CN113106250B - Low-energy-consumption low-emission sintering method for multi-component gas medium composite injection - Google Patents
Low-energy-consumption low-emission sintering method for multi-component gas medium composite injection Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
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- C22B1/14—Agglomerating; Briquetting; Binding; Granulating
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- Y02P10/10—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
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Abstract
The invention discloses a low-energy-consumption low-emission sintering method for multi-component gas medium composite injection, which comprises the following steps ofThe method is that the area between the ignition end point and the exhaust gas temperature start rising point of the sintering charge level in the sintering machine is divided into an area-1, an area-2 and an area-3 in sequence; in the sintering process, a high-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium is injected into a zone-1, a medium-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium is injected into a zone-2, and a low-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium is injected into a zone-3218-30%, 25-40% of CO and 40-70% of dioxin.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a sintering method, in particular to a low-energy-consumption and low-emission sintering method for multi-component gas medium composite injection, and specifically relates to a method for realizing synergistic improvement of fuel combustion efficiency, reduction of solid fossil fuel consumption and emission reduction by correspondingly injecting multi-component gas media with different compositions according to different section characteristics and heat requirements of a sinter bed, belonging to the sintering industry in the field of ferrous metallurgy.
Background
Sintering is used as a front-end process in the steel industry, and the high energy consumption and the large pollution load bring a serious challenge to the clean production of the steel industry. In the traditional sintering process, solid fossil fuels such as coke, anthracite and the like are generally used as heat sources for physicochemical reaction in the high-temperature process, and the occupation ratio of the solid fossil fuels is up to 75-80% of the sintering energy consumption. A great deal of research proves that the combustion of the solid fossil fuel is CO in the sintering flue gas2、SOXA significant source of production and a major source of NO production. In addition, because the solid fuel is not completely combusted, 10 to 15 percent of carbon is converted into CO, so that energy waste and environmental pollution are caused.
In recent years, new sintering technologies such as sintering charge level gas injection and water vapor injection have attracted attention in the field of iron ore sintering due to good energy-saving and emission-reducing effects. The sintering charge level gas injection technology is a technology for simultaneously injecting and supplementing gas fuel to the middle upper part of a charge layer on the basis of reducing the proportion of solid fuel, and can effectively widen a high-temperature melting zone, increase the high-temperature retention time, avoid the excessive high cooling rate of an upper sintering ore zone, and improve the quality index of the sintering ore while reducing the proportion of the solid fuel. The rich coke oven gas in steel works is sprayed on the sintering charge level of the Shao steel in China, the strength and the metallurgical performance of the sintering ore are effectively improved, the coke powder amount is saved by 1.69kg/t-s, the nitrogen oxide is reduced by 12 percent, and the sulfur dioxide is reduced by 6 percent. JFE iron and Steel company blows liquefied natural gas to a sintering charge level to realize CO emission reduction260000 t/a. The steam injection technology can achieve the purposes of promoting fuel combustion and reducing CO emission by injecting steam with certain concentration to the sintering charge level, thereby improving the fuel combustion efficiency and reducing the potential of pollutant emission. However, in these single media injection modes, simultaneous emission reduction of multiple pollutant species cannot be achieved, and the emission reduction degree is limited. In addition, the single medium blowing technology is limited by regions, and the quality improving effect is not reflected to a greater extent.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects that the existing single medium injection technology can not realize simultaneous emission reduction of various pollutants, has limited emission reduction degree and limited fossil fuel consumption reduction capability, the invention aims to provide a method which can meet the heat requirements of different heights of a material layer to a greater extent, improve the fuel combustion efficiency in a synergetic way, further reduce the solid fossil fuel consumption and enable CO to be used2Greenhouse gases and CO, NOX、SOXAnd dioxin and other pollutants are effectively reduced, and the low-energy-consumption and low-emission sintering method for multi-component gas medium composite injection is provided.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the invention provides a low-energy-consumption and low-emission sintering method for multi-component gas medium composite injection, which is characterized in that a region between an ignition end point and a waste gas temperature starting rising point of a sintering charge level in a sintering machine is sequentially divided into a region-1, a region-2 and a region-3; during sintering, a multi-component gas medium with high gas ratio is blown to the zone-1, a multi-component gas medium with medium gas ratio is blown to the zone-2, and a multi-component gas medium with low gas ratio is blown to the zone-3.
According to the technical scheme of the invention, according to the characteristic that the heat distribution of the sintering material layer is gradually increased from the upper part to the lower part, the uniform distribution of the heat of the whole material layer is realized on the premise of fully utilizing the heat storage effect of the material layer by regulating and controlling the fuel gas proportion of the sprayed multi-component composite gas medium, the solid fuel consumption in the sintering process is favorably reduced, and the comprehensive function of pollutant emission is reduced.
Preferably, the ratio of the zone lengths of the zone-1, the zone-2 and the zone-3 is as follows: 30-50%: 20-40%: 10 to 30 percent. The division of the length proportion of the zone-1, the zone-2 and the zone-3 is mainly based on the zone corresponding to the high-temperature retention time of more than or equal to 1200 ℃ in the height direction of a sintered material layer, the zone-1 is characterized in that the retention time t of more than or equal to 1200 ℃ of the material layer is less than or equal to 1.5min, the zone-2 is characterized in that the retention time t of more than or equal to 1200 ℃ of the material layer is 1.5min < t less than or equal to 3min, and the zone-3 is characterized in that the retention time t of more than or equal to 1200 ℃ of the material layer is more than or equal to 3 min. The corresponding multi-component composite gas medium is sprayed in strictly according to the zone dividing mode, so that the effects of optimizing the fuel combustion efficiency and reducing the emission of harmful components can be achieved.
In a preferred scheme, the volume percentage concentration of the high-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium is 0.2-1%. Including the total volume percentage concentrations of combustible and combustion-supporting components in the high gas ratio multi-component gaseous medium.
In the preferable scheme, the volume percentage concentration of the medium fuel gas in proportion to the multi-component gas medium is 0.1-0.5%. Comprises the total volume percentage concentration of combustible components and combustion-supporting components in a multi-component gas medium with medium fuel gas proportion.
In a preferable scheme, the volume percentage concentration of the low-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium is 0.1-0.5%. Including the total volume percentage concentrations of combustible and combustion-supporting components in the low gas ratio multi-component gaseous medium.
In a preferred scheme, the high-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium, the medium-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium and the low-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium respectively comprise a combustible component and a combustion-supporting component.
In a preferred embodiment, the high gas ratio multi-component gas medium comprises, by volume: 60-80% of combustible component and 20-40% of combustion-supporting component; in a more preferred embodiment, the high gas ratio multi-component gaseous medium has a composition of: 60-80% of fuel gas, 0-20% of water vapor and 10-40% of oxygen.
In a preferred scheme, the volume percentage of the medium fuel gas ratio multi-component gas medium is as follows: 30-60% of combustible components and 40-70% of combustion-supporting components. In a more preferable scheme, the volume percentage of the medium fuel gas ratio multi-component gas medium is as follows: 30-60% of fuel gas, 30-60% of water vapor and 5-15% of oxygen.
In a preferred embodiment, the low gas ratio multi-component gas medium comprises, by volume: 0-30% of combustible component and 70-100% of combustion-supporting component. In a more preferred embodiment, the low gas fraction multi-component gas medium comprises, by volume: 0-30% of fuel gas, 60-90% of water vapor and 0-10% of oxygen.
According to the technical scheme, the proportion of the combustion-supporting components in the multi-component gas media sprayed into the zone-1, the zone-2 and the zone-3 is gradually increased, so that on one hand, the difference of heat supplement requirements of different zones of the material layer can be balanced by the aid of the combustible components to the maximum extent, on the other hand, the combustion-supporting effect of the combustion-supporting components is utilized, so that the effect of the composite gas media is respectively that the zone-1 is mainly used for supplying heat, the zone-2 is mainly used for supplying heat and supporting combustion, and the zone-3 is mainly used for supporting combustion, and the comprehensive functions of optimizing the heat distribution of the material layer, promoting fuel combustion and reducing pollutant emission are achieved.
Preferably, the fuel gas comprises at least one of coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and converter gas. These combustion gases may come from internal by-products of the iron and steel industry.
Preferably, the combustion-supporting component comprises at least one of water vapor and oxygen produced by the steel enterprises. The water vapor can come from high-temperature high-pressure steam, medium-temperature medium-pressure steam and low-temperature low-pressure steam generated by an autothermal power plant and a waste heat recovery boiler of a steel enterprise, and the oxygen comes from an oxygen generation workshop inside the steel enterprise.
In a preferred scheme, the water vapor in the high-fuel-ratio multi-component gas medium is at least one of low-temperature low-pressure water vapor, medium-temperature medium-pressure water vapor and high-temperature high-pressure water vapor.
In a preferred scheme, the water vapor in the middle-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium and the water vapor in the low-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium are at least one of middle-temperature middle-pressure water vapor and high-temperature high-pressure water vapor.
In a more preferable scheme, the low-temperature and low-pressure water vapor is characterized in that: the pressure P is less than or equal to 2.5MPa, and the temperature T is less than or equal to 400 ℃;
in a more preferable scheme, the medium-temperature and medium-pressure water vapor is characterized in that: the pressure is 2.5< P < 6MPa, and the temperature is 400< T < 450 ℃.
In a more preferable scheme, the high-temperature and high-pressure steam is characterized in that: pressure P >6MPa and temperature T >450 ℃.
The invention sprays high-temperature high-pressure medium-temperature medium-pressure steam with higher temperature into the area-2 and the area-3, thereby effectively utilizing the waste heat of the steam and avoiding the condensation of the water steam on the material layer.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the advantages that:
(1) according to the characteristic that the heat distribution of the sintering material layer is gradually increased from the upper part to the lower part, the spraying concentration of the multi-component gas medium and the proportion of combustible components are regulated and controlled, the uniform distribution of the heat of the whole material layer is realized on the premise of fully utilizing the heat storage effect of the material layer, and the reduction of the consumption of solid fuel consumption in the sintering process is facilitated.
(2) The sprayed composite medium combustion-supporting component mainly comprises two components of water vapor and oxygen, and the oxygen is added to avoid the adverse effect of oxygen consumed by the combustion of combustible components on the combustion of solid fuel; the water vapor and the hot solid carbon particles generate water gas reaction to promote the combustion of the fuel particles, realize the efficient release of the chemical energy of the solid fuel, and generate high-activity OH free radicals to react CO generated in the combustion processOxidation to CO2The emission concentration of CO in the sintering flue gas is reduced while the combustion effect is further improved; the water vapor added into the composite medium promotes the full combustion of the solid fuel and promotes the high-activity chlorine (chlorine gas) to be converted into low-activity chlorine (hydrogen chloride), thereby reducing a carbon source and a chlorine source which are necessary for forming dioxin through a de novo synthesis reaction and effectively reducing the discharge amount of the dioxin.
(3) The proportion of the combustion-supporting components is gradually increased from the region-1 to the region-3, so that on one hand, the combustible components can be utilized to the maximum extent to balance the difference of heat supplement requirements of different regions of the material layer, on the other hand, the combustion-supporting effect of the combustion-supporting components is utilized, so that the composite gas medium acts on the region-1 to mainly supply heat, the region-2 to mainly supply heat and support combustion, and the region-3 to mainly support combustion, and the comprehensive functions of optimizing the heat distribution of the material layer, promoting fuel combustion and reducing pollutant emission are achieved.
(4) From the area-1 to the area-3, as the burning zone of the sinter bed gradually moves downwards, the time for the water vapor to move from the charge level to the solid fuel burning area is gradually prolonged, and according to the characteristics, the invention regulates and controls the characteristics of steam injection in different areas, so that the high-temperature high-pressure medium-temperature medium-pressure steam with higher temperature is injected into the area-2 and the area-3, and the condensation of the water vapor in the bed can be effectively avoided.
(5) The composite gas medium in the invention is derived from self-produced gas, water vapor and oxygen in the steel enterprise, and has low cost and obvious economic advantage.
By adopting the method provided by the invention, the finished product rate of the sintering ore can be improved by 4-6%, the drum strength can be improved by 4-8%, the solid fuel consumption of each ton of sintering ore can be reduced by 6-10 kg, the CO emission can be reduced by 25-40%, and the CO can be reduced by 25-40%2The emission reduction is 18-30%, and the emission reduction of dioxin is 40-70%, so that the method has important significance for green manufacturing of the steel industry.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a low-energy-consumption and low-emission sintering method of multi-component medium composite blowing according to the present invention;
in the figure: 1-tube row I; 2-tube bank II; 3-tube bank III; 4-a feed trough; 5-grate bar; 6-a chimney; 7-a dust remover; 8-wind box.
Detailed Description
The following examples are further illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
Blending according to the mass ratio of 59.77% of uniformly mixed iron ore, 4.27% of dolomite, 5.57% of limestone, 3.46% of quick lime, 13.85% of sintered return ores, 9.23% of blast furnace return ores and 3.85% of coke powder (chemical components of the sintered ores are TFe56.08%, R1.80, MgO1.80 and CaO10.76%), mixing and granulating the materials, distributing the materials on a sintering bed, igniting for 1min at 1050 +/-50 ℃, preserving heat for 1min, and sintering under the condition of negative pressure 15 kPa. Dividing the interval from the end of ignition to the beginning of the rise of the exhaust gas temperature in the sintering process into three gas medium injection areas (the schematic diagram is shown in the attached figure-1): zone-1 accounts for 40% of the whole zone, and the total concentration of injected media is 0.8% (70% of coke oven gas, 20% of water vapor (temperature 200 ℃, pressure 1.57MPa), and 10% of oxygen); zone-2 accounts for 40% of the whole zone, and the total concentration of the injected medium is 0.4% (40% of coke oven gas, 50% of water vapor (temperature 410 ℃, pressure 2.76MPa), 10% of oxygen); zone-3 accounts for 20% of the whole zone, and the total concentration of the injected medium is 0.3% (20% of coke oven gas, 75% of water vapor (temperature 410 ℃, pressure 2.76MPa), 5% of oxygen). Compared with the conventional sintering (comparative example-1) additionally provided with any gas medium for blowing, the method of the embodiment has the effects on the sintering index and the pollutant emission reduction effect as shown in tables 1 and 2.
Example 2
Blending according to the mass ratio of 59.77% of uniformly mixed iron ore, 4.27% of dolomite, 5.57% of limestone, 3.46% of quick lime, 13.85% of sintered return ores, 9.23% of blast furnace return ores and 3.85% of coke powder (chemical components of the sintered ores are TFe56.08%, R1.80, MgO1.80 and CaO10.76%), mixing and granulating the materials, distributing the materials on a sintering bed, igniting for 1min at 1050 +/-50 ℃, preserving heat for 1min, and sintering under the condition of negative pressure 15 kPa. Dividing the interval from the end of ignition to the beginning of the rise of the exhaust gas temperature in the sintering process into three gas medium injection areas (the schematic diagram is shown in the attached figure-1): zone-1 accounts for 50% of the whole zone, and 1.0% of the total concentration of the injected medium (75% of converter gas, 10% of water vapor (temperature 200 ℃, pressure 1.57MPa), 15% of oxygen); zone-2 accounts for 40% of the whole zone, and 0.5% of the total concentration of the injected medium (50% of converter gas, 45% of water vapor (temperature 410 ℃, pressure 2.76MPa), 5% of oxygen); zone-3 accounts for 10% of the whole zone, and 0.4% of the total concentration of the injected medium (30% of converter gas, 65% of water vapor (temperature 410 ℃, pressure 2.76MPa), 5% of oxygen). Compared with the conventional sintering (comparative example-1) additionally provided with any gas medium for blowing, the method of the embodiment has the effects on the sintering index and the pollutant emission reduction effect as shown in tables 1 and 2.
Comparative example 1
Blending according to the mass ratio of 59.54% of uniformly mixed iron ore, 4.27% of dolomite, 5.57% of limestone, 3.46% of quick lime, 13.85% of sintered return ores, 9.23% of blast furnace return ores and 4.08% of coke powder (obtaining chemical compositions of TFe56.04%, R1.80, MgO1.80 and CaO10.79%), mixing and granulating the materials, distributing the materials on a sintering bed, igniting for 1min at 1050 +/-50 ℃, preserving heat for 1min, and sintering under the condition of negative pressure 15 kPa. The sintering yield index is shown in Table 1.
Comparative example-2
Blending according to the mass ratio of 59.77% of uniformly mixed iron ore, 4.27% of dolomite, 5.57% of limestone, 3.46% of quick lime, 13.85% of sintered return ores, 9.23% of blast furnace return ores and 3.85% of coke powder (chemical components of the sintered ores are TFe56.08%, R1.80, MgO1.80 and CaO10.76%), mixing and granulating the materials, distributing the materials on a sintering bed, igniting for 1min at 1050 +/-50 ℃, preserving heat for 1min, and sintering under the condition of negative pressure 15 kPa. Dividing the interval from the end of ignition to the beginning of the rise of the exhaust gas temperature in the sintering process into three gas medium injection areas (the schematic diagram is shown in the attached figure-1): the area-1 accounts for 40 percent of the whole interval, and the coke oven gas with the volume percentage concentration of 0.56 percent is injected; the area-2 accounts for 40 percent of the whole interval, and the coke oven gas with the volume percentage concentration of 0.16 percent is injected; the area-3 accounts for 20 percent of the whole interval, and the coke oven gas with the volume percentage concentration of 0.06 percent is injected. Compared with the conventional sintering (comparative example-1) additionally provided with any gas medium for blowing, the method of the embodiment has the effects on the sintering index and the pollutant emission reduction effect as shown in tables 1 and 2.
Comparative example-3
Blending according to the mass ratio of 59.66% of uniformly mixed iron ore, 4.27% of dolomite, 5.57% of limestone, 3.46% of quick lime, 13.85% of sintered return ores, 9.23% of blast furnace return ores and 3.96% of coke powder (chemical components of the sintered ores are TFe56.06%, R1.80%, MgO1.80% and CaO10.78%), mixing and granulating the materials, distributing the materials on a sintering bed, igniting for 1min at 1050 +/-50 ℃, preserving heat for 1min, and sintering under the condition of negative pressure 15 kPa. Dividing the interval from the end of ignition to the beginning of the rise of the exhaust gas temperature in the sintering process into three gas medium injection areas (the schematic diagram is shown in the attached figure-1): zone-1 accounts for 40% of the whole interval, and water vapor with volume percentage concentration of 0.16% is sprayed (temperature of 200 ℃, pressure of 1.57 MPa); zone-2 accounts for 40% of the whole interval, and water vapor with volume percentage concentration of 0.20% is sprayed (temperature 410 ℃, pressure 2.76 MPa); zone-3 represents 20% of the whole zone, and water vapor (temperature 410 deg.C, pressure 2.76MPa) with a total medium concentration of 0.23% is injected. Compared with the conventional sintering (comparative example-1) additionally provided with any gas medium for blowing, the method of the embodiment has the effects on the sintering index and the pollutant emission reduction effect as shown in tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1 sintering yields, quality indices for the different examples
| Scheme(s) | Percent of yield% | Drum strength/% | The solid fuel consumption per ton of sinter is reduced by a quantity/kg |
| Comparative example 1 (No blowing) | 70.50 | 63.30 | 0 |
| COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 (gas injection only) | 72.30 | 66.50 | 3.53 |
| COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 (spraying steam only) | 71.10 | 64.05 | 1.05 |
| Example 1 | 74.80 | 68.50 | 6.70 |
| Example 2 | 75.20 | 69.30 | 7.80 |
TABLE 2 pollutant reduction ratio/% of the different examples
| Scheme(s) | CO | CO2 | Dioxin (DIOXIN) |
| Comparative example 1 (No blowing) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 (gas injection only) | / | 7 | / |
| COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 (spraying steam only) | 15 | 6 | 35 |
| Example 1 | 25 | 18 | 50 |
| Example 2 | 28 | 22 | 55 |
Claims (4)
1. A low-energy-consumption low-emission sintering method for multi-component gas medium composite injection is characterized in that: sequentially dividing the area between the ignition end point and the exhaust gas temperature rising point of the sintering charge level in the sintering machine into an area-1, an area-2 and an area-3; blowing a high-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium to a zone-1, blowing a medium-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium to a zone-2, and blowing a low-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium to a zone-3 in the sintering process; the ratio of the zone lengths of zone-1, zone-2 and zone-3 is: 30-50%: 20-40%: 10-30%; the high-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium, the medium-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium and the low-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium respectively comprise combustible components and combustion-supporting components; the high-fuel-ratio multi-component gas medium comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 60-80% of fuel gas, 0-20% of water vapor and 10-40% of oxygen;
the volume percentage of the medium fuel gas ratio multi-component gas medium is as follows: 30-60% of fuel gas, 30-60% of water vapor and 5-15% of oxygen;
the volume percentage of the low-fuel-gas-proportion multi-component gas medium is as follows: 0-30% of fuel gas, 60-90% of water vapor and 0-10% of oxygen.
2. The low-energy-consumption low-emission sintering method for the multi-component gas medium composite injection according to claim 1, characterized in that:
the volume percentage concentration of the high-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium is 0.2-1%;
the volume percentage concentration of the middle fuel gas proportion multi-component gas medium is 0.1-0.5%;
the volume percentage concentration of the low-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium is 0.1-0.5%.
3. The low-energy-consumption low-emission sintering method for the multi-component gas medium composite injection according to claim 1, characterized in that:
the fuel gas comprises at least one of coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and converter gas.
4. The low-energy-consumption low-emission sintering method for the multi-component gas medium composite injection according to claim 1, characterized in that:
the water vapor in the high-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium is at least one of low-temperature low-pressure water vapor, medium-temperature medium-pressure water vapor and high-temperature high-pressure water vapor;
the water vapor in the middle-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium and the low-fuel-gas-ratio multi-component gas medium is at least one of middle-temperature middle-pressure water vapor and high-temperature high-pressure water vapor;
the low-temperature low-pressure water vapor is characterized in that: the pressure P is less than or equal to 2.5MPa, and the temperature T is less than or equal to 400 ℃;
the medium-temperature and medium-pressure water vapor is characterized in that: the pressure is 2.5< P < 6MPa, and the temperature is 400< T < 450 ℃;
the high-temperature and high-pressure steam is characterized in that: pressure P >6MPa and temperature T >450 ℃.
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| KR20140002214A (en) * | 2012-06-28 | 2014-01-08 | 현대제철 주식회사 | Gas spray apparatus for sintering pot |
| CN103320605A (en) * | 2013-06-25 | 2013-09-25 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢钒有限公司 | Sintering method and sintering equipment of iron ore |
| CN103644733A (en) * | 2013-11-27 | 2014-03-19 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢钒有限公司 | Hot air sintering device and method |
| CN110564952A (en) * | 2019-09-09 | 2019-12-13 | 中南大学 | Sintering energy-saving emission-reducing hydrogen-based fuel gas staged injection method |
| CN110592370A (en) * | 2019-09-09 | 2019-12-20 | 中南大学 | Low-carbon and low-emission sintering method based on coupling injection of multiple types of fuel gases |
| CN110484716A (en) * | 2019-09-18 | 2019-11-22 | 四川省达州钢铁集团有限责任公司 | A kind of method and device enhancing heat exchange between air and sinter bed |
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