CN113107494B - Method for in-situ heating exploitation of water ice of moon - Google Patents

Method for in-situ heating exploitation of water ice of moon Download PDF

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CN113107494B
CN113107494B CN202010697913.9A CN202010697913A CN113107494B CN 113107494 B CN113107494 B CN 113107494B CN 202010697913 A CN202010697913 A CN 202010697913A CN 113107494 B CN113107494 B CN 113107494B
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宋洪庆
张�杰
张贤国
孙越强
马冬宇
李正一
寇珏
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University of Science and Technology Beijing USTB
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Abstract

The invention provides a method for in-situ heating exploitation of moon water ice, and belongs to the technical field of moon resource and energy exploitation. The method comprises the steps of firstly extracting physical parameters of water-ice-containing lunar soil in a target mining area, then calculating the pressure of water vapor in a collecting cover and the water ice collecting rate at different temperatures of a heat conducting rod during stable production by using a water vapor collecting cover in-situ collecting model, determining the optimal mining temperature of the water ice according to the obtained pressure of the water vapor in the collecting cover at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod, carrying out numerical solution on the lunar soil temperature in the water ice thermal mining process based on the extracted physical parameters, and finally calculating the optimal number of the heat conducting rods for water ice mining in the given maximum temperature rise time according to the obtained optimal mining temperature of the water ice and the time-space distribution of the lunar soil temperature at different numbers of the heat conducting rods. The invention realizes the optimization of the water ice mining scheme in the lunar polar region and lays a foundation for realizing the in-situ utilization of lunar resources in the future.

Description

Method for in-situ heating exploitation of water ice of moon
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of lunar resource and energy exploitation, relates to a method for in-situ heating exploitation of lunar water ice, and particularly relates to a method for realizing efficient in-situ exploitation of lunar water ice by constructing and optimizing a lunar water ice exploitation system of an in-situ thermal exploitation method.
Background
The moon is used as a celestial body closest to the earth, and becomes a preferred target for extraterrestrial celestial body detection and resource utilization of human beings by virtue of the unique spatial position and the wide scientific exploration prospect. Among them, building a lunar base is a key step. The realization of the in-situ utilization of the lunar water resource has important significance for the establishment and the lasting operation of future lunar bases. For example, water ice obtained in situ may be treated to provide drinking water directly needed to sustain human survival in a lunar base. Meanwhile, oxygen generated by water electrolysis can be used as a consumable for human respiratory metabolism in a lunar base, and generated hydrogen can also provide a pollution-free combustion agent for a rocket engine. Because the main existence environment of the moon water ice is the permanent shadow region of the polar region, the extreme low temperature, high vacuum and other environmental conditions of the permanent shadow region can obviously influence the physical and chemical properties of the water ice, and further the difficulty of water ice mining is increased. The current research on water ice in the polar region of the moon is mainly focused on the phase change characteristics, particularly the sublimation characteristics of water ice. However, to realize efficient in-situ utilization of the lunar water ice resources, not only sublimation of water ice needs to be considered, but also an in-situ thermal recovery system of lunar water ice needs to be constructed, so as to optimize a lunar water ice recovery scheme.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a lunar water ice in-situ heating exploitation system and an optimization design method aiming at the problem of lack of a lunar water ice high-efficiency in-situ exploitation scheme at present, the method can be applied to efficient in-situ heating and obtaining of water ice under extremely low temperature and high vacuum conditions in a lunar polar region, an exploitation method system of lunar water ice based on an in-situ thermal exploitation method is constructed, the optimal exploitation temperature of water ice and the optimal arrangement number of heat conduction rods are researched, optimization of the lunar polar region water ice exploitation scheme is realized, and a foundation is laid for realizing in-situ utilization of lunar resources in the future.
The method comprises the steps of firstly extracting physical parameters of water-ice-containing lunar soil in a target mining area, then calculating the pressure of water vapor in a collecting cover and the water ice collecting rate at different temperatures of a heat conducting rod during stable production by using a water vapor collecting cover in-situ collecting model, determining the optimal mining temperature of the water ice according to the obtained pressure of the water vapor in the collecting cover at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod, carrying out numerical solution on the lunar soil temperature in the water ice thermal mining process based on the extracted physical parameters, and finally calculating the optimal number of the heat conducting rods for water ice mining in the given maximum temperature rise time according to the obtained optimal mining temperature of the water ice and the time-space distribution of the lunar soil temperature at different numbers of the heat conducting rods.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) extracting physical parameters of the water-containing ice lunar soil in the target mining area;
(2) and calculating the pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover and the water ice collecting rate at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod during stable production by using the in-situ collecting model of the water vapor trapping cover. In the step (2), an in-situ collection model of the water vapor trapping cover is established by considering the extremely low temperature and high vacuum conditions of the lunar polar region, so that the pressure of water vapor in the trapping cover and the water ice collection rate at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod during stable production of water ice can be calculated;
(3) and determining the optimal exploitation temperature of the water ice according to the obtained pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod. In the step (3), a determination method of the optimal exploitation temperature of the water ice is innovatively formed by combining two factors of the water ice collection rate and the change rate of the water vapor pressure of the trapping cover along with the temperature of the heat conducting rod, so that the in-situ exploitation efficiency of the water ice is improved;
(4) utilizing a moon water ice sublimation-diffusion coupling mathematical model, and carrying out numerical solution on lunar soil temperature in the water ice thermal recovery process based on the extracted physical property parameters;
(5) and calculating the optimal number of the heat conducting rods for water ice exploitation in the given maximum temperature rise time by combining the optimal exploitation temperature of the water ice and the time-space distribution of the lunar soil temperature under different numbers of the heat conducting rods. And (5) innovatively determining the number of the heat conducting rods by judging the speed of the lunar soil layer reaching the optimal mining temperature within the given temperature rise time under the condition of different numbers of the heat conducting rods.
Wherein the physical parameters in the step (1) comprise initial temperature, density, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and porosity of the water-containing ice lunar soil.
Wherein, the in-situ collection model of the water vapor trapping cover constructed in the step (2) relates to the production and collection process of water vapor. During the in-situ thermal exploitation of water ice, problems of instability of an exploitation system, slow temperature rise rate of lunar soil containing water ice and the like can occur, and the exploitation efficiency of the water ice is too low. The in-situ collection model of the water vapor trapping cover comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002591989690000021
wherein m is the mass of the water vapor in the trapping cover at any moment, and the unit is kg; t is the mining time in units of s; d is a full differential operator;
Figure BDA0002591989690000031
the mass flow of water ice sublimation is kg/s;
Figure BDA0002591989690000032
the water ice collection rate is expressed in kg/s.
The unstable water ice mining system refers to that when water vapor is collected in a collecting cover mode due to the high vacuum environment of a moon polar region, the temperature rise of lunar soil can cause the rapid change of the water vapor pressure in the collecting cover, and the vibration of the collecting cover can be caused by the rapid change of the water vapor pressure, so that the water ice mining system is unstable.
Further, in order to maintain stable water ice exploitation, the optimal exploitation temperature is determined in the step (3), so that the change rate of the water vapor pressure in the trapping cover along with the temperature of the heat conducting rod is small and the change of the water vapor pressure is smooth on the basis of a large water ice collection rate, and the stability of the water ice in-situ thermal exploitation system is further ensured.
Among these, the slow rate of temperature rise of hydrous ice lunar soil is due to the lower thermal conductivity of lunar soil. The average temperature of the permanently shaded area of the south pole of the moon is about 40K, and when the water ice is mined in the daytime, the temperature rise rate of the lunar soil containing the water ice needs to be increased so as to quickly reach the temperature of the heat conducting rod.
Further, in order to increase the temperature rise rate of the lunar soil containing water ice, in the step (5), the average temperature of the lunar soil reaches the optimal mining temperature within a given temperature rise time through judgment, and the optimal number of the heat conducting rods for water ice mining is determined to realize the rapid temperature rise of the lunar soil.
In the step (2), the whole process of sublimation of water ice, diffusion of water vapor in the collecting cover and collection of water vapor is considered, and the water ice collecting rate is obtained by:
Figure BDA0002591989690000033
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002591989690000034
phi is the porosity of the hydrous ice lunar soil layer, S is the area of the bottom surface of the collecting cover and the unit is m2(ii) a Alpha is a sublimation coefficient; a is the area of the vent hole and the unit is m2(ii) a P is the pressure of water vapor in the trapping cover and has the unit of Pa; psIs the saturated vapor pressure in Pa when water ice-steam is in equilibrium; m is the molar mass of water in kg/mol, R is the universal gas constant in J/(mol. K), and T is the temperature of the hydrous lunar soil in K.
The calculation formula of the water vapor pressure in the trapping cover in the step (2) is as follows:
Figure BDA0002591989690000035
wherein φ is the porosity of the hydrous ice lunar soil layer, S is the area of the bottom surface of the capture mask, and the unit is m2(ii) a Alpha is a sublimation coefficient; psIs the saturated vapor pressure in Pa when water ice-steam is in equilibrium; a is the area of the vent hole and the unit is m2。
The optimal exploitation temperature of the in-situ thermal exploitation of the water ice in the step (3) is determined according to the following formula:
Figure BDA0002591989690000041
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002591989690000042
is the derivative of the pressure of water vapor in the capture hood with the mining temperature and has the unit of Pa/K, b0Is a constant with the unit Pa/K, taken as 0.25.
In the step (5), the number n of the optimal heat conducting rods meets the following formula:
T(n,x,y,z,tmax)＝Topt
wherein x, y and z are space coordinates; t is tmaxFor a given maximum warm-up time; t isoptThe optimal exploitation temperature for water ice.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the method constructs an integral method system for the in-situ thermal recovery of the water ice of the moon, combines three processes of water ice sublimation, water vapor diffusion in the lunar soil and water vapor collection, and is beneficial to the integral optimization of a water ice recovery scheme.
2. The method provides a method for determining the optimal exploitation temperature of the water ice, the optimal exploitation temperature is determined by considering the high vacuum condition of the moon polar region and combining two factors of the water ice collection rate and the water vapor pressure change rate of the capture cover, and the stability of the water ice in-situ thermal exploitation system is improved.
3. The method forms a scheme for determining the optimal quantity of the heat conducting rods for water ice exploitation, and the optimal quantity of the heat conducting rods is determined by judging the speed of the lunar soil layer reaching the optimal exploitation temperature in the given temperature rise time under the condition of different quantities of the heat conducting rods, so that the in-situ thermal exploitation efficiency of the water ice is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an overall application method of the present invention for implementing moon water ice in-situ thermal recovery;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the moon water ice in-situ thermal recovery according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph of water ice collection rate and derivative of water vapor pressure with temperature in the capture enclosure for different thermal conductive rod temperatures for a layer of water ice lunar soil.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the following detailed description is given with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The invention provides a method for in-situ heating exploitation of moon water ice.
As shown in figure 1, the method comprises the steps of firstly extracting physical parameters of water ice-containing lunar soil in a target mining area, then utilizing a steam capture cover in-situ collection model to calculate the pressure of steam in a capture cover and the water ice collection rate at different heat conducting rod temperatures during stable production, determining the optimal mining temperature of the water ice according to the obtained pressure of the steam in the capture cover at different heat conducting rod temperatures, carrying out numerical solution on the lunar soil temperature in the water ice thermal mining process based on the extracted physical parameters, and finally calculating the optimal number of the heat conducting rods for water ice mining in the given maximum temperature rise time according to the obtained optimal mining temperature of the water ice and the time-space distribution of the lunar soil temperature at different heat conducting rod numbers. Firstly, extracting physical parameters of the water-containing ice lunar soil in the target mining area, wherein the physical parameters comprise density of the water-containing ice lunar soil, specific heat capacity of the water-containing ice lunar soil, heat conductivity coefficient of the water-containing ice lunar soil and porosity of the water-containing ice lunar soil.
And secondly, calculating the pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover and the water ice collection rate at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod during stable production by using the in-situ collection model of the water vapor trapping cover. As shown in fig. 2, the trapping cover is arranged on lunar soil to be mined in a target mining area, water vapor diffused from the lunar soil firstly diffuses into the trapping cover and then enters the collector through the exhaust hole on the side of the trapping cover for collection, so that an in-situ collection model of the water vapor trapping cover is available:
Figure BDA0002591989690000051
wherein m is the mass of the water vapor in the trapping cover at any moment and the unit is kg; t is the mining time in units of s; d is a full differential operator;
Figure BDA0002591989690000052
the mass flow of water ice sublimation is kg/s;
Figure BDA0002591989690000053
the water ice collection rate is expressed in kg/s. The mass flow of water ice sublimation is characterized by the Hertz-Knudsen equation, namely:
Figure BDA0002591989690000054
wherein φ is the porosity of the aqueous ice lunar soil layer; s is the area of the bottom surface of the collecting cover and the unit is m2(ii) a Alpha is sublimation coefficient and is only related to temperature, and the calculation formula is
Figure BDA0002591989690000061
M is the molar mass of water and the unit is kg/mol; r is a universal gas constant and has the unit of J/(mol.K); t isdIs the temperature of the heat conducting rod, in units of K; psIs the saturated vapor pressure in Pa when water ice-steam is in equilibrium; p is the pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover and is expressed in Pa. The water ice collection rate is calculated by using the seepage formula of ideal gas, namely:
Figure BDA0002591989690000062
wherein A is the area of the vent hole and the unit is m2. When the production and collection of the water vapour are stable, i.e. when the sublimation rate of the water vapour is equal to the collection rate, there are:
Figure BDA0002591989690000063
then, in steady production, the pressure P of the water vapor in the capture hood is:
Figure BDA0002591989690000064
at this time, the water ice collecting rate at the time of stable production
Figure BDA0002591989690000065
Comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002591989690000066
and thirdly, determining the optimal exploitation temperature of the water ice according to the obtained pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod. When the temperature of the heat conducting rod is too high, the pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover can be changed violently along with the temperature, so that the whole water ice mining system is unstable, the change rate of the pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover along with the temperature of the heat conducting rod needs to be smaller than a certain constant, and the temperature T of the heat conducting roddIn order to satisfy the following relationship,
Figure BDA0002591989690000067
wherein
Figure BDA0002591989690000068
Is the derivative of the pressure of water vapor in the trapping cover along with the temperature of the heat conducting rod and has the unit of Pa/K, b0Is a constant in Pa/K and is generally taken to be 0.25.
When the derivative of the pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover along with the temperature of the heat conducting rod is equal to b0The temperature of the heat conducting rod corresponding to the temperature is the optimal exploitation temperature of the water ice, namely the optimal exploitation temperature T of the water iceoptThe determination is made by the following formula,
Figure BDA0002591989690000071
the temperature of the heat conducting rod meeting the formula (8) is the optimal exploitation temperature T of the water iceopt. Taking the hydrous ice lunar soil layer as an example, as shown in fig. 3, when the temperature of the heat conducting rod is equal to 220K, the derivative of the pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover along with the temperature of the heat conducting rod is equal to 0.25, so that the optimal exploitation temperature of the water ice is 220K.
And fourthly, numerically solving the lunar soil temperature T (n, x, y, z, T) in the water ice thermal recovery process based on the extracted physical property parameters. Wherein n is the number of the heat conducting rods, and x, y and z are the space coordinates of the lunar soil position. The numerical solution of the lunar soil temperature requires firstly establishing a lunar water ice sublimation-diffusion coupling mathematical model which takes the lunar soil temperature as a dependent variable and takes the space coordinates of the mining time and the lunar soil position as independent variables. The establishment of the mathematical model needs to consider two processes of sublimation and diffusion of the water ice of the moon. For the sublimation of the water ice, heat is sourced from the heat conduction of the heat conducting rods with the number of n and the specific temperature after the heat conducting rods are inserted into the lunar soil layer containing the water ice, through the heat conduction, the water ice solid in the lunar soil layer can absorb the heat and be sublimated into water vapor, meanwhile, the lunar soil layer can be heated and heated, and the process is described by an energy conservation equation. The water vapour produced by sublimation is considered as an ideal gas, and its diffusion in lunar soil is described by Fick's law of diffusion. Combining the sublimation latent heat of the water ice, coupling the sublimation of the water ice and the diffusion of the water vapor to obtain a lunar water ice sublimation-diffusion coupling mathematical model for solving the lunar soil temperature,
Figure BDA0002591989690000072
where ρ is the density of the hydrous ice lunar soil in kg/m3(ii) a c is the specific heat capacity of the water-containing ice lunar soil, and the unit is J/(kg. K); t is lunar soil temperature in K;
Figure BDA0002591989690000073
is a gradient operator; lambda is the thermal conductivity of the hydrous ice lunar soil, and the unit is W/(m.K); l is the sublimation latent heat of the water ice, and the unit is J/kg; d is the diffusion coefficient of water vapor, unit m2/s。
The mathematical model is solved using a three-dimensional finite element method. Taking the example that a certain water-containing ice lunar soil layer in a pit is impacted by a lunar south pole shakelton, the lunar pole shakelton is considered as a cylindrical reservoir layer, the radius of the reservoir layer is 1.5m, and the height of the reservoir layer is 0.3 m. The radius of the heat conducting rod is 0.05m, the length is 0.3m, and the number of the heat conducting rods to be researched is 3, 5, 7 and 9 respectively. The initial temperature of the reservoir is 40K, the temperatures of the heat conducting rods are 7 temperatures such as 120K, 140K, 160K, 180K, 200K, 220K and 240K, and the time-space distribution of lunar soil temperatures under different numbers of the heat conducting rods can be obtained through finite element solution.
Fifthly, according to the obtained optimal mining temperature of the water ice and the time and space of the lunar soil temperature under different quantities of the heat conducting rodsAnd (4) distribution, and calculating the optimal quantity of the heat conducting rods for water ice exploitation in the given maximum temperature rise time. When the production time of the water ice is equal to the given maximum temperature rise time tmaxAssuming one month day, for a number n of thermally conductive rods, the lunar soil temperature is T (n, x, y, z, T)max). The temperature of the lunar soil needs to reach the optimal exploitation temperature T of water iceoptThus there are
T(n,x,y,z,tmax)＝Topt (10)
The number of the heat conducting rods meeting the formula (10) is the optimal number n of the heat conducting rods for water ice exploitationopt。
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (5)

1. A method for in-situ heating exploitation of water ice of moon is characterized in that: firstly, extracting physical parameters of water-ice-containing lunar soil in a target mining area, then calculating the pressure of water vapor in a capturing cover and the water ice collecting rate at different temperatures of a heat conducting rod during stable production by using a water vapor capturing cover in-situ collecting model, determining the optimal mining temperature of the water ice according to the obtained pressure of the water vapor in the capturing cover at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod, carrying out numerical solution on the lunar soil temperature in the water ice thermal mining process based on the extracted physical parameters, and finally calculating the optimal number of the heat conducting rods for water ice mining in the given maximum temperature rise time according to the obtained optimal mining temperature of the water ice and the time-space distribution of the lunar soil temperature at different numbers of the heat conducting rods;
the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) extracting physical parameters of the water-containing ice lunar soil in the target mining area;
(2) calculating the pressure intensity of the water vapor in the trapping cover and the water ice collecting rate at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod during stable production by using an in-situ collecting model of the water vapor trapping cover;
(3) determining the optimal exploitation temperature of the water ice according to the obtained pressure of the water vapor in the trapping cover at different temperatures of the heat conducting rod;
(4) carrying out numerical solution on lunar soil temperature in the water ice thermal recovery process by using a lunar water ice sublimation-diffusion coupling mathematical model based on the physical property parameters extracted in the step (1);
(5) calculating the optimal number of the heat conducting rods for water ice exploitation in the given maximum temperature rise time by combining the optimal exploitation temperature of the water ice and the time-space distribution of the lunar soil temperature under different numbers of the heat conducting rods;
in the step (2), the whole process of sublimation of water ice, diffusion of water vapor in the collecting cover and collection of water vapor is considered, and the water ice collecting rate is obtained by:
Figure FDA0003347475030000011
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0003347475030000012
phi is the porosity of the hydrous ice lunar soil layer, S is the area of the bottom surface of the collecting cover and the unit is m2(ii) a Alpha is a sublimation coefficient; a is the area of the vent hole and the unit is m2(ii) a P is the pressure of water vapor in the trapping cover and has the unit of Pa; psIs the saturated vapor pressure in Pa when water ice-steam is in equilibrium; m is the molar mass of water and has the unit of kg/mol, R is a universal gas constant and has the unit of J/(mol.K), and T is the temperature of the hydrous ice lunar soil and has the unit of K;
the optimal exploitation temperature of the in-situ thermal exploitation of the water ice in the step (3) is determined according to the following formula:
Figure FDA0003347475030000021
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
is the derivative of the pressure of water vapor in the capture hood with the mining temperature and has the unit of Pa/K, b0Is a constant with the unit Pa/K, taken as 0.25.
2. The method for in-situ thermal recovery of lunar water ice according to claim 1, wherein: the physical parameters in the step (1) comprise initial temperature, density, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and porosity of the water-containing ice lunar soil.
3. The method for in-situ thermal recovery of lunar water ice according to claim 1, wherein: the steam trapping cover in-situ collection model constructed in the step (2) relates to the production and collection process of steam, and comprises the following steps:
Figure FDA0003347475030000023
wherein m is the mass of the water vapor in the trapping cover at any moment, and the unit is kg; t is the mining time in units of s; d is a full differential operator;
Figure FDA0003347475030000024
the mass flow of water ice sublimation is kg/s;
Figure FDA0003347475030000026
the water ice collection rate is expressed in kg/s.
4. The method for in-situ thermal recovery of lunar water ice according to claim 1, wherein: the calculation formula of the water vapor pressure in the trapping cover in the step (2) is as follows:
Figure FDA0003347475030000025
wherein φ is the porosity of the hydrous ice lunar soil layer, S is the area of the bottom surface of the capture mask, and the unit is m2(ii) a Alpha is a sublimation coefficient; psAt the time of water ice-steam equilibriumSaturated vapor pressure of (a), in Pa; a is the area of the vent hole and the unit is m2。
5. The method for in-situ thermal recovery of lunar water ice according to claim 1, wherein: the optimal number n of the heat conducting rods in the step (5) meets the following formula:
T(n,x,y,z,tmax)＝Topt
wherein x, y and z are space coordinates; t is tmaxFor a given maximum warm-up time; t isoptThe optimal exploitation temperature for water ice.
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