CN113155305A - Passive surface acoustic wave temperature measurement reader for high-voltage power cable connector - Google Patents
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- 238000010897 surface acoustic wave method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/22—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using measurement of acoustic effects
- G01K11/26—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using measurement of acoustic effects of resonant frequencies
- G01K11/265—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using measurement of acoustic effects of resonant frequencies using surface acoustic wave [SAW]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K1/00—Details of thermometers not specially adapted for particular types of thermometer
- G01K1/02—Means for indicating or recording specially adapted for thermometers
- G01K1/024—Means for indicating or recording specially adapted for thermometers for remote indication
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K1/00—Details of thermometers not specially adapted for particular types of thermometer
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Abstract
A passive temperature measurement reader for surface acoustic waves of a high-voltage power cable connector belongs to the technical field of power cables. The invention aims to design a novel SAW sensor according to the characteristics of a power system cable, so that a high-voltage power cable joint surface acoustic wave passive temperature measurement reader which is more beneficial to sensing can be realized. The invention is characterized in that an interdigital transducer is arranged in the middle of a piezoelectric substrate, two ends of the interdigital transducer are both connected with an antenna, reflecting gratings which are arranged at equal intervals are arranged on two sides of the interdigital transducer, and a sound absorption material is arranged on the piezoelectric substrate outside the reflecting gratings. The SAW sensor has the advantages of high quality factor, small insertion loss, good frequency stability, strong anti-interference capability, high measurement precision and the like, and is more favorable for realizing sensing.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of power cables.
Background
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) technology is a mature technology in the field of wireless communication, and wireless signal filtering is realized by using small-size and simple-structure Acoustic Surface devices (Acoustic Surface filters and Acoustic Surface resonators) or as an oscillation source. Another important application of surface acoustic wave technology is in the field of sensors. By utilizing the characteristics that the surface acoustic wave has low propagation speed and is easily influenced by external environment parameters, physical (such as temperature, humidity, pressure and the like) or chemical (such as gas adsorption and the like) parameter disturbance is applied to the surface of the SAW device to cause the sound wave speed to change, so that the frequency or the phase of a reflected signal received by a wireless unit is correspondingly changed, and the wireless detection of the parameter to be detected is realized. Currently, SAW sensor applications include biosensors in the medical field, industrial commercial temperature, humidity, mass, and gas sensors, and the like.
The surface acoustic wave is an elastic wave which propagates along the surface of the piezoelectric crystal, the propagation speed is very slow and is smaller than the electromagnetic wave by orders of magnitude, and the energy is concentrated on the surface of a medium. The surface acoustic wave has a low propagation speed and is easily influenced by external environmental parameters, so that the surface acoustic wave can be used for realizing physical quantity sensing.
The conventional SAW sensors, such as biosensors used in medical fields, industrial and commercial temperature, humidity, mass and gas sensors, and the like, are generally of a delay line type (fig. 10) in which the pitch of reflective gratings is varied and a resonance type is fixed. This makes the delay line type easy to realize a large number of sensor codes, and has the disadvantages of large insertion loss and short transmission distance; the resonance type has the advantages of high quality factor, small insertion loss, good frequency stability and the like, but is difficult to realize coding, so the resonance type is suitable for single-sensor measurement.
The delay line type SAW sensor has a structure as shown in fig. 10, and is composed of a single IDT and reflection gratings with different pitches. The distances between the reflecting grids are different, so that the reflecting efficiency is far smaller than that of a resonant reflecting grid array; the excitation signal is a single rectangular pulse and is not an intermittent sinusoidal pulse signal of the resonance type SAW device, so that the echo signal efficiency is much lower than that of the resonance type SAW device, the communication distance is only dozens of centimeters, and the application field of the resonance type SAW device is limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to design a novel SAW sensor according to the characteristics of a power system cable, so that a high-voltage power cable joint surface acoustic wave passive temperature measurement reader which is more beneficial to sensing can be realized.
The invention is characterized in that an interdigital transducer is arranged in the middle of a piezoelectric substrate, two ends of the interdigital transducer are both connected with an antenna, reflecting gratings which are arranged at equal intervals are arranged on two sides of the interdigital transducer, and a sound absorption material is arranged on the piezoelectric substrate outside the reflecting gratings;
the wireless reader transmits an excitation signal with a certain frequency, the excitation signal is transmitted to an interdigital transducer of the SAW device through an antenna, the interdigital transducer converts a received electric signal into an SAW which is transmitted along the surface of a substrate through an inverse piezoelectric effect, the SAW is reflected back and forth on two reflecting gratings and superposed to form standing waves, the signal returned to the IDT is a response signal which is attenuated and oscillated by taking the resonant frequency as a main frequency, and the main frequency of the signal can be estimated and measured;
the resonant frequency of the SAW being
In the formula, vSAWThe SAW wave velocity is adopted, and d is the distance between the reflecting grating pieces;
when the temperature of the surface of the substrate changes, the acoustic surface wave propagation speed and the distance between the reflecting gratings are changed, so that the resonant frequency of the resonator changes;
the relationship between the resonant frequency and the temperature of the SAW resonator is approximated by a polynomial equation
f＝f0[1+a0(T-T0)+b0(T-T0)2+c0(T-T0)3] (2-2)
In the formula, T is the temperature to be measured; c is a reference temperature; f. of0Is T0A time resonant frequency; a is0、b0、c0Is T0The undetermined coefficients of the next first, second and third terms; each coefficient in the formula (2-2) can be determined by an experimental method;
the SAW sensor is placed in a thermostat with adjustable temperature, resonance frequency at different temperatures is measured, then excel polynomial curve fitting is utilized, a trend curve is drawn, and a polynomial expression is obtained.
The SAW sensor has the advantages of high quality factor, small insertion loss, good frequency stability, strong anti-interference capability, high measurement precision and the like, and is more favorable for realizing sensing.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural view of a resonance type SAW sensor;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the temperature characteristic of a sonometer resonator;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the SAW temperature sensor "resonant frequency versus temperature" test;
FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram of a sinusoidal pulse signal;
FIG. 5 is a graph of amplitude-frequency characteristics of an intermittent sinusoidal pulse signal;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of an equivalent circuit model of the SAW resonator;
FIG. 7 is a graph of response signal strength versus excitation signal frequency;
FIG. 8 is a diagram of a butterfly unit;
FIG. 9 is a flow chart of an 8-point DIF-FFT algorithm operation;
fig. 10 is a basic configuration diagram of a SAW device used in other related art.
Detailed Description
Compared with a delay line type SAW sensor, the resonance type SAW sensor has the advantages of high quality factor, small insertion loss, good frequency stability, strong anti-interference capability, high measurement precision and the like, and is more favorable for realizing sensing. In the passive single-port resonant SAW sensor shown in fig. 1, an antenna is connected to an interdigital transducer, and reflective gratings are arranged at equal intervals on two sides.
The invention discloses a passive single-port resonant SAW sensor, which has the following detailed structure: an interdigital transducer 5 is arranged in the middle of a piezoelectric substrate 1, two ends of the interdigital transducer 5 are both connected with an antenna 2, reflection gratings 4 which are arranged at equal intervals are arranged on two sides of the interdigital transducer 5, and a sound absorption material 3 is arranged on the piezoelectric substrate 1 outside the reflection gratings 4.
The wireless reader transmits an excitation signal with a certain frequency, and the excitation signal is transmitted to an interdigital transducer of the SAW device through an antenna. The interdigital transducer converts a received electrical signal into a SAW propagating along the surface of the substrate by the inverse piezoelectric effect. The SAW is reflected back and overlapped at the two reflecting grids to form standing waves. The signal returned to the IDT is a response signal which is attenuated and oscillated with the resonance frequency as the main frequency, and the main frequency of the signal is measured to estimate the measured value.
Resonant frequency of SAW
In the formula, vSAWAnd d is the spacing between the reflection grating pieces.
When the temperature of the surface of the substrate changes, the change of the surface acoustic wave propagation speed and the pitch of the reflecting grating is caused, thereby causing the change of the resonant frequency of the resonator. Fig. 2 is a temperature characteristic curve of the acoustic surface resonator. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the frequency deviation ranges within. + -. 200ppm depending on the temperature. If f0When 433MHz is obtained, Δ f is + -86.6 kHz, and can be simply estimated
The relationship between the resonant frequency and the temperature of the SAW resonator is approximated by a polynomial equation
f＝f0[1+a0(T-T0)+b0(T-T0)2+c0(T-T0)3] (2-2)
In the formula, T is the temperature to be measured; c is a reference temperature; f. of0Is T0A time resonant frequency; a is0、b0、c0Is T0The undetermined coefficients of the next first, second and third terms; the coefficients in the formula (2-2) can be determined by an experimental method.
The coefficients in the formula (2-2) can be determined by an experimental method. The SAW sensor is placed in a thermostat with adjustable temperature, resonance frequency at different temperatures is measured, then excel polynomial curve fitting is utilized, a trend curve is drawn, and a polynomial expression is obtained. The sensor used in the system selects the piezoelectric substrate of the quartz substrate to be coated with the piezoelectric film, so that the higher-order coefficient b in the frequency temperature coefficient0、c0And a first order coefficient a0The comparison can be ignored. Fig. 3 is a measured curve of a SAW temperature sensor with good linearity.
Surface acoustic wave temperature sensor signal detection
1. Excitation signal
Common excitation signals of the single-port SAW resonator include rectangular pulse signals and intermittent sinusoidal pulse signals. The uniform distribution range of the frequency spectrum of the rectangular pulse signal is [0, ∞ ], and since the quality factor of the resonance type SAW device is high and the frequency selectivity is very strong, only a small part of the frequency components can be reflected, that is, the reflection efficiency is relatively small. If a sinusoidal signal with a frequency close to the resonance frequency is selected as the excitation signal, the intensity of the echo signal will be significantly enhanced.
The detection system adopts the intermittent sinusoidal pulse signal shown in FIG. 4 as the excitation signal, and the mathematical expression is
Wherein T is more than 0 and less than T1For the excitation period, T1＜t＜T2A non-excitation period;
is the angular frequency, T, of the sinusoidal signalsIs a sinusoidal signal period;
as a function of the periodic pulses.
Fourier transform of periodic signal u (t)
In the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
the spectral expression of the sinusoidal pulse signal is shown as (2-4), and the corresponding spectrogram is shown in fig. 5.
In the excitation period, because the input sinusoidal signals are continuous, the signals output by the single-port SAW resonator are the superposition of the input signals and the signals after multiple reflections by the two-side reflection gratings. When resonance occurs, the output signal is a sine wave with the same frequency as the input signal and with a very large amplitude.
In the non-excitation period, the input signal is 0, and the output signal is only the response after the continuous reflection of the reflection grating. The excitation signal is an oscillation signal with amplitude gradually decreasing to zero and oscillation centerThe frequency is the natural frequency of the SAW resonator, and its quality factor Q determines the length of time of oscillation. Can be obtained from the SAW resonator equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 6, when R isM＝20Ω， LMAt 86.6 muh, the estimated oscillation time is about
As can be seen from FIG. 5, the amplitude A and duty cycle T of the sinusoidal pulse excitation signal1Determining the amplitude of the echo oscillation signal; and the signal main lobe bandwidth is
The search bandwidth can be varied by adjusting the duty cycle.
2. Echo signal detection
The signal detection method of the SAW temperature sensor mainly comprises a frequency domain scanning mode and a time domain sampling mode.
(1) Frequency domain scanning method
Measuring range [ f ] of frequency domain of SAW temperature sensormin，fmax]Divided into n frequency points, and then sequentially emitted by the excitation source with the same intensity and frequency fkIs calculated at fmin，fmax]Response signal strength P in frequency rangek. And repeatedly measuring the same frequency point for many times, and taking primary data with minimum interference and highest reliability. Finally, the comparison sequence { P ] is sortedkFind out the maximum value PmaxThe corresponding frequency point is the resonance frequency point. The response signal power versus excitation signal frequency is shown in fig. 7.
(2) In the time domain sampling method, because the echo signal frequency is very high, the time domain sampling mode needs to reduce the signal frequency through a difference frequency circuit, and then A/D sampling and FFT conversion are carried out. Reading in the echo signal with frequency fcThe local oscillator signal (reference signal) of (for example 432MHz) is subjected to difference frequency to obtain an intermediate frequency signal (IF signal) of which the amplitude is exponentially attenuated along with time and the frequency corresponds to the temperature of the measured object. Frequency value (f) of the intermediate frequency signalIF＝fSAW-fc) In the order of several MHz, DSP chip can be usedThe on-chip integrated a/D block of TMS320F28335 (transition time 80ns) samples. FFT conversion is carried out on the read time domain signal to obtain frequency domain information, and then the frequency f is calculatedIF. And calculating to obtain a temperature value according to the characteristic relation of the frequency and the temperature.
The FFT transform is an efficient discrete fourier algorithm. The operation of DFT is
In the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
for each value of k of X (k), N complex multiplications and N-1 complex additions are required to directly calculate according to equation (2-5); the N-point DFT requires N × N complex multiplication times. The idea of the FFT transformation is to continuously decompose the DFT of a long sequence into several DFTs of short sequences and to use a twiddle factor
The symmetry and periodicity of the filter to reduce the amount of computation.
The radix-2 FFT algorithm is classified into two algorithms, a time domain Decimation (DIT) algorithm and a frequency domain Decimation (DIF) algorithm. Usually time domain decimation is used for digital filtering and frequency domain decimation is used for spectral analysis. The two algorithms have the same operation amount, but the data input of the DIF does not need to be subjected to inverted sequence arrangement, and the method is more consistent with the habit of general sequence operation. The radix-2 frequency decimation FFT algorithm is as follows.
Let the length N of the sequence x (N) be 2mDividing x (n) into two groups of x1(n) and x2(N), one N-point DFT calculation is completed with two N/2-point DFTs.
Due to the fact that
So that x (k) is decomposed into odd and even groups, respectively,
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
x1(n)、x2the (n) and x (n) sequences may be represented by butterfly symbols (see FIG. 8).
The base-2 frequency domain decimation algorithm may be
DFT of points further into
The point of the light beam is the point,
and (4) decomposing the point into DFTs of two points finally after M-1 times of butterfly decomposition, so that the DFT is called radix-2 FFT. Fig. 9 is a butterfly operation flow diagram of the DIF-FFT algorithm with N-8.
Claims (1)
1. The utility model provides a passive temperature measurement of high voltage power cable joint surface acoustic wave reads ware which characterized in that: an interdigital transducer (5) is arranged in the middle of a piezoelectric substrate (1), two ends of the interdigital transducer (5) are connected with an antenna (2), reflecting gratings (4) which are arranged at equal intervals are arranged on two sides of the interdigital transducer (5), and a sound absorbing material (3) is arranged on the piezoelectric substrate (1) on the outer side of each reflecting grating (4);
the wireless reader transmits an excitation signal with a certain frequency, the excitation signal is transmitted to an interdigital transducer of the SAW device through an antenna, the interdigital transducer converts a received electric signal into an SAW which is transmitted along the surface of a substrate through an inverse piezoelectric effect, the SAW is reflected back and forth on two reflecting gratings and superposed to form standing waves, the signal returned to the IDT is a response signal which is attenuated and oscillated by taking the resonant frequency as a main frequency, and the main frequency of the signal can be estimated and measured;
the resonant frequency of the SAW being
In the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
as the velocity of the SAW wave is the,
the distance between the reflecting grating pieces;
when the temperature of the surface of the substrate changes, the acoustic surface wave propagation speed and the distance between the reflecting grids are changed, so that the resonance frequency of the resonator is changed;
the relationship between the resonant frequency and the temperature of the SAW resonator is approximated by a polynomial equation
In the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
is the temperature to be measured; c is a reference temperature;
is composed of
A time resonant frequency;
、
、
is composed of
The undetermined coefficients of the first, second and third terms are obtained; each coefficient in the formula (2-2) can be determined by an experimental method;
the SAW sensor is placed in a thermostat with adjustable temperature, resonance frequency at different temperatures is measured, then excel polynomial curve fitting is utilized, a trend curve is drawn, and a polynomial expression is obtained.
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| CN109506808A (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2019-03-22 | 电子科技大学 | A kind of SAW temperature sensor and its design method with dullness and linear output character |
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| CN112179518A (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2021-01-05 | 株洲国创轨道科技有限公司 | Wireless passive temperature sensing system of main transformer cabinet of electric locomotive |
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2021
- 2021-01-18 CN CN202110063468.5A patent/CN113155305A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102052986A (en) * | 2010-11-18 | 2011-05-11 | 华中科技大学 | Wireless passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) impedance load transducer |
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