the diameter of awaiting measuring pipeline (3).
8. The thin walled pipe nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves as claimed in claim 1,
the first ultrasonic transducer (4), the second ultrasonic transducer (5) and the pipe wall of the pipeline to be measured (3) are arranged at the same inclination angle, wherein the calculation formula of the inclination angle theta is
θ＝arcsin(Cw/Cp)
Wherein, CpIs the phase velocity of the leaky lamb wave, CwIs the sound velocity in the acoustic couplant outside the pipe to be tested.
9. The thin-walled tube nondestructive testing method based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves is characterized by being applied to the thin-walled tube nondestructive testing device based on ultrasonic leaky lamb waves in any one of claims 1 to 8, and comprising the following steps,
(1) determining a primary frequency f of a sound source0: selecting a frequency-thickness product interval from lamb wave frequency dispersion curves, and determining a main frequency f of a sound source according to the central value of the frequency-thickness product interval and the thickness of a pipe wall0，f0Namely the center frequency of the narrow-band excitation pulse signals output by the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator;
(2) selecting resonant frequency as main frequency f of sound source0The ultrasonic transducers are used as a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer;
(3) determining the incidence angle, namely the inclination angle theta, of the excited lamb wave zero-order antisymmetric mode: the calculation formula is as follows,
θ＝arcsin(Cw/Cp)
wherein, CpFor the main frequency f of the sound source in the step (1)0The corresponding frequency thickness product is the phase velocity, C, of the leaky lamb wave on the corresponding ordinate in the frequency dispersion curve of the lamb wavewThe sound velocity is the sound velocity in the acoustic couplant outside the pipeline to be measured;
(4) adjusting the emission angles of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to be an inclination angle theta;
(5) the master control computer controls the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator to output a central frequency f0The narrow-band excitation pulse signal is generated, and meanwhile, the pipeline to be tested moves along the axial direction under the action of the transmission mechanism;
(6) narrow-band excitation pulse signals output by the first pulse signal generator and the second pulse signal generator respectively drive the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to excite single-mode leaky lamb waves which stably propagate in the pipeline to be tested through the first power amplifier and the second power amplifier;
(7) the leaky lamb waves excited by the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are transmitted along the same direction of the pipe wall of the pipeline to be tested and form reflected waves after the leaky lamb waves act on the defects, and the reflected waves are received by the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer respectively;
(8) the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer convert received reflected wave signals into voltage signals, ultrasonic echo voltage signals converted by the first ultrasonic transducer are processed by a first preamplifier, a first time gain control amplifier, a first filter and a first analog-digital converter in sequence and then transmitted to a main control computer, and ultrasonic echo voltage signals converted by the second ultrasonic transducer are processed by a second preamplifier, a second time gain control amplifier, a second filter and a second analog-digital converter in sequence and then transmitted to the main control computer;
(9) and (4) analyzing and processing the signals received in the step (8) by the main control computer to obtain characteristic parameters related to the defects.
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