CN113097599A - Passive battery thermal regulator based on super-cooled phase-change material, method and management system - Google Patents
Passive battery thermal regulator based on super-cooled phase-change material, method and management system Download PDFInfo
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- CN113097599A CN113097599A CN202110372030.5A CN202110372030A CN113097599A CN 113097599 A CN113097599 A CN 113097599A CN 202110372030 A CN202110372030 A CN 202110372030A CN 113097599 A CN113097599 A CN 113097599A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/659—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by heat storage or buffering, e.g. heat capacity or liquid-solid phase changes or transition
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract
The passive battery thermal regulator based on the supercooling phase change material comprises a phase change module and a thermal switch device, wherein the phase change module comprises the phase change material with a certain supercooling degree, and can realize passive battery temperature management and control by combining the characteristics of volume change, freezing point and inconsistent melting point of the phase change material in the heat charging and discharging process; the phase change material with the supercooling degree has the following functions: besides providing power for the closing and opening processes of the thermal switch device based on volume change, the battery temperature is maintained not to be increased continuously by melting and absorbing heat generated by the battery at high temperature through the difference of melting point and solidifying point, and the battery temperature is increased by releasing heat to the battery through solidification at low temperature, so that the battery working temperature is further controlled on the basis of the thermal switch device. The invention utilizes the phenomenon of supercooling to realize that the heat is absorbed near the high-temperature melting point and released near the low-temperature freezing point, and the thermal switch is pushed to be switched on and off to work by combining the obvious change of the volume during melting and solidification, thereby playing the role of double passive control of the upper limit and the lower limit of the temperature of the battery.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a battery thermal regulator, in particular relates to a passive battery thermal regulator based on a super-cooling phase-change material, and belongs to the field of thermal management of power batteries and energy storage batteries.
Background
Most internal combustion engines of automobiles use gasoline and diesel oil as fuels, and exhaust generated by combustion of the gasoline and diesel oil is directly discharged into the atmosphere to cause environmental pollution, so that electric automobiles are gradually popularized in China to replace fuel automobiles. However, the temperature of the power battery pack of the electric automobile always restricts the popularization and the use of the electric automobile, the temperature has very obvious influence on the battery performance no matter the traditional lead-acid battery or the current nickel-hydrogen and lithium ion battery, and the performance of the battery is not favorably exerted when the temperature is too high or too low.
The lithium ion battery is one of the core components of the electric automobile, and the power generation capacity, the service life and the capability of resisting damage and severe environment of the battery influence the service life and the cruising ability of the automobile. The performance of lithium ion batteries is very sensitive to temperature. The temperature for optimum performance of the lithium ion battery should be between 15-35 ℃. If the temperature of the battery is not appropriate or the temperature difference is large, negative effects such as battery aging and performance degradation and safety problems occur. However, in the northeast of China, the temperature can even reach minus 40 degrees in winter, but in the southeast of China, such as Chongqing, the ground surface temperature can reach 60 degrees in summer, and the two environmental temperatures far exceed the normal working range of the battery. Therefore, the automobile power battery needs to be subjected to heat management, the temperature distribution of the power battery pack tends to be uniform, the working temperature is stabilized in a reasonable range, and the problems of heat preservation in a low-temperature working environment and cooling and waste heat utilization in a high-temperature environment are solved.
The heat management technology of the electric automobile is developed from the beginning to the present day, and is in types of wind cooling type, liquid cooling type, phase change material type, heat pipe type and the like. The air-cooled type has a disadvantage of poor cooling effect due to low thermal conductivity, resulting in non-uniform temperature distribution of the battery and increased energy consumption. Liquid cooling systems also require additional energy, similar to air cooling systems. In the field of phase-change battery thermal management, phase-change materials such as paraffin are mostly adopted at present, when the temperature of a battery rises, the latent heat of phase change is utilized to absorb the surplus heat of the battery, so that the temperature stability of the battery is regulated, the heat is stored, when the temperature of the battery decreases, the heat is released, the problem of excessively low temperature is alleviated, and the working temperature of the battery is maintained in a reasonable range.
In the phase change process, part of phase change materials have a special supercooling phenomenon, under the supercooling condition, the freezing point of the solid-liquid phase change materials is lower than the melting point, and the formed temperature difference is called supercooling degree. The phase transition supercooling phenomenon is generally considered to be eliminated, and the supercooling degree is reduced by enabling the melting point and the freezing point to be consistent by adding a nucleating agent, current, ultrasound and the like so as to avoid that the stored heat cannot be released. In order to distinguish the concepts of common phase-change materials without obvious supercooling degree, cold phase-change materials with low phase-change temperature and the like, the supercooling phase-change material is particularly the phase-change material with large supercooling degree. The related supercooling phase change material comprises materials such as hydrated salt (such as sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate) and the like, and the supercooling degree of the supercooling phase change material can reach about 20 ℃. In addition, the volume of the phase-change material changes in the temperature change and the phase-change process, and particularly in the solidification and melting processes, the phase-change material has more remarkable volume change.
The invention discloses a passive battery thermal regulator based on the special performance of a super-cooling phase-change material, which is combined with a passive thermal switch to enhance the control function of the upper limit and the lower limit of the battery temperature. No related similar patent or document is currently directed to a similar thermal management method.
Other prior art contains several examples of phase change material battery thermal management devices. The following is not a complete list of relevant technologies.
Chinese patent application CN110416658A discloses a heat pipe-PCM coupled non-power consumption thermal management module with a temperature control thermal switch, wherein a plurality of battery cells are arranged in a battery box, and phase change materials are filled between adjacent battery cells and between the outermost battery surface and the box; arranging a heat pipe in the phase-change material to form a phase-change material heat pipe coupling heat dissipation module; the condensation end of the heat pipe is provided with a thermal switch, the bottom of the heat pipe is additionally provided with a ribbed plate, and the ribbed plate extends out of the air duct; the thermal switch is formed by matching an upper heat pipe clamping plate and a lower ribbed plate, and the action mode is electrically controlled by temperature sensors uniformly distributed on the surface of the battery and between phase-change materials. The patent uses solid-liquid phase change materials as thermal buffering and heat storage devices and further combines a temperature signal active control type thermal switch to realize the adjustment and control of the temperature of a controlled object.
Chinese patent application CN210897488U discloses a fuel cell cold start system with a heat storage heater, which utilizes the phase change material to be heated and evaporated to drive the piston, the rotating rod and the ratchet gear to reciprocate, the torsion spring deforms, the kinetic energy converted from heat energy is stored to achieve the purpose of heat storage, and when the fuel cell cold start system is started, the T-shaped clamping block is actively lifted, the gear is driven to rotate by the elastic force of the torsion spring, the movable pressing plate is pressed downwards to liquefy and emit heat to the partial gaseous phase change material, and the fuel cell is heated. The patent utilizes the volume change of gas-liquid phase change material as the action drive to further combine the spring to realize the energy storage, utilize the spring to save the energy, realize through the switch action that elastic potential energy converts into heat energy, start to provide the heating for fuel cell low temperature.
Chinese patent application CN112002959A discloses a phase change material for thermal management of communication base station battery, is equipped with the phase change material energy storage stick that the movable groove was seted up to the inner chamber between the group battery, and the inner chamber of movable groove is equipped with telescopic machanism, and phase change material expands after the heat absorption saturation and forms the atmospheric pressure difference, promotes the graphite layer of telescopic machanism rebound contact bottom half lid and carries out secondary heat dissipation, carries out thermal management to the group battery. The patent utilizes the volume change of gas-liquid phase change material to form differential pressure to push a mechanical mechanism to stretch and contact a heat exchange device, and passively realizes battery temperature control.
In addition, chinese patent application CN109802196A discloses a device for rapidly heating a battery with a hydrated salt phase change material, which is characterized in that the hydrated salt phase change material is used to wrap the battery, and a latent heat releasing device is provided to rapidly heat the battery by releasing latent heat in a solidification process, and the super-cooled state of the phase change material is destroyed to trigger the solidification process thereof by mechanical impact, stirring, and adding a nucleation center, so as to prompt the instant release of heat stored in the phase change material, thereby rapidly heating the battery. Chinese patent application CN104246378A discloses an air conditioning system with a supercooled phase change material, the condenser of which is in thermal communication with the phase change material, the phase change material is changed from a supercooled liquid to a solid by a predicted temperature distribution trigger signal provided to an actuator, and the released latent heat is provided to a coolant to increase the capacity and efficiency of the system. Chinese patent application CN110173907A discloses a controllable phase change material package, and a preparation method and application thereof. The patent uses the supercooling property of phase change materials such as hydrated salt, sugar alcohol and the like, triggers and prompts the heat storage and release of the phase change materials through the conditions such as ultrasound, current, nucleating agent and the like in the solidification process, is used for heating batteries, cooling agents and the like, and realizes the controllable latent heat release process of the phase change materials.
Compared with the prior art, although a large number of patents are similar to temperature control devices and heat storage devices, the operation principle of the prior patents does not adopt a supercooling phase-change material to passively drive a thermal switch to work, and the complete passive battery thermal management is realized by the ingenious combination of 'melting point high-temperature latent heat absorption-expansion drive thermal switch closing cooling-temperature upper limit control' and 'freezing point low-temperature latent heat release-contraction drive thermal switch opening heat preservation-temperature lower limit control', and the aims of realizing the thermal switch by only utilizing the volume change characteristic of the phase-change material and realizing thermal buffering or low-temperature heating by utilizing latent heat storage in the phase-change process are also achieved. In the adopted scheme, the difference of 'super-cooling' phase change points is not utilized, the temperatures of heat release and heat absorption are consistent, the functions of passively realizing high-temperature heat absorption and low-temperature heat release based on the physical properties of materials cannot be realized, or the characteristic of remarkable volume change near the melting point of a freezing point is not utilized to work in combination with a thermal switch.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention utilizes the phenomenon of supercooling to realize that heat is absorbed near a high-temperature melting point and released near a low-temperature freezing point, and the heat switch is pushed to be switched on and off to work in combination with the obvious volume change during melting and solidification, so that the function of double passive control of the upper limit and the lower limit of the temperature of the battery is achieved.
The invention aims to provide a passive battery thermal regulator for realizing upper and lower temperature limit dual protection based on a super-cooling phase-change material, which is used for maintaining the working temperature of a battery in a reasonable range under different operating conditions and external environment conditions.
A passive battery thermal regulator based on super-cooled phase-change material comprises a phase-change module, a thermal switch device and an auxiliary heat exchange device, and is characterized in that: the phase change module comprises a phase change material with a certain supercooling degree, and can realize passive battery temperature management and control by combining the characteristics of volume change, and inconsistent freezing point and melting point of the phase change material in the heat charging and discharging process. The supercooling phase change material is used for providing power for the closing and opening processes of the thermal switch device based on volume change, melting and absorbing heat generated by the battery at high temperature through the difference of melting point and freezing point to maintain the temperature of the battery not to be increased continuously, and solidifying at low temperature to release heat to the battery to increase the temperature of the battery, so that the working temperature of the battery is further controlled on the basis of the thermal switch device.
The phase change module wraps the outer side of a battery pack consisting of each battery monomer or a plurality of batteries, the thermal switch device comprises a piston and a return mechanism, and the auxiliary heat exchange device comprises a cold plate. The piston and the return mechanism move along with the volume change of the phase-change material when the temperature changes, so that the super-cooled phase-change material is contacted with or separated from the cold plate, and the purpose of passively closing or opening the thermal switch is achieved. When the temperature of the supercooling phase change material is near the melting point, the supercooling phase change material absorbs heat to melt, the temperature of the battery is kept unchanged, meanwhile, the volume of the supercooling phase change material expands, the cold plate and the piston are gradually attached to exchange heat, and the temperature of the battery is kept lower than the highest working temperature; when the temperature of the super-cooling phase-change material is near the freezing point lower than the melting point, the super-cooling phase-change material emits heat and reduces the volume, the temperature of the battery is kept higher than the lowest working temperature, and meanwhile, a cavity is formed between the cold plate and the piston for heat preservation.
Preferably, the auxiliary heat exchange device comprises a cold plate clamped in the middle of the battery shell, cooling liquid flowing in the cold plate, a cooling liquid circulation loop and a circulation control part.
Preferably, the housing is a cover-shaped portion wrapping the outer side of each battery cell or battery pack, and the battery cells or battery packs are fixed between the battery fixing device and the housing.
Preferably, the return mechanism may be a spring return mechanism comprising a plurality of springs connecting the cold plate and the piston. When the return mechanism is completely compressed, the spring is compressed, and the cold plate is completely attached to the piston; when the return mechanism is fully returned to the position, the spring is extended and the cold plate is separated from the piston.
Preferably, the cavity enclosed between the cold plate, the piston and the shell can be accessed by air or other gas or liquid materials, and a gas or liquid filling layer is formed when the piston is separated from the cold plate.
Preferably, the piston can be provided with fins on one side contacting with the phase-change material so as to enhance the heat exchange between the phase-change material and the piston; the fins can be fixed on the cold plate, on one hand, the height of the fins on one side contacting the phase-change material is changed through the moving distance of the piston, the heat exchange between the cold plate and the phase-change material is enhanced, on the other hand, the surface area of the piston is reduced, and the stroke of the piston is increased when the expansion of the phase-change material is small so as to separate the cold plate from the phase-change material; the above features may also be combined with fins on both the piston and the cold plate.
Preferably, the supercooling phase change module may include one or more phase change materials distributed in a closed space formed by the housing, the fins and the piston.
Preferably, the flow channel for flowing and heat exchanging of the cooling liquid is arranged in the middle of the cold plate, and the flow channel can be a series of linear pipelines with circular cross sections which are longitudinally and uniformly arranged.
Preferably, the cooling liquid circulation circuit comprises a liquid storage tank, a water pump, a throttle valve and an air cooling device. The throttle valve can adjust the flow and the flow speed of the cooling liquid so that the heat exchange requirements of different degrees can be met. The air cooling device can release the heat of the battery brought out by the cooling liquid to the environment in a convection heat exchange mode.
Preferably, the cooling liquid is selected from water with a low boiling point, a mixed liquid of glycol and water, and the like.
Preferably, a groove is reserved at the joint of the cold plate and the spring, the spring is compressed to enable the piston to be in full contact with the cold plate when the phase change material is heated and expands in volume, and a flexible heat conduction gasket is additionally arranged at the contact part to realize the close contact between the cold plate and the piston.
Preferably, the piston may have a thickness or a sealing structure ensuring that the phase change material does not leak out when the piston is pressed against the cold plate.
Preferably, the phase-change material of the supercooling phase-change module can use water-containing compounds and sugar alcohol compounds with supercooling degree, such as sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate and lithium nitrate trihydrate, so that the melting temperature is close to the upper limit of the working temperature of the battery, and the solidification temperature is close to the lower limit of the working temperature of the battery, and can also use composite phase-change materials with similar characteristics.
Preferably, the phase change material may be filled in a foam skeleton, and the foam skeleton is made of a metal or nonmetal material.
Preferably, the contact surfaces of the phase-change material and the single battery with the phase-change material can be coated with an insulating heat conducting agent.
Preferably, the housing, the fins and the piston are characterized by being made of stainless steel, copper aluminum alloy, carbon material and the like with high heat conductivity.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the temperature inconsistency in the process of solidification and melting (latent heat charging and discharging) of the supercooling phase change material is utilized to realize first passive control of the upper and lower limits of the temperature of the battery (the working temperature range of the battery). The phase-change material adopted by the invention has larger supercooling degree and larger difference between the melting point and the freezing point (such as sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 & 5H 2O)). Therefore, the battery can be melted and absorb heat when the temperature of the battery is close to or exceeds the upper limit of the optimal working temperature range, and the temperature of the battery is kept stable and is not overheated by utilizing the melting and heat absorbing process; the battery temperature can be solidified and released when the battery temperature is close to or lower than the lower limit of the optimal working temperature range, and the battery temperature is kept relatively stable (the temperature is not changed, and the rising or lowering speed is slow) by utilizing the solidification and release process so as not to be lower than the lower limit of the working temperature of the battery. The working temperature range of the battery is ensured through the supercooling degree of the phase change material, and the charge and discharge performance of the battery is kept.
(2) The thermal switch is driven by using the characteristic that the volume change of the super-cooling phase-change material is particularly obvious in the volume change of the freezing point and the melting point to realize the second passive control of the upper and lower temperature limits (the working temperature range of the battery). When the temperature of the battery is too high, the phase-change material is completely melted, the volume of the phase-change material is expanded, the piston touches the cold plate to be attached, the hot switch is closed, and the cold plate performs auxiliary heat exchange. The super-cooling phase-change material has the functions of absorbing heat energy and keeping the temperature of the battery stable within a certain time under the temperature rising trend of the battery, and the thermal switch realizes the functions of further absorbing heat energy and stabilizing temperature. When the temperature is lowered to the solidifying point, the phase-change material is solidified, the volume is shrunk, the piston is separated from the cold plate, the thermal switch is switched off, and the heat preservation is realized by avoiding the contact with the cold plate through the gas/liquid filling layer. The super-cooling phase-change material plays a role in releasing heat energy and keeping the temperature of the battery relatively stable within a certain time under the temperature reduction trend of the battery, and the thermal switch realizes the functions of further releasing heat energy and keeping the temperature. The latent and sensible heat stored in the phase change material can be maximally released to the battery during the conditioning process.
(3) After the operation temperature of the battery is increased (high-power charge and discharge), the overcooling phase-change material stores excessive heat release in the operation process of the battery at high temperature, and can be released for maintaining the temperature of the battery when the temperature of the battery is too low (the ambient temperature is low, and the battery does not work or is charged and discharged at low power). Compared with air cooling and liquid cooling, the battery heat management system utilizes the larger latent heat of the phase-change material, on one hand, the battery temperature interval is kept stable by absorbing and releasing heat, on the other hand, the latent heat and sensible heat storage is realized, extra energy is not required to be consumed for heating the battery at low temperature, and the secondary utilization of the heat consumption and the heat dissipation of the battery is realized.
(4) Meanwhile, the fin heat exchange structure adopted in the invention has double functions, firstly, in the closing process of the thermal switch, the fins increase the contact area of the phase-change material for heat exchange, and the fins which penetrate into the phase-change material also enable the phase-change material at the inner layer to participate in the heat exchange, so that the heat can be released quickly, and the heat exchange performance between the phase-change material and the cold plate can be improved; and secondly, in the opening process of the thermal switch, the contact area between the phase-change material and the piston moving area can be adjusted by the fin and other structures, so that the stroke of the piston caused by volume change is adjusted, the stroke is longer when the fin and other structures occupy a larger area, the low-temperature cold plate and the hotter phase-change material can be further separated, a thicker gas/liquid filling layer is formed, and the heat insulation performance between the phase-change material and the cold plate can be improved. In fact, the fin structure is an important regulation and control means for the thermal switch ratio, and materials which are difficult to realize the thermal switch action due to insufficient solid-liquid phase change volume change can be matched with the fin structure to enhance the moving stroke to play a role of the thermal switch.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural view of an external form of a thermal switch provided in embodiment 1 of the present application;
FIG. 2A is a side cross-sectional view of the structure of FIG. 1, when the fins are secured to the piston;
FIG. 2B is a side cross-sectional view of the structure of FIG. 1, when the fins are secured to a cold plate;
FIG. 3 is a top cross-sectional view of the structure shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the effect of the fins of FIG. 1 on equivalent thermal conductivity and piston stroke;
FIG. 5: (a) a solidification and melting curve of the super-cooled phase-change material; (b) is the volume transformation curve of the super-cooling phase-change material;
FIG. 6A is a diagram of the operation of a supercooled phase change material thermal regulator, including the temperature profile of the battery as it is raised and lowered;
FIG. 6B is a diagram of the operation of a non-super-cooled phase change material thermal regulator, including the temperature profile of the battery as it is raised and lowered;
FIG. 7 is an auxiliary heat exchange unit coolant circulation loop;
FIG. 8 is a configuration view of the outer form of embodiment 2;
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of a multilayer phase change material structure of example 3;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a lithium ion battery pack of example 4;
FIG. 11 is a cooling circuit diagram in the cold plate of example 5;
reference numerals:
10-casing for holding and supporting battery pack and phase change material around it
20-auxiliary heat exchange device for auxiliary heat exchange after latent heat of heat buffer member is fully utilized
201-Cold plate having channels therein through which coolant flows
The 202-cooling liquid is preferably a liquid with a larger specific heat capacity and a smaller viscosity, such as water
203-cooling liquid circulation loop cooling liquid heat exchange circulation loop
2031-region of reservoir for storing cooling liquid
2032-water pump for providing power for cooling liquid circulation loop
2033-throttle valve for regulating flow rate and flow speed of cooling liquid,
2034-air cooling device for dissipating heat contained in cooling liquid to the environment
The 30-lithium ion battery can be square or cylindrical
301-lithium ion battery pack can be composed of a plurality of cylindrical or square batteries
40-thermal switching device adjusting the thickness of the gas/liquid filling layer to adjust the equivalent thermal conductivity
401-piston moving under the drive of volume change of phase change material, contacting or separating from cold plate
4010-finned imperforate piston body enhances auxiliary heat exchange effect
4011 piston body without fins and holes for increasing storage space of phase change material
4012-finless apertured piston body the apertures in the piston cooperate with fins secured to the cold plate
4013-fins fixed to the piston increase the contact area of the piston with the phase change material to enhance heat exchange
4014 fins fixed to the cold plate enhance heat exchange between the cold plate and the phase change material and increase the piston stroke length
402-air-filled zone of air-filled layer, separating cold plate and piston when air conditioner is in off state, for keeping warm
403-the return mechanism may be a spring or the like, for coupling the piston and the cold plate and controlling the thickness of the air-filled layer by controlling the distance between the two plates
50-region of super-cooling phase change module for storing phase change material
501-area of multilayer phase change energy storage material for storing phase change material
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the present application and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the application.
Detailed Description
The present application is described in further detail below with reference to specific embodiments and with reference to the attached drawings. It can be understood that the battery pack 30, the housing 10, the thermal switching device 40, the auxiliary heat exchanging device 20, and the supercooling phase change module 50 may be combined in various manners, and the combination of the above-mentioned components is not limited to the following embodiments.
Example 1:
as shown in fig. 1, the present embodiment provides a passive thermal regulator device, which can control the temperature of a battery pack to a reasonable temperature operating range by storing and releasing heat generated by the battery pack 30, and comprises a housing 10, a supercooling phase change module 50, an auxiliary heat exchange device 20 and a thermal switching device 40.
Figure 2A shows a side cross-sectional view of the device of figure 1 when fins 4013 are secured to piston body 4010. Fig. 3 is a top sectional view of the device shown in fig. 1 and 2A. The battery is provided with a battery housing 10 formed of a rigid casing composed of copper or other metal having good thermal conductivity in order to enclose the lithium ion battery and ensure mechanical support of the battery and its thermal conduction while enhancing the strength of the natural convective heat transfer with the environment. The lithium ion battery 30 is fixed inside the housing, the cold plate 201 is fixed on one side of the housing and is mounted on the same side as the thermal switch device 20, and an inflow and outflow channel or chamber for air is provided between the cold plate 201 and the piston 401. And a chamber for accommodating the super-cooling phase change module 50 is formed between the piston 401 and the housing 201, so that the phase change material is filled between the lithium ion battery and the housing 201 and between the piston 401 and the lithium ion battery. The piston 401 includes fins 4013 and is fixed to the piston body 4010 by integral molding or welding.
As shown in fig. 2A, in the thermal switching device 40, one side of the piston 401 having the fins 4013 is in contact with the supercooling phase change module 50, and the contact area with the phase change material is increased by the fins 4013, so that the heat exchange capability between the heat storage element and the outside is enhanced, and the piston 401 is made of a material having good thermal conductivity, such as copper, aluminum, and the like. The return mechanism 403 has one end fixed to the piston 401 and the other end fixed to the cold plate 201. The joint of the cold plate 201 and the return mechanism 403 is provided with a concave structure, and the spring completely enters the concave structure of the cold plate when being compressed, so that the piston body 4010 and the cold plate 201 can be tightly attached after the spring is compressed. Optionally, a rigid or flexible heat conducting gasket may be attached to the outside of the piston 401 to reduce the thermal contact resistance with the cold plate 201 when fully closed. During solidification, the spring expands and forces the phase change material 50 to undergo a volume change in the direction of movement of the piston 401. The cold plate 201 and the finned piston 401 also vary in thickness to draw and expel air through the upper portion of the housing 10 that is not coupled to the cold plate 201. Take piston 401 of fin 4013 to have enough thickness, piston 401 and shell 10 contact area should adopt reasonable sealed mode, guarantee that piston 401 and shell 10 closely laminate, if adopt compression ring and sealing washer etc. guarantee that phase change material 50 can not produce the weeping phenomenon when being in liquid state, also guarantee that outside air can not leak into the phase change energy storage material region.
Fig. 2B shows a side cross-sectional configuration of the device of fig. 1 when the fins 4014 are secured to the cold plate 201. Fig. 3 is a top sectional view of the apparatus shown in fig. 1 and 2B. The fins 4014 of fig. 2B are secured to the cold plate 201 with the transverse bores in the piston body 4012 in close fitting relationship and sealed with the fins 4014 in the cold plate 201. When super cooled phase change material 50 does not begin to melt, piston 4012 is flush with the top of fins 4014, the top of fins 4014 is in contact with the phase change material and not with the sidewalls; after the super-cooled phase-change material 50 begins to melt, along with the movement of the piston 4012, the top end and two sides of the fin 4014 begin to exchange heat with the super-cooled phase-change material 50 at the same time; along with the increase of the moving distance, the contact area of the side wall and the phase-change material is increased, and the heat exchange effect is gradually improved; when the piston 401 is in engagement with the cold plate 201, the maximum is reached after the sidewalls of the fins 4014 are fully in contact with the supercooled phase change material 50. Because cold plate fin 4014 itself occupies a certain volume for piston 4012 surface area diminishes, can make the displacement distance of piston 4012 increase when supercooling phase change material 50 volume change, can realize the effect of thermal switch separation cold plate 201 and phase change material 50 better under lower expansion ratio, realize better heat preservation performance when breaking off, fin 4014 strengthens the function of heat transfer and piston stroke as shown in fig. 4.
The supercooling phase change module 50 is made of a phase change material having a supercooling degree, and thus may store heat generated by the operation of the battery pack 30 at a higher temperature and release the stored heat at a lower temperature. For example, an exemplary phase change material of the present invention is sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, which has the chemical formula Na2S2O3 · 5H2O, and its physical properties are shown in the following table.
| Phase change material | Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate |
| Coefficient of thermal conductivity | 0.57w/(m·℃) |
| Latent heat | 209J/g |
| Density of solid | 1730kg/m3 |
| Density of liquid | 1665kg/m3 |
| Melting Point | 48.5℃ |
| Freezing point | Between 25 and 30 DEG C |
The temperature of the battery is controlled in a reasonable range under the two conditions of temperature rise and temperature reduction of the battery, if the phase change temperature of the phase change material is only one, only the upper limit or the lower limit of the temperature of the battery can be controlled, or the phase change of a certain temperature between the upper limit and the lower limit of the temperature utilizes the latent heat of the phase change material to play a role in heat buffering, and the control requirement of the temperature limit of the upper limit and the lower limit cannot be met at the same time. As mentioned above, the core innovation point of the invention is that the battery temperature is controlled by using the phase-change material with large supercooling degree and combining a thermal switch. For the present embodiment, the battery working conditions are integrated, and the upper limit of the working temperature is controlled to be between 40 ℃ and 50 ℃, and the lower limit of the working temperature is controlled to be between 25 ℃ and 30 ℃. In order to control the temperature within the range, the selected materials such as sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate and the like have two phase-change temperatures (large supercooling degree) of a higher melting point and a lower freezing point, so that the storage and the release of latent heat can be realized under the condition of different temperatures, the heat is absorbed near the high-temperature melting point, the heat is released near the low-temperature freezing point, the heat switch is pushed to be switched on and off by combining the remarkable change of the volume during melting and solidification, the effect of dual passive control of the upper limit and the lower limit of the temperature of the battery is realized, and the battery is ensured to be in a proper temperature working interval. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the change of volume and temperature during the process of solidifying and melting the supercooled phase-change material;
the supercooling phase change module 50 may exchange heat with the auxiliary heat exchange device 20 through the thermal switching device 40. That is, the heat generated from the battery pack 30 may be transferred to the auxiliary heat exchange device 20 through the supercooling phase change module 50. The thermal switch device comprises a finned piston 401, an air-filled layer 402 and a return mechanism 403. As can be seen from the data in the table and fig. 5, there is a significant volume change in the phase change process of the sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, so that the volume change can be used to switch the thermal switch device 40 between the open and closed states, thereby adjusting the equivalent thermal conductivity between the battery and the cold plate 201. In the design, as shown in fig. 4, the contact area of the phase change material and the moving distance of the full stroke of the piston can be adjusted through the fin structure and the occupation ratio design, so as to generate better heat exchange or heat insulation effect.
To further explain the operation and effect of the present embodiment, fig. 6A shows the process of temperature increase and temperature decrease of the battery pack 30 according to the present invention. As shown in fig. 6A, the temperature at the initial time is low, the sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate phase-change material is in a solid state, the thermal switching device 40 is in an off state, when the battery pack 30 releases heat from a low temperature in the charging and discharging process, and the temperature rises, the solid sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate absorbs the heat, the temperature rises along with the heat, the battery starts to melt at the melting point temperature of 49 ℃, the battery continues to release the heat and is absorbed by latent heat of the phase-change material, but the temperatures of the battery and the phase-change material are kept unchanged. The volume of the phase-change material expands in the melting process, the piston 401 with the fins begins to move and is gradually attached to the cold plate 201, the thermal switch device 40 is in a closed state, the auxiliary heat exchange device 20 fully plays a cooling role at the moment, heat generated continuously is taken away through cooling liquid in the cold plate, and therefore the temperature of the battery and the phase-change material is controlled not to exceed the upper limit. As shown in fig. 6A, the battery pack 30 is in a higher temperature state, the phase change material of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is in a liquid state, the thermal switch device 40 is in a closed state, the external environment temperature is lower, at this time, the battery stops working, the temperature of the battery and the liquid sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate gradually decreases to 25-30 ℃, the liquid sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate starts a solidification process, latent heat is gradually released, but the temperature of the phase change material and the battery is kept unchanged at 25-30 ℃ until the latent heat is exhausted, and the temperature starts to further decrease. In the solidification process, the volume of the phase-change material shrinks, the piston 401 with the fins starts to move and gradually breaks away from the cold plate 201, the thermal switch device 40 is in an off state, an air layer 402 is formed between the cold plate and the piston to play a role in heat preservation, the latent heat release speed of the phase-change material is delayed as much as possible, and the temperature of the battery pack is maintained to be not lower than the lower limit of the working temperature for a longer time. Fig. 6B shows the effect of a mechanical phase change thermal switch using a conventional phase change material without a large supercooling feature. It can be seen that, because the phase transition point is at a constant temperature, the solidification or melting process can only utilize latent heat to play a role in thermal buffering, and the control process of the upper and lower limits of the battery temperature cannot be realized. After the super-cooling phase-change thermal switch is adopted, the melting point forms the upper limit control of the working temperature, and the freezing point forms the lower limit holding capacity of the working temperature, so that the working temperature of the battery is controlled in a reasonable range.
When the thermal switch device of the battery pack works, the phase-change material stores or releases heat when the temperature of the battery changes, so that the buffer effect is generated, and the temperature of the battery pack is prevented from generating large change in a short time. Therefore, with the help of the supercooling phase change module 50, the thermal switching device 40, and the auxiliary heat exchanging device 20, the temperature change of the battery pack 30 is more gradual, thereby maintaining the performance of the battery pack 30 at an optimum state and extending the service life of the battery. Meanwhile, the phase-change material plays a role in storing heat, and the heat required for maintaining the temperature of the battery higher than the lower limit of the working temperature is dissipated from the battery, so that the energy-saving effect is achieved.
Figure 7 shows an alternative flow-through loop of the auxiliary heat exchange means 20. The auxiliary heat exchange device 20 is composed of a cold plate 201 clamped in the middle of the battery shell, a cooling liquid 202 flowing in the cold plate, and a cooling liquid circulation loop 203. The coolant circulation circuit 203 includes a reservoir 2031, a pump 2032, a throttle valve 2033, and an air cooling device 2034. The reservoir 2031 is used to store the cooling fluid, and the pump 2032 provides power to the entire cooling fluid circulation circuit so that the cooling fluid can be continuously circulated through the circuit. The throttle valve 2032 is used for adjusting the flow rate and the flow velocity of the liquid, so that the heat exchange requirements of different degrees can be met. The air cooling device 2033 may be composed of a plurality of fans, and is used to release the battery heat brought out by the coolant to the environment by convection heat exchange, which may also be implemented by using the head-on wind speed generated by the power electric vehicle during driving.
In fig. 7, solid arrows indicate the flow direction of the coolant 202, and broken arrows indicate the heat transfer direction. The working process of the auxiliary heat exchange device 20 is as follows: the cooling liquid 202 is pumped out of the reservoir 2031 by the water pump 2032, enters the cooling liquid circulation loop 203, and is controlled by the throttle valve 2033 in flow and flow rate, and then enters the hole in the cold plate 201 to exchange heat with the supercooling phase change module 50. After the excess heat generated by the battery pack is absorbed by means of heat convection with the cooling liquid, the cooling liquid enters the air cooling device 2034, and the heat is dissipated to the environment by heat convection with the air. Finally, the cooling liquid flows into the liquid storage tank to form a closed circulation loop.
Example 2
This embodiment provides a passive thermal regulator device, which has a structure substantially the same as that of embodiment 1, except that: as shown in fig. 8, the finned piston 401 in the thermal switching device 40 is changed to a non-finned piston 4011 structure. The design of the fins can increase the heat exchange area and enhance the heat exchange effect, but can reduce the space of the supercooling phase change module 50. The piston 4011 without fins can increase the storage space of the supercooling phase change module so as to store more supercooling phase change modules, store more heat, increase the energy storage capacity and prolong the temperature rise time of the battery.
Example 3
This embodiment provides a passive thermal regulator device, which has a structure substantially the same as that of embodiment 2, except that: as shown in fig. 9, the super-cooling phase change module 50 is changed to a combination of multiple layers of phase change energy storage materials 501. The multilayer phase change energy storage material 501 may include: phase change materials with supercooling degrees, such as a sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate layer, a sodium acetate trihydrate layer, a lithium nitrate trihydrate layer and the like, are beneficial to realizing different control ranges of the working temperature of the solidification-melting battery; phase change materials with large volume change, such as unsaturated fatty acid (lauric acid) layers and the like, are beneficial to large volume change in the phase change process; phase change materials with larger latent heat, such as organic solid-liquid phase change material (paraffin) layers of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polyalcohols, polyalkanols and the like, are beneficial to storing more heat through phase change latent heat; the phase change material with high thermal conductivity, such as composite phase change material added with graphite, foam metal and the like, is helpful for enhancing heat transfer.
Example 4
This embodiment provides a passive thermal regulator device, which has a structure substantially the same as that of embodiment 1, except that: as shown in fig. 10, a plurality of cylindrical cells or prismatic cells are combined to form a battery pack 301, and the same passive battery thermal switch based on super-cooled phase-change material can be used for the battery pack.
Example 5
This embodiment provides a passive thermal regulator device, which has a structure substantially the same as that of embodiment 1, except that: as shown in fig. 11, the cold plate 201 multi-hole channels in the auxiliary heat exchange device 20 are changed into single inlet and outlet U-shaped channel channels. The coolant flowing in the multi-hole channels can generate good heat exchange effect, but the flow rate is also larger, so that more energy is consumed. The coolant per unit mass absorbs less heat because of the shorter flow path. The single-inlet and outlet U-shaped pipeline prolongs the flow of fluid flow, and reduces the flow of cooling liquid, so that the cooling liquid per unit mass can absorb more heat, and a more efficient heat exchange effect can be exerted.
Example 6
The invention also provides an adjusting method of the passive battery thermal regulator based on the supercooling phase-change material, which comprises the passive battery thermal regulator based on the supercooling phase-change material; the return mechanism may be a spring return mechanism comprising a plurality of springs connecting the cold plate and the piston. When the return mechanism is completely compressed, the spring is compressed, and the cold plate is completely attached to the piston; when the return mechanism is fully returned to the position, the spring is extended and the cold plate is separated from the piston.
Example 7
The system comprises the passive battery thermal regulator based on the supercooling phase-change material and a regulating method.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. A passive battery thermal regulator based on super-cooled phase-change material comprises a super-cooled phase-change module and a thermal switch device, and is characterized in that: the supercooling phase change module comprises a phase change material with a certain supercooling degree, and can realize passive battery temperature management and control by combining the characteristics of volume change, and inconsistent freezing point and melting point of the phase change material in the heat charging and discharging process; the phase change material with the supercooling degree has the following functions: besides providing power for the closing and opening processes of the thermal switch device based on volume change, the battery temperature is maintained not to be increased continuously by melting and absorbing heat generated by the battery at high temperature through the difference of melting point and solidifying point, and the battery temperature is increased by releasing heat to the battery through solidification at low temperature, so that the battery working temperature is further controlled on the basis of the thermal switch device.
2. A supercooled phase change material-based passive battery thermal regulator according to claim 1, said supercooled phase change module being wrapped outside a battery pack of individual cells or a plurality of cells, said thermal switching device comprising a piston and a return mechanism; the heat exchanger also comprises an auxiliary heat exchange device, wherein the auxiliary heat exchange device comprises a cold plate; the piston and the return mechanism move along with the volume change of the supercooled phase-change material when the temperature changes, so that the phase-change material is contacted with or separated from the cold plate, and the purpose of passively closing or opening the thermal switch is achieved.
3. The passive battery thermal regulator based on the supercooled phase-change material as claimed in claim 2, wherein when the temperature of the supercooled phase-change material is near the melting point, the supercooled phase-change material absorbs heat and melts, so that the temperature of the battery is kept unchanged, meanwhile, the volume of the supercooled phase-change material expands, a cold plate and a piston gradually cling to each other for heat exchange, and the temperature of the battery is kept lower than the highest working temperature; when the temperature of the supercooling phase change material is near a freezing point lower than the melting point temperature, the supercooling phase change material emits heat to reduce the volume, the temperature of the battery is kept higher than the lowest working temperature, and meanwhile, a cavity is formed between the cold plate and the piston for heat preservation.
4. A passive battery thermal regulator based on super-cooled phase change material as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the auxiliary heat exchange device further comprises a cold plate clamped in the middle of the battery shell, cooling liquid flowing in the cold plate, a cooling liquid circulation loop and a circulation control part; the cooling liquid circulation loop comprises a liquid storage tank, a water pump, a throttle valve and an air cooling device; the throttle valve can adjust the flow and the flow speed of the cooling liquid so as to meet the heat exchange requirements of different degrees; the air cooling device can release the heat of the battery brought out by the cooling liquid to the environment in a convection heat exchange mode.
5. A passive battery thermal regulator based on super-cooled phase change material as claimed in claim 2, wherein: a cavity enclosed by the cold plate, the piston and the battery shell can be filled with air and liquid materials, and a gas or liquid filling layer is formed when the piston is separated from the cold plate; the flow channel for flowing and heat exchange of the cooling liquid is arranged in the middle of the cold plate and can be a series of linear pipelines with circular cross sections which are longitudinally and uniformly arranged.
6. A passive battery thermal regulator based on super-cooled phase change material as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the piston can be provided with fins on one side contacting the phase-change material so as to enhance the heat exchange between the phase-change material and the piston; the fins can be fixed on the cold plate, on one hand, the height of the fins on one side contacting the phase-change material is changed through the moving distance of the piston, the heat exchange between the cold plate and the phase-change material is enhanced, on the other hand, the surface area of the piston is reduced, and the stroke of the piston is increased when the expansion of the phase-change material is small so as to separate the cold plate from the phase-change material; the above features may also be combined with fins on both the piston and the cold plate.
7. A passive battery thermal regulator based on super-cooled phase change material as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the cold plate with the spring junction in the return mechanism leaves the recess, compression spring makes the piston contact cold plate completely when phase change material is heated the volume expansion, and the contact site is equipped with flexible heat conduction gasket additional in order to realize the in close contact with of cold plate and piston.
8. A passive battery thermal regulator based on super-cooled phase change material as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the supercooling phase change material can use a material sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate with supercooling degree, so that the melting temperature is close to the upper limit of the working temperature of the battery, and the solidification temperature is close to the lower limit of the working temperature of the battery.
9. A method of regulating a supercooled phase change material-based passive battery thermal regulator comprising a supercooled phase change material-based passive battery thermal regulator according to any one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that: the return mechanism can be a spring return mechanism consisting of a plurality of springs connecting the cold plate and the piston; when the return mechanism is completely compressed, the spring is compressed, and the cold plate is completely attached to the piston; when the return mechanism is fully returned to the position, the spring is extended and the cold plate is separated from the piston.
10. A thermal management system employing a passive battery thermal regulator based on a supercooled phase change material, characterized by: a supercooled phase change material-based passive battery thermal regulator including the regulation method of a supercooled phase change material-based passive battery thermal regulator of claim 9.
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