CN113226733A - 用于制造可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品的方法 - Google Patents

用于制造可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品的方法 Download PDF

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CN113226733A
CN113226733A CN201980086437.2A CN201980086437A CN113226733A CN 113226733 A CN113226733 A CN 113226733A CN 201980086437 A CN201980086437 A CN 201980086437A CN 113226733 A CN113226733 A CN 113226733A
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thermoplastic
core layer
layer
fiber
thickness
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T.席曼斯基
G.K.巴斯卡兰
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Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Material Plastic Composite Co
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Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Material Plastic Composite Co
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    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
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    • B29C70/504Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC] using rollers or pressure bands
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于制造可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品的方法,所述面状半成品具有复合结构(A‑B‑A’)或(A‑B),所述方法包括:‑由多孔的增强纤维热塑性材料制成的芯层(B),其具有300至3000g/m2的单位面积重量、20至60重量%的纤维份额和5至80体积%的气孔含量,以及‑一个或两个与芯层(B)材料接合地连接的由被热塑性塑料浸渍的增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物制成的覆盖层(A、A’),其中,每个覆盖层都具有0.2至2.5mm的厚度、200至4000g/m2的单位面积重量和小于3体积%的气孔含量。在此实施以下方法步骤:‑在呈面状的多孔的增强纤维热塑性材料形式的芯层前体上从单侧或双侧分别敷设至少一个增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物以及与芯层前体的热塑性材料相比粘度更低的热塑性塑料层,所述芯层前体具有300至3000g/m2的单位面积重量、20至60重量%的纤维份额和20至80体积%的气孔含量,所述增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物具有100至1000g/m2的单位面积重量,所述热塑性塑料层具有50至1000g/m2的单位面积重量,‑由此形成的层式结构(A‑B)或(A‑B‑A’)被加热和挤压,从而使得低粘度的热塑性塑料层的热塑性塑料被熔融并且渗入已敷设的增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物中以及芯层中,并且在冷却后形成芯层与覆盖层的材料接合的连接。

Description

用于制造可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制造可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品的方法。此外,本发明还涉及一种用于随后制造面状复合构件的方法。
背景技术
由纤维增强的热塑性塑料制成的复合构件越来越多地作为成型件应用于不同的技术领域。
例如文献WO 2015/117799A1描述了一种带有泡沫芯的复合构件,在所述泡沫芯的表面上从两侧布置有与泡沫芯材料接合地连接的覆盖层。为制造所述复合构件,覆盖层和泡沫芯被加热,随后覆盖层被定位在泡沫芯的表面上并且整体被置入压机或模具中,所述压机或模具构造成品复合构件。所述加热也可以在模具中才进行。随后,泡沫芯和覆盖层变形并且在确定的变形时间后重新被冷却,其中,形成在泡沫芯与覆盖层之间的材料接合的连接。一方面作为覆盖层描述了金属的覆盖层、尤其是由铝制成的覆盖层。作为备选,也描述了由纤维增强塑料制成的覆盖层。由于在变形步骤期间覆盖层可以在泡沫芯的表面上移动,所述方法被证明尤其对于具有复杂形状的非扁平复合构件的制造来说是有利的。
该类型的复合构件及其制造方法在文献WO 2006/133586A1中被描述。其涉及抗弯刚性的复合板,其包括:
A.具有0.5至5mm厚度的一个或两个覆盖层,所述覆盖层由玻璃纤维增强的聚丙烯制成,其玻璃含量为20至60重量%并且气孔含量小于5体积%,和
B.具有2至40mm厚度的芯层,所述芯层由玻璃纤维增强的聚丙烯制成,其玻璃含量为35至80重量%并且气孔含量为20至80体积%。
在所述制造方法中,所使用的芯层制备为多孔板,其中,所述多孔板可以如在WO2006/105682 A1中所述的那样通过聚丙烯纤维和玻璃纤维的干式混合、混合无纺物的穿刺以及热压制成。作为覆盖层,提供传统的玻璃纤维垫-热塑性塑料板(通常也被称为“GMT板”)。覆盖层的以及芯层的增强纤维在制造抗弯刚性的复合板之前就已经通过前置的加热和挤压工艺被热塑性塑料浸渍,并且由此作为抗弯刚性的板材元件被暂存。为制造真正的复合板,随后将待挤压的层以板材形式提供、相互堆叠在压机中并且在180至220℃之间的温度条件下在5至50min期间挤压。所述复合板尤其作为分隔墙和镶板元件应用于建筑物中,然而也在家具业中作为刨花板的替代品使用。
为利用上述方法制造抗弯刚性的复合构件(其中覆盖层和芯层制备为已经固结且刚性的板材),总体上需要新的工艺步骤,也即:
-提供一个(或多个)芯层:1)无纺织物制造,2)在热压机中(在压力和温度下)浸渍增强纤维,3)在冷压机中固结;
-提供覆盖层:1)垫层制造,2)挤出,3)在热压机中浸渍,4)在冷压机中固结;
-制造复合板:1)在热压机中加热覆盖层和芯层,2)冷却覆盖层和芯层。
文献DE 195 20 477 A1描述了一种纤维增强的GMT板,所述GMT板鉴于玻璃垫在受热时的复位力而膨胀并且包含不均匀的气泡分布。为制造所述GMT板,首先生产相应的玻璃垫。随后利用层式挤出的聚丙烯熔体或利用聚丙烯膜在热压机中浸渍所述玻璃垫,并且随后在冷压机中进行固结。如此制造的GMT板在固结之后必要时被重新加热,以便实现所期望的膨胀。膨胀后的GMT板可以作为支撑芯与覆盖层一起挤压成夹心状成型件。在文献DE 19520 477 A1中所述的制造方法涉及将冷却至室温并由此固化的支撑芯连同以非膨胀的GMT膜的形式的外部层一起热压。
为利用DE 195 20 477 A1的方法制造抗弯刚性的复合构件,甚至需要十二个工艺步骤,也即:
-提供一个(或多个)芯层:1)垫层制造,2)将熔体层挤出在垫层上,3)在热压机中(在压力和温度下)浸渍增强纤维,4)在冷压机中固结,5)加热经固结的芯层,从而使其膨胀,6)冷却芯层;
-提供一个(或多个)覆盖层:1)垫层制造,2)挤出,3)在热压机中浸渍,4)在冷压机中固结;
-制造复合板:1)加热覆盖层,2)将覆盖层连同冷的芯层进行挤压;因此该制造局限于扁平的板材,对于3D件则必须相应地事先在其他步骤中使芯件变形并且随后连同覆盖层进行挤压。
在文献WO 2018/185090 A1中描述了用于制造纤维增强的面状复合构件的其他方法,其中,在此无论对于芯层还是对于覆盖层都是从由增强纤维以及由热塑性纤维制成的未固结的层出发。所述层随后在挤压过程中才固结成复合件。
对于其他的、尤其抗弯刚性、面状的和必要时立体成型的复合构件以及对于相应简单且经济的制备方法始终都存在很大需求。尤其需要用于制造复合构件的方法,所述复合构件对于确定的应用的性质被显著改进。
发明内容
因此本发明所要解决的技术问题在于,提供一种用于制造可热塑性变形的纤维增强的具有复合结构(A-B-A’)或(A-B)的面状半成品的方法。
所述技术问题通过在权利要求11中定义的制造方法解决。
本发明的有利的设计方式在以下并在从属权利要求中定义。
因此本发明的第一方面提供一种用于制造可热塑性变形的纤维增强的具有复合结构(A-B-A’)或(A-B)的面状半成品的方法。所述半成品包括:
-由多孔的增强纤维热塑性材料制成的芯层(B),其具有300至3000g/m2的单位面积重量、20至60重量%的纤维份额和5至80体积%、尤其10至50体积%的气孔含量,以及
-一个或两个与芯层(B)材料接合地连接的由被热塑性塑料浸渍的增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物制成的覆盖层(A、A’),其中,每个覆盖层都具有0.2至2.5mm的厚度、200至4000g/m2的单位面积重量和小于3体积%的气孔含量。
根据本发明的方法包括以下方法步骤:
a)在呈面状的多孔增强纤维热塑性材料形式的芯层前体上从单侧或双侧分别敷设至少一个增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物以及与芯层前体的热塑性材料相比粘度更低的热塑性塑料层,所述芯层前体具有300至3000g/m2的单位面积重量、20至60重量%的纤维份额和20至80体积%的气孔含量,所述增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物具有100至1000g/m2的单位面积重量,所述热塑性塑料层具有50至1000g/m2的单位面积重量,
b)由此形成的层式结构(A-B)或(A-B-A’)被加热和挤压,从而使得低粘度的热塑性塑料层的热塑性塑料被熔融并且渗入已敷设的增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物中以及芯层中,并且在冷却后形成芯层与覆盖层的材料接合的连接;
其中,可选地进行其他的加热和挤压过程。
对于步骤a)应注意的是,还可以从单侧或双侧敷设多个、例如各四个分别具有100至1000g/m2的单位面积重量的增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物,由此相应地提高由此形成的覆盖层的单位面积重量。
对于步骤b)应注意的是,在加热时尤其将低粘度的热塑性塑料层、然而此外还将芯层前体的热塑性材料熔融。低粘度的热塑性塑料层的已熔融的热塑性塑料通过施加的挤压压力被挤入芯层中。有助于该过程的是,低粘度的热塑性塑料层的热塑性塑料具有低于芯层前体的热塑性材料的粘度。
根据本发明的另一方面提供一种用于制造面状复合构件的方法。在此,可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品根据本发明的方法制造和切割成坯料,并且由此形成的坯料被加热至热塑性塑料的熔点以上并且在模具中变形为面状复合构件。
在此以单数形式使用的术语“热塑性塑料”并不一定意味着以纤维、膜或最终以基质形式存在的热塑性材料在所有层中仅由一种热塑性材料形成。尤其可以使用由多种不同的、然而相容的热塑性塑料制成的混合纤维。“相容”应理解为允许材料接合的连接的多种热塑性塑料。
术语“低粘度的热塑性塑料层”是指某种热塑性材料的层,所述热塑性材料的粘度明显低于芯层前体的热塑性材料的粘度。由此能够实现的是,低粘度的热塑性塑料层的热塑性材料容易地穿过覆盖层的增强织物挤入到芯层前体中,与此同时,芯层前体的热塑性塑料材料相对较少地迁移。热塑性塑料的粘度通常根据熔体流动指数MFI表征。在聚丙烯的情况下,按照标准DIN 53735的熔体流动指数MFI(230℃,2.16kg)在50至1200g/10min、优选100至400g/min的范围内。例如可以使用具有约25g/10min的熔体流动指数的聚丙烯用于低粘度的热塑性塑料层,并且使用具有约25g/10min的熔体流动指数的聚丙烯用于芯层。
显然,在所规定的挤压方面,术语“加热”应被理解为:存在适于热塑性变形的温度。据此,所有设计用于变形的热塑性塑料区域都应加热至略微高于相应的热塑性塑料熔化温度的温度。
根据所使用的热塑性材料在相应的温度下实现变为复合构件的挤压,在使用聚丙烯时所述温度在约为180℃的范围内并且压力为1至100bar。
根据本发明制成的面状复合构件鉴于其层式结构还可以被称为“夹心式构件”。这种构件可以构造为平整的或弯曲的板材,然而也可以构造为具有不同厚度和变形程度的构件。所述构件的特征在于坚固耐用的、相对而言硬质且刚性的外层和大体积的、隔音且隔热的具有相对较低密度的内层。相应地,所述构件在给定的刚度下相对较轻。
设计为多孔式芯层前体的面状的多孔增强纤维热塑性材料原则上是已知的。根据本发明的一种有利的实施方式,通过织物的无纺工艺制备芯层前体(权利要求2)。这种工艺例如在文献WO 2006/105682 A1被描述并且涉及增强纤维和热塑性塑料纤维的干式混合、混合无纺物的穿刺(Vernadeln)及其热压。
有利地,芯层前体中的增强纤维涉及平均长度(加权平均)为10至60mm的无定向的、相互穿刺的纤维(权利要求3)。
低粘度的热塑性塑料层优选作为膜或作为粉末被敷设(权利要求4),其中,在一种实施方式中待加热的膜以液态形式、尤其通过挤出被导入。由此在随后的加热和挤压过程中实现相邻覆盖层的所期望的浸渍(A或A’)。
根据一种实施方式(权利要求5)连续地进行加热和挤压。在此,最初构造的层式结构(A-B)或(A-B-A’)被连续(联机地)输入层压器中。在此使热塑性塑料熔融并且在压力下浸渍芯件和覆盖层中的增强纤维。
作为备选,间歇地进行加热和挤压(权利要求6),其方式在于,分别将面状的坯料先后依次置入挤压工具中并加工。
根据应用领域的不同,制成的复合物可以通过第二加热和固结步骤再次被加热到热塑性塑料的熔化温度以上(权利要求7),这导致芯层的竖立(膨松)。经膨松的复合物则可以被挤压至期望的壁厚。作为备选,第二加热和固结步骤也可以用于在夹心式复合物上层压覆盖层、例如无纺物、胶粘膜或(饰面)膜(权利要求8)。
对于根据本发明的方法,原则上可使用一整个系列的经验证的热塑性塑料,对其的选择处于专业知识领域。根据一种有利的实施方式(权利要求9),热塑性塑料选自聚丙烯(PP)、聚氨酯(PA)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)。
而且一整个系列的经验证的纤维材料也可以用于增强纤维的选择。根据一种有利的实施方式(权利要求10),增强纤维选自碳纤维、玻璃纤维、芳纶纤维、玄武岩纤维和耐温稳定的合成纤维。后述的术语还包括由热塑性塑料制成的纤维,所述热塑性塑料具有高于在根据本发明的加热和挤压过程中使用的加工温度的熔点。根据专业知识,术语“耐温稳定的纤维”在本发明的情况下应与所使用的热塑性材料相比较来理解。对于结合使用具有相对较低熔点的聚丙烯而言,具有200℃以上熔点的纤维应被理解为是耐温稳定的。
显然,热塑性塑料以及纤维材料的选择和相应地热塑性塑料和纤维材料的组合受到待制造构件的应用领域的显著影响。
利用根据本发明的用于制造面状复合构件的方法,能够制造例如抗弯刚性的夹心式构件,所述夹心式构件大体上是扁平的。根据所述方法的一种实施方式(权利要求12),借助相应构造的挤压工具制造不同类型的具有局部不同厚度、也即三维结构化的面状复合构件。
附图说明
以下借助附图更详尽地描述本发明的实施例,其中示出:
图1以剖视图示出根据本发明制造的可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品的层式结构;
图2示出用于实施根据本发明的方法的设备;
图3示出作为夹心式复合物存在的半成品的区段;
图4以照片形式示出面状复合构件;并且
图5以照片形式示出图4中面状复合构件的局部。
具体实施方式
在图1中示出的可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品具有对称的复合结构(A-B-A’)。该复合结构包括由多孔的增强纤维热塑性材料制成的芯层(B)和两个与芯层材料接合地连接的由被热塑性塑料浸渍的增强纤维纺织物制成的覆盖层(A、A’)。在此处所示的示例中,两个覆盖层是相同的,也即存在对称的复合结构(A-B-A)。通常,每个覆盖层都包括多个、通常两个至四个上下相叠、优选相同的增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物。
两个覆盖层A在半成品中直接贴放在芯层上并且分别被膜形式的低粘度的热塑性塑料层(F)覆盖。在所示示例中,在热塑性塑料膜的外侧上敷设有饰面膜(D)。
在图2中示出用于连续实施该方法的设备,其中,加工方向原则上是从右向左的。自相应的存储辊将增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物6和高粘度的热塑性塑料膜8从双侧放置在从穿刺设备2中输出的芯层前体4上。由此形成的层式结构被输入至第一层压器L1并在该处被加热并挤压成复合物10。
在所示示例中,还在第二层压器L2中进行另外的加热和挤压过程。在此还从双侧各敷设覆盖层12。
根据本发明制造的复合构件在图3至图5中示出。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于制造可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品的方法,所述面状半成品具有复合结构(A-B-A’)或(A-B),所述方法包括:
-由多孔的增强纤维热塑性材料制成的芯层(B),其具有300至3000g/m2的单位面积重量、20至60重量%的纤维份额和5至80体积%的气孔含量,以及
-一个或两个与芯层(B)材料接合地连接的由被热塑性塑料浸渍的增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物制成的覆盖层(A、A’),其中,每个覆盖层都具有0.2至2.5mm的厚度、200至4000g/m2的单位面积重量和小于3体积%的气孔含量,
其特征在于以下方法步骤:
-在呈面状的多孔的增强纤维热塑性材料形式的芯层前体上从单侧或双侧分别敷设至少一个增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物以及与芯层前体的热塑性材料相比粘度更低的热塑性塑料层,所述芯层前体具有300至3000g/m2的单位面积重量、20至60重量%的纤维份额和20至80体积%的气孔含量,所述增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物具有100至1000g/m2的单位面积重量,所述热塑性塑料层具有50至1000g/m2的单位面积重量,
-由此形成的层式结构(A-B)或(A-B-A’)被加热和挤压,从而使得低粘度的热塑性塑料层的热塑性塑料被熔融并且渗入已敷设的增强纤维纺织物或无纺织物中以及芯层中,并且在冷却后形成芯层与覆盖层的材料接合的连接;
必要时进行另外的加热和挤压过程。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过织造的无纺工艺制备芯层前体。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,芯层前体中的增强纤维涉及平均长度(加权平均)为10至60mm的无定向的、相互穿刺的纤维。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中,低粘度的热塑性塑料层作为膜或粉末被敷设。
5.根据权利要求1或4中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述加热和挤压连续地进行。
6.根据权利要求1或4中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述加热和挤压间歇地进行。
7.根据权利要求1或6中任一项所述的方法,其中,在另外的加热和挤压过程中首先将热塑性塑料熔融,随之带来芯层的膨胀,并且随后挤压至预定义的复合物厚度。
8.根据权利要求1或6中任一项所述的方法,其中,在另外的加热和挤压过程中敷设至少一个另外的覆盖层。
9.根据权利要求1或8中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述热塑性塑料选自PP、PA和PET。
10.根据权利要求1或9中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述增强纤维选自碳纤维、玻璃纤维、芳纶纤维、玄武岩纤维和耐温稳定的合成纤维。
11.一种用于制造面状复合构件的方法,其中,可热塑性变形的纤维增强的面状半成品根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法制造并被切割成坯料,并且其中,由此形成的坯料被加热至热塑性塑料的熔点以上并且在模具中变形为面状复合构件。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述面状复合构件构造为具有局部不同的厚度。
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Application publication date: 20210806