CN113088980B - Production method of iron chromium aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel surface oxide skin through hydrochloric acid pickling - Google Patents
Production method of iron chromium aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel surface oxide skin through hydrochloric acid pickling Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an acid pickling method for removing oxide skin on the surface of an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel, which comprises the following steps: (1) performing shot blasting treatment on the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel to be treated; (2) carrying out hydrochloric acid pretreatment; (3) by HNO 3 Pickling with mixed acid consisting of HF; (4) and (5) cleaning and drying. The method of the invention improves the pickling efficiency and ensures the temperature of the strip steel by using the hydrochloric acid medium, designing the process parameters and adjusting the equipment state, thereby realizing the stable production of the continuous line hydrochloric acid pickling iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of pickling of wide steel strip iron-chromium-aluminum alloy strip steel, in particular to a production method for pickling iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel surface oxide skin by hydrochloric acid.
Background
The iron-chromium-aluminum is an electrothermal alloy material with a low-carbon-nitrogen ferrite structure, the contents of Cr and Al elements are respectively 13-27% and 3-7%, and the main marks are as follows: 1Cr13Al4, 0Cr15Al5, 0Cr18Al4, 0Cr21A16, and the like. The iron-chromium-aluminum strip has excellent high-temperature resistance and higher resistivity, and is widely applied to the fields of household appliances, industrial furnaces, motor vehicle tail gas purification carriers and the like.
The addition of aluminum in the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy is easy to generate specific gravity segregation, the lattice distortion of alloy solid solution is increased, the defects such as brittle fracture and the like are easy to generate in the processing process, the strong embrittlement of ferrite is caused, and the toughness of the alloy is rapidly reduced. Moreover, the toughness of the ferritic stainless steel is related to the sectional size of the material, and as the sectional size of the material increases, the ductile-brittle transition temperature increases, and the toughness decreases.
Moreover, aluminum is a key element for improving the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy. During high-temperature treatment processes (such as heating, hot rolling and annealing), oxide scales mainly containing Fe and Cr elements are generated on the surface of a common ferritic stainless steel hot coil, and a more compact Al-containing iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot coil surface is formed on the surface of an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot coil 2 O 3 The oxide skin has strong adhesive force with the matrix, and is difficult to remove by subsequent acid washing.
The continuous annealing and pickling mode has the advantages of high production efficiency, high yield, small performance fluctuation and the like, and is suitable for producing wide steel strip iron-chromium-aluminum hot rolled strip steel, but the continuous annealing and pickling production line has the characteristics of more loop bending, large tension, narrow production window and the like. Acid pickling of ferritic stainless steel hot-rolled strip steel generally adopts shot blasting treatment, sulfuric acid pickling and mixed acid (HNO) 3 + HF) acid wash process. The difficulty in producing the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel is that on one hand, the low-temperature brittleness of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel needs to be considered, the temperature of the iron-chromium-aluminum strip steel is improved, and the internal stress brittle failure generated when the iron-chromium-aluminum strip steel passes through a wire is avoided. On the other hand, Al 2 O 3 Oxide film different from Fe 2 O 3 、Cr 2 O 3 The pickling process is compact, sulfuric acid is adopted for pickling on line, oxide skins are not completely peeled off, the pickling speed is low, and the pickling efficiency is seriously influenced.
Therefore, a novel, convenient and efficient pickling production method is needed to be developed aiming at the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel, and the surface oxide skin is effectively removed on the premise of ensuring the smooth production so as to meet the requirements of subsequent cold rolling production or customers.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a production method for using the oxide skin on the surface of the hydrochloric acid pickling iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel, which can produce the hot rolled strip steel with the width of 1000-1300mm, the thickness of 2.5-4.5mm and the weight of more than 10 tons, and effectively removes the Al-containing hot rolled strip steel on the premise of ensuring the smooth production of a continuous line 2 O 3 The oxide skin improves the pickling efficiency and ensures the surface quality of the pickled plate.
Specifically, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
an acid pickling method for removing oxide skin on the surface of an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel comprises the following steps:
(1) performing shot blasting treatment on the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel to be treated;
(2) carrying out hydrochloric acid pretreatment;
(3) by HNO 3 Pickling with mixed acid consisting of HF;
(4) and (5) cleaning and drying.
Optionally, in the step (1), the rotation speed of the shot blasting treatment is 1600-.
Optionally, in step (2), the hydrochloric acid pretreatment is carried out in two stages; wherein, the hydrochloric acid concentration of the first stage hydrochloric acid pretreatment is 100-200g/L, the pickling temperature is 50-80 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is not more than 100 g/L; the hydrochloric acid concentration of the second-stage hydrochloric acid pretreatment is 70-170g/L, the pickling temperature is 50-60 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is not more than 60 g/L.
Optionally, in step (3), in a mixed acid, HNO 3 The concentration of the acid is 60-200g/L, the concentration of HF is 3-25g/L, the acid washing temperature is 40-55 ℃, and the concentration of iron ions is not more than 50 g/L.
Optionally, in the step (4), hot water is adopted for cleaning, wherein the hot water has to meet the conditions that the conductivity is less than or equal to 100 mu s/cm and the temperature is not lower than 50 ℃; the temperature of the drying section is not lower than 90 ℃.
Optionally, the pickling speed is 7-18 m/min.
Alternatively, the grades of iron-chromium-aluminum alloys are 1Cr13Al4, 0Cr15Al5, 0Cr18Al4, and 0Cr21Al 6.
The method of the invention improves the pickling efficiency and ensures the temperature of the strip steel by using the hydrochloric acid medium, designing the process parameters and adjusting the equipment state, thereby realizing the stable production of the continuous line hydrochloric acid pickling iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel. Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) effectively removes Al on the surface of the iron-chromium-aluminum hot rolled strip steel 2 O 3 Oxide skin, greatly improves the efficiency of pickling the iron-chromium-aluminum hot rolled strip steel on a continuous line, and improves the pickling speedThe degree is improved from the original maximum 10m/min to 18 m/min.
(2) Compared with sulfuric acid, the hydrochloric acid has less dissolution of a matrix, low metal loss, reduction of solid waste discharge and acid sludge generation, and solving of the problem of environmental pollution caused by solid waste.
(3) So that the hydrochloric acid pickling of the continuous line can stably produce the iron-chromium-aluminum hot rolled strip steel with the width of 1000-1300mm, the thickness of 2.5-4.5mm and the weight of more than 10 tons.
Drawings
Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a process flow of the production method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments in order to fully understand the objects, features and effects of the invention. The process of the present invention employs conventional methods or apparatus in the art, except as described below. The following noun terms have meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art unless otherwise specified.
The hot rolled strip steel is rolled and coiled at high temperature, and the acid cleaning aims to mainly remove oxide skin so as to facilitate the smooth running of subsequent cold rolling. The oxide layer on the surface of stainless steel has a complex structure, and the outer layer is Fe 2 O 3 And Fe 3 O 4 The inner layer is FeCr 2 O 4 And Cr 2 O 3 The oxide layer on the surface of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy is mainly more compact Al 2 O 3 The difficulty of acid washing is greater. The thickness of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel is 2.5-4.5mm, and the toughness of the material is reduced due to the increase of the section thickness; when the width of the steel coil is larger (1000- & gt 1300mm), uneven stress is easily generated in the transverse direction of the strip steel, and the risk of strip breakage is increased; moreover, the temperature of the process medium in the pickling section seriously affects the temperature of the strip steel during and after pickling, and if the temperature of the strip steel is lower than 30 ℃, iron is generatedThe toughness of the chromium-aluminum material is obviously reduced, and the brittle failure risk is increased. Therefore, the difficulty of the current pickling treatment of iron-chromium-aluminum alloy lies in how to effectively remove Al 2 O 3 The oxide layer can ensure smooth threading of the iron-chromium-aluminum strip steel.
Based on the above thought, the invention provides an acid washing method for removing oxide skin on the surface of iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel, which comprises the following steps: (1) performing shot blasting treatment on the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel to be treated; (2) carrying out hydrochloric acid pretreatment; (3) by HNO 3 Pickling with mixed acid consisting of HF; (4) and (5) cleaning and drying.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to FIG. 1.
The acid washing method for removing the oxide skin on the surface of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) shot blasting treatment
The shot blasting treatment is to spray small steel shots on the surface of the running strip steel at a high speed by utilizing pressure and centrifugal force to descale. The shot blasting treatment is carried out on the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel before the acid cleaning, so that most of the oxide layer can be removed, and the structure of the residual oxide layer is loosened, thereby being beneficial to the subsequent acid process.
Preferably, the shot blasting rotating speed is set to 1600-.
The method of the invention may be applied to any hot rolled steel strip of an iron-chromium-aluminium alloy, for example hot rolled steel strips of an iron-chromium-aluminium alloy having the designations 1Cr13Al4, 0Cr15Al5, 0Cr18Al4 and 0Cr21Al 6.
The method of the invention can be suitable for the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel with any specification, and preferably, the specification of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel is 2.5-4.5mm in thickness, 1000-1300mm in width and more than 10 tons in weight.
(2) Hydrochloric acid pretreatment
Hydrochloric acid vs. sulfuric acid 2 O 3 The dissolving capacity is stronger, so when pickling the iron-chromium-aluminum hot rolled strip steel, hydrochloric acid is preferably used. In addition, the dissolving amount of the hydrochloric acid to the matrix is less than that of the sulfuric acid, and the metal loss of hydrochloric acid pickling is 20-25% lower than that of sulfuric acid pickling, so that the metal loss is reducedThe roughness of the surface of the strip steel after pickling is reduced, and the rejection rate of over-pickling is reduced. During hydrochloric acid pickling, the acid concentration and the pickling temperature are strictly controlled to prevent over-pickling from occurring, so that the pitting corrosion tendency is increased.
In order to find out proper technological parameters, the inventor carries out intensive research and creatively proposes that the hydrochloric acid pretreatment is carried out in two sections; wherein, the hydrochloric acid pretreatment of the first section (section 1 #) needs stronger pickling capacity to rapidly remove the residual oxide skin, and the acid concentration and temperature are required to be increased; the hydrochloric acid concentration is 100-200g/L (e.g., 100-150g/L, 130-180g/L, 150-200g/L, or 100g/L, 110g/L, 120g/L, 130g/L, 140g/L, 150g/L, 160g/L, 170g/L, 180g/L, 190g/L, or 200g/L, etc.), the pickling temperature is 50-80 ℃ (e.g., 50 ℃, 55 ℃, 60 ℃, 65 ℃, 70 ℃, 75 ℃ or 80 ℃, etc.), and the iron ion concentration is not greater than 100g/L (e.g., not greater than 90g/L, or not greater than 80 g/L). After the first stage hydrochloric acid treatment, the second stage (2# stage) hydrochloric acid pretreatment is to reduce the acid concentration and temperature properly to prevent over-pickling; the hydrochloric acid concentration is 70-170g/L (70-120g/L, 90-140g/L, 120-170g/L, or 70g/L, 80g/L, 90g/L, 100g/L, 110g/L, 120g/L, 130g/L, 140g/L, 150g/L, 160g/L, or 170g/L, etc.), the acid washing temperature is 50-60 ℃ (e.g., 50 ℃, 52 ℃, 54 ℃, 56 ℃, 58 ℃ or 60 ℃, etc.), and the iron ion concentration is not more than 60g/L (e.g., not more than 55 g/L). This enables the best pickling effect to be achieved. Meanwhile, the scrubbing unit is not used in consideration of the fact that the cold water of the scrubbing unit can obviously reduce the temperature of the strip steel.
(3) Mixed acid treatment
The iron-chromium-aluminum hot rolled strip steel is pretreated before acid pickling and is subjected to hydrochloric acid pickling, a small amount of oxide layers and chromium-poor layers remain on the surface, and mixed acid with strong corrosion capability is required for treatment. Wherein, HNO 3 The HF method has the advantages of short pickling time, small corrosion of the matrix, bright metal color and the like. HF has strong corrosion capability and concentration is not easy to be too high, and HNO with corresponding concentration needs to be matched 3 To inhibit the reaction process, otherwise F — It can penetrate into the substrate to cause corrosion.
In summary, the process design of the mixed pickling section is as follows: HNO 3 Acid concentration60-200g/L (e.g., 60-100g/L, 80-120g/L, 160-200g/L, or 60g/L, 70g/L, 80g/L, 90g/L, 100g/L, 110g/L, 120g/L, 130g/L, 140g/L, 150g/L, 160g/L, 170g/L, 180g/L, 190g/L, or 200g/L, etc.), an HF acid concentration of 3-25g/L (e.g., 3-10g/L, 5-15g/L, 15-25g/L, or 3g/L, 5g/L, 7g/L, 9g/L, 11g/L, 13g/L, 15g/L, 17g/L, 19g/L, 21g/L, 23g/L, 25g/L, etc.), an acid washing temperature of 40-55 ℃ (e.g., 40 ℃, 41 ℃, 42 ℃, 43 ℃, 44 ℃, 45 ℃, 46 ℃, 47 ℃, 48 ℃, 49 ℃, 50 ℃, 51 ℃, 52 ℃, 53 ℃, 54 ℃, or 55 ℃, etc.), and an iron ion concentration of not more than 50g/L (e.g., not more than 45g/L, or not more than 40 g/L).
Various parameters of the hydrochloric acid pretreatment and mixed acid treatment are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
(4) Cleaning and drying
After the pickling, Cl remained on the surface of the strip steel must be removed - Or F - Cleaning, otherwise causing pitting corrosion of the iron-chromium-aluminum strip steel and polluting a roller way. Here, cleaner demineralized water is used to clean the strip steel, and the conductivity is required to be less than or equal to 100 mus/cm, and the water temperature is required to be not lower than 50 ℃. Meanwhile, the loop is arranged behind the pickling section, the strip steel is completely unfolded and exposed in the air, the temperature is quickly reduced, and the temperature of the drying section is required to be not lower than 90 ℃ in order to ensure that the temperature of the strip steel reaches more than 30 ℃ before coiling.
In the whole process, the pickling speed is 7-18m/min, namely the forward running speed of the strip steel is 7-18 m/min.
By adopting the production method of the oxide skin on the surface of the hydrochloric acid pickling iron chromium aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel, the pickling efficiency is improved and the surface quality of a hot coil is ensured by using a hydrochloric acid medium; by adjusting the temperature of the process medium, the toughness of the iron-chromium-aluminum strip steel is improved, and the risk of strip breakage of the steel coil is obviously reduced. On the premise of ensuring that the oxide skin on the surface of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel is effectively removed, the pickling speed is increased to 18m/min from 10m/min at most, the temperature of the strip steel after annealing is ensured to be above 30 ℃, and the good toughness of the strip steel is maintained.
Examples
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The experimental methods without specifying specific conditions in the following examples were selected according to the conventional methods and conditions, or according to the commercial instructions.
Example 1
The iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel with the mark of 1Cr13Al4 is used as a raw material, and comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: c: 0.018%, Si: 0.18%, Mn: 0.05%, P: 0.011%, S: 0.001%, Cr: 13.8%, Al: 5.0%, Ti: 0.30%, N: 0.002%, and the balance of Fe and other inevitable impurities, wherein the specification of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel is as follows: the thickness is 2.5mm, and the width is 1252 mm. Weighing 16.5 tons.
Example 1a method for producing a surface scale of a hydrochloric acid pickling iron chromium aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel includes the steps of:
(1) shot blasting treatment is carried out before acid cleaning, the shot blasting rotating speed is 1700r/min, and the head throwing current is 100A.
(2) Hydrochloric acid pretreatment was performed and the scrubber was turned off from cold water. The HCl concentration and the acid washing temperature of the No. 1 section are respectively 140g/L and 60 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 89 g/L; the HCl concentration and the acid washing temperature of the 2# section are respectively 120g/L and 52 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 55 g/L.
(3) By HNO 3 And a mixed acid washing section with HF. HNO 3 The acid concentration is 80g/L, the HF acid concentration is 3g/L, the acid washing temperature is 41 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 45 g/L.
(4) Washing with hot water after acid washing, and drying with high-temperature hot air. The electric conductivity of the hot water is 83 mu s/cm, the temperature is 51 ℃, and the temperature of the drying section is 91 ℃.
The maximum speed of the wire passing of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel produced in the embodiment 1 is 18m/min, the temperature of the strip steel is 34 ℃ during coiling, the production is smoothly carried out without obstruction, no residual oxide skin is left on the surface of the strip steel, and the color and luster are uniform and consistent.
Example 2
The iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel with the mark of 0Cr18Al4 is used as a raw material, and comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: c: 0.021%, Si: 0.23%, Mn: 0.50%, P: 0.014%, S: 0.001%, Cr: 17.1%, Al: 4.1%, Ti: 0.11%, N: 0.004%, and the balance of Fe and other inevitable impurities, wherein the specification of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel is as follows: the thickness is 3.5mm, and the width is 1257 mm. Weighing 15.9 tons.
Example 2 a method for producing a surface scale of a hydrochloric acid pickling iron chromium aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel includes the steps of:
(1) shot blasting treatment is carried out before acid cleaning, the shot blasting rotating speed is 1800r/min, and the head throwing current is 120A.
(2) Hydrochloric acid pretreatment was performed and the scrubber was turned off from cold water. The HCl concentration and the acid washing temperature of the No. 1 section are respectively 160g/L and 65 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 86 g/L; the HCl concentration and the acid washing temperature of the 2# section are 130g/L and 58 ℃ respectively, and the iron ion concentration is 54 g/L.
(3) By HNO 3 And a mixed acid washing section with HF. HNO 3 The acid concentration is 110g/L, the HF acid concentration is 9g/L, the acid washing temperature is 44 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 43 g/L.
(4) Washing with hot water after acid washing, and drying with high-temperature hot air. The electric conductivity of the hot water is 80 mus/cm, the temperature is 53 ℃, and the temperature of the drying section is 93 ℃.
The maximum threading speed of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel produced in the embodiment 2 is 13m/min, the temperature of the strip steel during coiling is 35 ℃, the production process is normal, and the phenomenon of incomplete pickling is avoided.
Example 3
The iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel with the mark of 0Cr21Al6 is used as a raw material, and comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: c: 0.019%, Si: 0.13%, Mn: 0.07%, P: 0.015%, S: 0.001%, Cr: 19.9%, Al: 5.5%, Nb: 0.08%, Ti: 0.11%, N: 0.004%, and the balance of Fe and other inevitable impurities, wherein the specification of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel is as follows: thickness 3.0mm, width 1240mm, 13.0 tons.
Example 3a method for producing a surface scale of a hydrochloric acid pickling iron chromium aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel includes the steps of:
(1) shot blasting treatment is carried out before acid cleaning, the shot blasting rotating speed is 1950r/min, and the head throwing current is 140A.
(2) Hydrochloric acid pretreatment was performed and the scrubber was turned off from cold water. The HCl concentration and the acid washing temperature of the No. 1 section are respectively 180g/L and 75 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 79 g/L; the HCl concentration and the acid washing temperature of the 2# section are respectively 140g/L and 60 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 51 g/L.
(3) By HNO 3 And a mixed acid washing section with HF. HNO 3 The acid concentration is 190g/L, the HF acid concentration is 19g/L, the acid washing temperature is 46 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 40 g/L.
(4) Washing with hot water after acid washing, and drying with high-temperature hot air. The electric conductivity of the hot water is 88 mu s/cm, the temperature is 55 ℃, and the temperature of the drying section is 95 ℃.
The maximum speed of the wire passing of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel produced in the embodiment 3 is 9m/min, the temperature of the strip steel is 33 ℃ during coiling, the strip steel can be normally produced without strip breakage, and the surface of the strip steel is cleaned by acid washing without residual oxide skin.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other substitutions, modifications, combinations, changes, simplifications, etc., which are made without departing from the spirit and principle of the present invention, should be construed as equivalents and included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. An acid pickling method for removing oxide skin on the surface of an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot-rolled strip steel is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) performing shot blasting treatment on the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy hot rolled strip steel to be treated;
(2) carrying out hydrochloric acid pretreatment;
(3) by HNO 3 Pickling with mixed acid consisting of HF;
(4) cleaning and drying;
wherein, in the step (2), the hydrochloric acid pretreatment is carried out in two stages; wherein the hydrochloric acid concentration of the first stage hydrochloric acid pretreatment is 140-180g/L, the pickling temperature is 60-75 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 79-89 g/L; the hydrochloric acid concentration of the second stage hydrochloric acid pretreatment is 120-140g/L, the pickling temperature is 52-60 ℃, and the iron ion concentration is 51-55 g/L;
wherein, in the step (3), HNO is added in mixed acid 3 The concentration of the acid is 80-190g/L, the concentration of HF is 3-19g/L, the acid washing temperature is 41-46 ℃, and the concentration of iron ions is 40-45 g/L;
wherein, in the step (4), the cleaning is carried out by hot water, wherein the hot water has to meet the conditions that the electrical conductivity is 80-88 mu s/cm and the temperature is 51-55 ℃; the temperature of the drying section is 91-95 ℃.
2. The pickling method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (1), the rotation speed of the shot blasting treatment is 1600-2100r/min, and the blasting current is 90-160A.
3. The pickling method according to claim 1, wherein the pickling speed is 7 to 18 m/min.
4. The pickling process of claim 1, wherein the Fe-Cr-Al alloy is available under the designations 1Cr13Al4, 0Cr15Al5, 0Cr18Al4, and 0Cr21Al 6.
5. The pickling method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hot rolled strip of Fe-Cr-Al alloy has a thickness of 2.5-4.5mm, a width of 1000-1300mm and a weight of more than 10 tons.
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