CN113087139A - Composite filler for improving operation efficiency of anaerobic ammonia oxidation system, preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Composite filler for improving operation efficiency of anaerobic ammonia oxidation system, preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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Abstract
The invention discloses a composite filler for improving the running efficiency of an anaerobic ammonia oxidation system, and a preparation method and application thereof. The composite filler takes dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microspheres as a matrix, and nano zero-valent iron is immobilized into pore channels of the matrix through a process route of precursor pre-enrichment-in-situ reduction to prepare the composite filler nZVI @ DPM. The composite filler nZVI @ DPM is beneficial to the attachment, proliferation and activity improvement of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria, can effectively accelerate the starting speed of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation sewage treatment system, and improves the running performance of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation process. The composite filler disclosed by the invention is high in mechanical strength and strong in stability, and compared with the traditional plastic filler, the starting time is shortened by 4-6 days, and the total nitrogen removal rate is improved by about 9%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of wastewater treatment and environment functional materials, and relates to a composite filler for improving the operation efficiency of an anaerobic ammonia oxidation system, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Anammox refers to the Anaerobic or anoxic condition of Anammox Bacteria (Anammox Bacteria, anamox) to produce nitrite Nitrogen (NO)2 --N) as electron acceptor, reacting ammonia Nitrogen (NH)4 +Oxidation of-N) to nitrogen (N)2) The process of (1). The technology has the following advantages: compared with the traditional denitrification process, the oxygen demand is reduced by 62.5 percent, and the power consumption can be greatly reduced; secondly, organic carbon sources do not need to be supplemented, so that the operation cost is saved; and thirdly, heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria are not involved, so that the yield of excess sludge can be greatly reduced.
Although the Anammox process has the advantages, the anaox growth rate is low, and the anaox is extremely sensitive to external environment changes, so that the Anammox system is slow to start and low in running stability, and becomes an important bottleneck for engineering application of the process. The main reasons for slow start-up of the Anammox process include: (1) the AnAOB is easily interfered by environmental factors, and the growth and proliferation of the AnAOB can be inhibited by over-low temperature, over-high dissolved oxygen concentration, nitrite concentration and the like; (2) without external stimulation and gain, AnAOB tends to be at a disadvantage when competing with other anaerobes in the reactor; (3) an anaerobic reactor (such as UASB) is adopted to start Anammox, so that the problem of biomass loss caused by sludge floating upwards exists.
The AnAOB is effective against adverse environments with sufficient biomass, but due to the slow growth rate of AnAOB, a relatively long sludge retention time of the Anammox system is required to ensure sufficient AnAOB in the reactor. The microorganism immobilization technology can effectively improve the microorganism concentration, strengthen the resistance of the microorganism to extreme environment and load impact, and maintain the stability of system operation. Biological carrier fillers (such as fiber balls, polypropylene hollow balls, glass fiber reinforced plastic inclined tubes, plastics and the like) are added into the Anammox reactor, so that the internal surface area of the reactor can be increased, the growth space of microorganisms is enlarged, and the AnAOB bioreactor is an effective means for preventing AnAOB loss and maintaining the biomass stability of a system. However, the traditional biological carrier filler is mostly prepared from polyurethane, polypropylene or polyethylene and other hydrophobic materials, the surface of the traditional biological carrier filler is lack of chemical group modification, the traditional biological carrier filler has strong hydrophobicity, is not beneficial to adhesion and biofilm formation of microorganisms, and has no obvious effect on improving the reactivity of the AnAOB and promoting the proliferation of the microorganisms.
It is proved by research that the activity and the diversity of microorganisms can be improved by adding a proper amount of certain metal ions (such as Cu, Zn, Fe, etc.). Iron element can participate in metabolism of AnAOB, and adding Zero-Valent Iron (Zero Valent Iron, ZVI) into the Anamox reactor can create a proper growth environment for AnAOB so as to improve the activity of AnAOB (Lexin, Yanrong, Muyujie, Zuman, Deanmin. the influence of Iron element on denitrification efficiency of Anammox bacteria. chemical development. https:// doi.org/10.16085/j.isn.1000-6613.2020-1178.). The mechanism of action of ZVI includes the following: (1) the oxidation-reduction potential in the system is reduced by consuming dissolved oxygen DO, and a suitable living environment is provided for AnAOB; (2) ZVI releases Fe2+The double electric layers of the sludge colloid can be effectively compressed, the Zeta potential is reduced, and the sludge is favorable for forming condensed particles; (3) ZVI is beneficial to the secretion of Extracellular Polymers (EPS), enhances the aggregation of the AnAOB, avoids the washing of the AnAOB and is beneficial to the immobilization of the slow growing AnAOB; (4) ZVI improves the abundance of functional microorganisms, optimizes the flora structure and improves the denitrification performance of an Anammox system by promoting the proliferation of the AnaOB and strengthening the physiological activity. Compared with common ZVI, the nano Zero-Valent Iron (Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron, nZVI) has larger specific surface area and more active sites, and can show stronger activity in the Anammox reaction. However, the size of nZVI is too small, and the problems of easy agglomeration and inactivation, difficult operation, easy loss and potential ecological risks and the like exist when the nZVI is directly used in a water treatment system. The nZVI is loaded into the porous carrier material, so that the stability and the easy operability of the material can be improved while the high reactivity of the nZVI is kept.
Chinese patent application 201910078534.9 discloses a polystyrene nano zero-valent iron composite material and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein a liquid phase reduction method is adopted to load nano zero-valent iron into porous polystyrene spheres obtained by a flash freezing method to obtain the polystyrene nano zero-valent iron composite material. However, the polystyrene microsphere is prepared by adopting a flash freezing method, and the surface of the polystyrene microsphere does not contain hydrophilic functional groups, so that the material has stronger hydrophobicity and poorer biological affinity, is not beneficial to the adhesion and proliferation of microorganisms on the surface of the polystyrene microsphere, and is not beneficial to the biofilm formation of anaerobic ammonia oxidation microorganisms when being used as a carrier of an Anammox system. On the other hand, the polystyrene microsphere carrier cannot form an electrostatic field effect in the pore channel due to the fact that the polystyrene microsphere carrier does not contain charged functional groups, and cannot promote the dispersion of the nZVI nanoparticles in the nZVI loading process, so that the material is poor in dispersion of nZVI, low in specific surface area and low in activity.
In summary, the Anammox process has engineering application bottlenecks such as slow start, poor running stability and the like. The addition of carrier filler to the Anammox reactor can prevent AnAOB loss and maintain system biomass, while the addition of nZVI is beneficial to improving the reaction activity of AnAOB, but the two have respective defects in practical application. At present, the composite material loaded with the nZVI is used as a biofilm carrier of an Anammox system to promote biofilm formation and activity of microorganisms and improve denitrification performance of the microorganisms, and the report of documents is not found.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of slow start, poor running stability and the like of an Anammox sewage treatment system, the invention provides the composite filler which is beneficial to AnAOB (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) to fix and film formation and can improve the AnAOB activity and improve the running efficiency of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation system, the preparation method and the application thereof. The modified dimethylamine active group on the parent polystyrene microsphere of the composite filler can improve the hydrophilicity of a carrier material and generate electrostatic attraction with negatively charged microorganisms, so that the AnAOB is more stably attached to the surface of the composite filler, and the slow-growing AnAOB is favorably adhered and proliferated; the loaded nZVI in the composite filler can create a proper growth environment for the AnAOB so as to improve the activity of the AnAOB. In conclusion, under the synergistic effect of the matrix and the nZVI, the composite filler can effectively improve the starting speed and the denitrification performance of the anaerobic ammonia oxidation system.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
improve the operation efficiency of an anaerobic ammonia oxidation systemThe preparation method of the energy composite filler is characterized in that the nZVI is immobilized on the dimethylamino group (-N (CH) through a process route of' precursor pre-enrichment-in-situ reduction3)2) The method for preparing the nano-porous polystyrene microsphere (DPM) comprises the following steps:
and 5, filtering out the reaction product obtained in the step 4, fully rinsing with absolute ethyl alcohol, and drying at 40-60 ℃ for 24h to obtain the composite filler nZVI @ DPM.
Preferably, in the step 1, the dimethylamino content of the dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microsphere is more than or equal to 4mmol/g, and the average pore diameter is 15-30 nm.
Preferably, in the step 1, the concentration of the NaOH and NaCl solution is 1-2 mol/L.
Preferably, in step 2, FeSO4The concentration of (b) is 0.5 to 1.0 mol/L.
Preferably, in the step 3, the adding amount of the dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microspheres is 50-200 g/L of the solution.
Preferably, in step 4, NaBH4The concentration of the solution is 0.1-0.4 mol/L.
Preferably, in the step 5, the composite filler nZVI @ DPM has the particle size of 0.8-1.2 mm and the specific surface area of 10-20 m2The content of nZVI is 5-10% (mass concentration, counted by Fe).
Further, the invention provides the composite filler prepared by the preparation method.
Furthermore, the invention provides the application of the composite filler in an anaerobic ammonia oxidation sewage treatment system.
In the specific implementation mode of the invention, the anaerobic ammonium oxidation sewage treatment system is an up-flow anaerobic ammonium oxidation biological filter.
Preferably, the volume of the composite filler accounts for 50-70% of the effective volume of the biological filter, the hydraulic retention is controlled to be 1-4 h, the water temperature is controlled to be 25-35 ℃, and the pH value is controlled to be 7.0-8.0.
Preferably, the ammonia nitrogen concentration of the inlet water of the biological filter is 30-80 mg/L, and the ratio of the ammonia nitrogen to the nitrite nitrogen is controlled to be 1.3.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages:
(1) according to the invention, dimethylamine active groups modified on parent polystyrene microspheres of the composite filler nZVI @ DPM can improve the hydrophilicity of a carrier material, and can generate electrostatic attraction with negatively charged microorganisms, so that the anammox bacteria are more stably attached to the surface of the composite filler, the microorganisms are prevented from losing along with effluent, and the immobilization and proliferation of the slowly-growing anammox bacteria are facilitated.
(2) The loaded nZVI in the composite filler nZVI @ DPM can not only reduce the oxidation-reduction potential in a system, but also provide a suitable living environment for anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria; the microbial agent can also promote the microorganisms to secrete EPS, reduce the Zeta potential of the sludge and strengthen the aggregation and proliferation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria; in addition, the nZVI can also optimize the flora structure and improve the operation stability and efficiency of the system.
(3) The composite filler nZVI @ DPM is used for immobilizing nZVI in a nanometer pore channel of a parent DPM, so that the problems of easy agglomeration and inactivation, difficult operation, potential ecological risk caused by easy loss and the like when the nZVI is directly applied to a water treatment system due to too small size are avoided, and the stability and the operability of the filler are improved while the high reactivity of the nZVI is kept.
(4) The dimethylamine group modified on the carrier DPM framework of the composite filler nZVI @ DPM can generate an electrostatic field effect in a carrier pore channel, so that the action repulsion between loaded nZVI nano-particles is promoted, the dispersion of nZVI in the DPM carrier pore channel is promoted, and the activity of nZVI is further promoted.
(5) The composite filler nZVI @ DPM is applied to the upflow anaerobic ammonium oxidation biological filter, so that the loss of microorganisms in the filter can be effectively prevented under the synergistic effect of the composite filler matrix DPM and the loaded nZVI, the activity of the microorganisms is enhanced, the fixation and proliferation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria are promoted, and the starting speed and the denitrification performance of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation system are improved. Compared with the traditional plastic filler, the starting time of the composite filler is shortened by 4-6 days, and the total nitrogen removal rate is improved by about 9%.
(6) The composite filler nZVI @ DPM has high mechanical strength and strong stability, and the breakage rate of the composite filler after long-term use is less than 3 percent.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the appearance of the composite filler nZVI @ DPM of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a TEM image of a transmission electron microscope of the composite filler nZVI @ DPM of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the effect of starting water inlet and outlet of an anaerobic ammonia oxidation biological filter with composite filler nZVI @ DPM;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the effect of starting water inlet and outlet of a traditional anammox biofilter with plastic packing;
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the effect of the polystyrene group nZVI filler on the start-up of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation biofilter on water inlet and outlet.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described with reference to the following specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings, wherein the parameters given in the embodiments are only for explaining the present invention, and the parameters, the proportions, and the like in the practical application should be selected according to the specific situation and the circumstances.
The dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microsphere of the invention is prepared by the existing method, and can be specifically referred to documents [1] Yang W, He C, Wang X, et al, Dispersed Organic Matter (DOM) removed from bio-porous linking water use a new polymeric adsorbed nanoparticles [ J ]. Bioresource Technol,2017:82-87 ].
In the following examples and comparative examples, except for the preparation or optional storage of fillersExcept for the differences, the remaining start-up and operating conditions were the same. The starting conditions are as follows: an anaerobic biofilter with the effective volume of 800mL is used as a reactor for anaerobic ammonia oxidation, anaerobic ammonia oxidation activated sludge cultured by adopting a subject group is inoculated, and NH is fed into the anaerobic biofilter initially4 +-N concentration of about 40mg/L, NO2 -The N concentration is about 50mg/L, the hydraulic retention time is 2h, and the filler accounts for 60 percent of the effective volume of the biological filter.
Example 1
Sequentially rinsing the nano-porous polystyrene microspheres with dimethylamino content of more than or equal to 4mmol/g by using 1mol/L NaOH and 1mol/L NaCl solution to remove residual substances in the pore channels of the microspheres, washing the microspheres by using deionized water until the effluent is neutral, and drying for later use. FeSO (ferric oxide) is added4Sufficiently dissolving in 5% (V/V) ethanol-containing aqueous solution to control FeSO4The concentration of the sodium hydroxide is 0.5mol/L, and the pH value of the solution is adjusted to be less than or equal to 2 by using dilute sulfuric acid. Slowly adding the washed and dried dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microspheres into the iron salt solution, controlling the adding amount to be 50g/L of the solution, controlling the reaction temperature to be 50 ℃, and continuously stirring for reacting for 8 hours to fully concentrate the solution.
Pre-loading the above with Fe2+Filtering the dimethylamine-based nano-porous polystyrene microspheres, and slowly adding NaBH with the concentration of 0.1mol/L4In the solution, carrying out ultrasonic oscillation reaction for 10min at the temperature of 25 ℃; and (3) filtering out a reaction product, fully rinsing with absolute ethyl alcohol, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 40 ℃ for 24 hours to obtain the composite filler nZVI @ DPM, wherein the nZVI content of the composite filler is 5-6% (calculated by Fe).
Example 2
Sequentially rinsing the nano-porous polystyrene microspheres with dimethylamino content more than or equal to 4mmol/g by using 1.5mol/L NaOH and 1.5mol/L NaCl solution to remove residual substances in the pore channels of the microspheres, then rinsing the microspheres by using deionized water until the outlet water is neutral, and drying the microspheres for later use. FeSO (ferric oxide) is added4Sufficiently dissolving in 10% (V/V) ethanol-containing aqueous solution to control FeSO4The concentration of the sodium hydroxide is 0.75mol/L, and the pH value of the solution is adjusted to be less than or equal to 2 by using dilute sulfuric acid. Slowly adding the washed and dried dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microspheres into the iron salt solution, wherein the adding amount is controlled to be 100g/L of solution, and the reaction temperature is 60 DEG CThe reaction was continued for 10h with stirring to fully concentrate the solution.
Pre-loading the above with Fe2+Filtering the dimethylamine-based nano-porous polystyrene microspheres, and slowly adding NaBH with the concentration of 0.2mol/L4In the solution, carrying out ultrasonic oscillation reaction for 20min at the temperature of 25 ℃; and filtering out a reaction product, fully rinsing with absolute ethyl alcohol, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 50 ℃ for 24 hours to obtain the composite filler nZVI @ DPM, wherein the nZVI content of the composite filler is 7-8% (calculated by Fe).
Example 3
Sequentially rinsing the nano-porous polystyrene microspheres with dimethylamino content more than or equal to 4mmol/g with 2mol/L NaOH and 2mol/L NaCl solution to remove residual substances in the pore channels of the microspheres, washing with deionized water until the effluent is neutral, and drying for later use. FeSO (ferric oxide) is added4Sufficiently dissolving in 20% (V/V) ethanol-containing aqueous solution to control FeSO4The concentration of the sodium hydroxide is 1.0mol/L, and the pH value of the solution is adjusted to be less than or equal to 2 by using dilute sulfuric acid. Slowly adding the washed and dried dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microspheres into the iron salt solution, controlling the adding amount to be 200g/L of the solution, controlling the reaction temperature to be 70 ℃, and continuously stirring for reaction for 12 hours to fully concentrate the solution;
pre-loading the above with Fe2+Filtering the dimethylamine-based nano-porous polystyrene microspheres, and slowly adding NaBH with the concentration of 0.4mol/L4In the solution, carrying out ultrasonic oscillation reaction for 30min at the temperature of 25 ℃; and filtering the reaction product, fully rinsing with absolute ethyl alcohol, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 60 ℃ for 24 hours to obtain the composite filler nZVI @ DPM, wherein the nZVI content is 9-10% (calculated as Fe).
Application example
Comparison of composite packing nZVI @ DPM of example 2 with conventional plastic packing, polystyrene based nZVI packing, used in anaerobic ammonium oxidation biofilter
The composite filler nZVI @ DPM prepared in example 2, a conventional plastic filler and a polystyrene group nZVI filler were respectively filled in three identical anammox biofilters R1, R2 and R3 (the effective volumes are all 5000mL), and the starting effects of different fillers on anammox reaction were examined.
Three reactorsAnammox activated sludge, initial influent NH, both cultured with subject groups4 +-N concentration of about 40mg/L, NO2 -The N concentration is about 50mg/L, the hydraulic retention time is 2h, and the filling volume of the packing accounts for 60 percent of the total effective volume of the reactor.
TABLE 1
The water outlet effects of anaerobic ammonia oxidation biofilters R1, R2 and R3 within 20 days are shown in Table 1, FIG. 3, FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 respectively. Because the low concentration condition is not beneficial to rapid enrichment of ANAMMOX, the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen of three reactor clocks are reduced and gradually increased, which indicates that ANAMMOX needs an adaptation stage. In the R1 reactor, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate and the nitrite nitrogen removal rate gradually increase from the 4 th day, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate reaches about 85% at the 7 th day, the final total nitrogen removal rate is about 89.3%, and the ammonia nitrogen removal amount: nitrite nitrogen consumption: the generation amount of nitrate nitrogen is about 1: (1.27 ± 0.06): (0.15. + -. 0.05). In the R2 reactor, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate and the nitrite nitrogen removal rate gradually increase from the 5 th day, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate reaches about 80% at the 12 th day, the final total nitrogen removal rate is about 79.7%, and the ammonia nitrogen removal amount: nitrite nitrogen consumption: the generation amount of nitrate nitrogen is about 1: (1.30 ± 0.06): (0.20. + -. 0.05) substantially in accordance with the ANAMMOX reaction stoichiometry. In the R3 reactor, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate and the nitrite nitrogen removal rate gradually increase from the 5 th day, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate and the nitrite nitrogen removal rate exceed 80% at the 9 th day, then the ammonia nitrogen removal rate and the nitrite nitrogen removal rate are stabilized at about 90.1% and 91% respectively, the final total nitrogen removal rate is about 84.8%, and the ammonia nitrogen removal amount: nitrite nitrogen consumption: the generation amount of nitrate nitrogen is about 1: (1.28 ± 0.06): (0.17. + -. 0.05). The results show that under the same conditions, the anaerobic ammonia oxidation sludge in the biological filter filled with the composite filler nZVI @ DPM has shorter adaptation period, higher starting speed and higher denitrification efficiency. After the anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor is started, the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the water discharged from the R1 are slightly lower than those of the R2 reactor and the R3 reactor, and the starting and running effects of the composite filler nZVI @ DPM prepared by the invention on anaerobic ammonia oxidation are obviously better than those of the traditional plastic filler and polystyrene nZVI filler.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of the composite filler for improving the operation efficiency of the anaerobic ammonia oxidation system is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, sequentially rinsing the dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microspheres with NaOH and NaCl solutions, then rinsing with deionized water until the effluent is neutral, and drying;
step 2, FeSO4Fully dissolving the mixture in an aqueous solution containing 5-20% (V/V) ethanol, and adjusting the pH of the solution to be less than or equal to 2 by using dilute sulfuric acid;
step 3, slowly adding the dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microspheres cleaned and dried in the step 1 into the FeSO obtained in the step 24In the solution, the temperature is controlled to be 50-70 ℃, and the solution is continuously stirred and reacts for 8-12 hours, so that the solution is fully concentrated;
step 4, preloading Fe in the step 32+Filtering the dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microspheres, and slowly adding the microspheres into NaBH4In the solution, carrying out ultrasonic oscillation reaction for 10-30 min at 25 ℃;
and 5, filtering out the reaction product obtained in the step 4, fully rinsing with absolute ethyl alcohol, and drying at 40-60 ℃ for 24h to obtain the composite filler nZVI @ DPM.
2. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein in step 1, the dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microsphere has a dimethylamino content of not less than 4mmol/g and an average pore diameter of 15-30 nm; the concentration of NaOH and NaCl solution is 1-2 mol/L.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step 2, FeSO4The concentration of (b) is 0.5 to 1.0 mol/L.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dimethylamine-based nanoporous polystyrene microsphere is added in an amount of 50 to 200g/L of the solution in step 3.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein in step 4, NaBH is added4The concentration of the solution is 0.1-0.4 mol/L; in the step 5, the particle size of the composite filler is 0.8-1.2 mm, and the specific surface area is 10-20 m2The content of nZVI is 5-10%.
6. A composite filler produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 5.
7. The use of the composite packing of claim 6 in an anammox wastewater treatment system.
8. The use of claim 7, wherein the anammox wastewater treatment system is an upflow anammox biofilter.
9. The application of claim 8, wherein the volume of the composite filler accounts for 50-70% of the effective volume of the biological filter, the hydraulic retention is controlled to be 1-4 h, the water temperature is controlled to be 25-35 ℃, and the pH is controlled to be 7.0-8.0.
10. The application of claim 8, wherein the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the influent water of the biological filter is 30-80 mg/L, and the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to nitrite nitrogen is controlled to be 1.3.
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