CN103601292B - Culture method of AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a culture method of granular sludge, particularly a culture method of AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge. The method solves the problem of unideal denitrification effect on domestic sewage since the nitrite nitrogen content in actual domestic sewage can not satisfy the autotrophy denitrification of the ANAMMOX bacteria in the existing sewage treatment. The culture method comprises the following steps: 1. adding ANAMMOX granular sludge, and introducing nitrogenous simulated wastewater; 2. carrying out microaerophillic aeration culture; 3. changing the water inlet condition; and 4. carrying out intermittent microaerophillic aeration culture to obtain the AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge. The AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge lowers the aeration quantity, saves the organic carbon source and the like in the use process. The culture method is suitable for the field of sewage treatment.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of cultural method of granule sludge.
Background technology
Water is the necessary irreplaceable a kind of resources of the mankind, is one of mainstay of social sustainable development.In recent years, Urbanization in China development rapidly, and along with industrialized fast development, cause the demand of people to water increasing, but water contamination accident occurred again and again, as Taihu Lake blue algae bloom etc., water resources is supplied and becomes more nervous.Wherein because the excess emissions of nitrogen phosphorus causes the problem of body eutrophication particularly outstanding.
The discovery of Anammox (Anammox) bacterium makes denitrification of autotrophic organism technology become possibility.ANAMMOX bacterium utilizes nitrite to be oxidized ammonia nitrogen as electron acceptor(EA), utilizes inorganic carbon as carbon source, without the need to organism as carbon source, thus realizes the object of denitrification of autotrophic organism.Anammox can save the aeration rate of 60%, saves the organic carbon source of 100%.But the content of actual domestic wastewater Nitrite Nitrogen cannot meet the autotrophic denitrification of ANAMMOX bacterium, cause domestic sewage denitrifying effect undesirable.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is the autotrophic denitrification that content in order to solve actual domestic wastewater Nitrite Nitrogen in existing sewage disposal cannot meet ANAMMOX bacterium, cause the problem that domestic sewage denitrifying effect is undesirable, and the cultural method of a kind of AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge provided.
AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge is cultivated according to the following steps:
One, add ANAMMOX granule sludge in EGSB reactor, then pass into nitrogenous simulated wastewater, and make to drop to 1.0mg/L gradually in water dissolved oxygen concentration 24h to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen that exposes to the sun; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 2.3h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 26 ~ 28 days under the condition of 7m/h;
Two, carry out micro-oxygen aeration to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater entering EGSB reactor, control dissolved oxygen concentration is 1.2 ± 0.3mg/L; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 2.3h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 41 ~ 43 days under the condition of 7m/h;
Three, carry out micro-oxygen aeration to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater entering EGSB reactor, aeration rate is 150mL/min; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 2.3h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 26 ~ 28 days under the condition of 7m/h;
Four, adopt aeration 1h to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater entering EGSB reactor, stop the Recycle design of aeration 1h to carry out interval declining oxygen aeration, aeration rate is 200mL/min; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 4h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 10 ~ 12 days under the condition of 7m/h, namely obtains AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge;
Keep ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater to be 240 ± 5mg/L in step one, keep nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite to be 273 ± 5mg/L;
Keep ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater to be 240 ± 5mg/L in step 2, keep nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite to be 273 ± 5mg/L;
Ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater is kept to be 240 ± 5mg/L, nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite is reduced to 0mg/L gradually by 273 ± 5mg/L in step 3;
In step 4, ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater is gradually reduced to 50mg/L, keeps nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite to be 0 ~ 25mg/L.
Observe according to Fig. 2 the clearance that step one of the present invention just started ammonia nitrogen and nitrite obviously to decline, only have about 60%, the simultaneously accumulation of nitrate nitrogen also declines to some extent, and analyzing reason is the activity having a strong impact on anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria into the dissolved oxygen of water, causes it to decline to the removal effect of nitrogen.From 6 days, the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen rose to more than 90%, and a large amount of accumulation appears in nitrite nitrogen, and concentration is at about 150mg/L, and illustrating that AOB in culture systems is in growth, is nitrite nitrogen by part ammonium oxidation.After 21st day, ammonia nitrogen and the synchronous clearance of nitrite nitrogen reach more than 90%, infer that AOB is in the surface growth of ANAMMOX granule sludge, consumes the dissolved oxygen in water inlet, for ANAMMOX provides anaerobic environment, thus reaches good denitrification effect.The growing amount of nitrate nitrogen is also in increase simultaneously, judges that there is a certain amount of NOB, NOB in culture systems is oxidized to nitrate nitrogen by nitrite nitrogen.
Step 2 of the present invention is mainly in order to cultivate ripe AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge.In the whole culturing process of step 2, water outlet ammonia nitrogen remains on about 40mg/L substantially, and water outlet nitrite nitrogen maintains about 70mg/L, treatment effect slightly declines, major cause is that the quantity of AOB is in increase, a large amount of ammonia nitrogens is oxidized to nitrite nitrogen, makes nitrite nitrogen have accumulation, and AOB is wrapped in ANAMMOX granule sludge surface simultaneously, the transmission of matrix substrates in granule interior is affected to some extent, the treatment efficiency of ANAMMOX bacterium is declined to some extent.Infer thus and turned out comparatively ripe AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge.
Step 3 of the present invention mainly prevents the activity of nitrite concentration too high suppression ANAMMOX bacterium, makes nitrogenous simulated wastewater move closer to actual domestic wastewater simultaneously.As seen from Figure 2 along with the reduction of water inlet nitrite nitrogen concentration, the clearance of ammonia nitrogen drops to 50% from 80%, rises to 75% gradually again, and the change that AOB and ANAMMOX bacterium is constantly conforming is described.
See that step 4 water outlet of the present invention does not almost have nitrite nitrogen by Fig. 2, the clearance of ammonia nitrogen is elevated to more than 80% gradually simultaneously, illustrates that AOB and ANAMMOX bacterium acts synergistically.
The AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge that the present invention turns out can be added in EGSB reactor and be carried out water treatment.
Anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria in the AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge that the present invention turns out, be called for short AOB) work in coordination with process to sewage, AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge has good settling property simultaneously, water resistant power impact capacity is strong, can hold and stay large number of biological body, ensure that EGSB reactor efficient stable runs.
According to Fig. 3, total nitrogen load of intaking in step one of the present invention and two is at 4.85 ~ 5.32Kg-N/m
3fluctuate within the scope of d, stop exposing to the sun after nitrogen to water inlet, total nitrogen elimination capacity obviously drops to 3.0Kg-N/m
3d, mainly dissolved oxygen is to the restraining effect of ANAMMOX bacterium.After 21st day, total nitrogen elimination capacity returns to 4.7Kg-N/m
3d, the mainly acting in conjunction of AOB, NOB and ANAMMOX bacterium.Step 2 starts the micro-oxygen aeration of water inlet, and average total nitrogen elimination capacity is 3.34Kg-N/m
3d, visible system is highly stable, and to reach maximum processing capability.Step 3 and four is in order to make nitrogenous simulated wastewater more close to actual domestic wastewater, and water inlet total nitrogen load constantly reduces.
AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge utilizes actual domestic wastewater, and without the need to adding carbon source or nitrite nitrogen just can realize autotrophic denitrification, reach the effect removing ammonia nitrogen in actual domestic wastewater, ammonia nitrogen removal frank is more than 70%.
AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge in use has reduction aeration rate, saves organic carbon source, and can produce the advantage of a large amount of methane.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge generation system schematic diagram, and wherein 1 is nitrogengas cylinder, and 2 is water inlet, and 3 is intake pump, and 4 is EGSB reactor, and 5 is reflux pump, and 4-1 is refluxing opening, and 12 is temperature controller, and 13 is gas meter, and 14 is water outlet.
Fig. 2 is intake in AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge culturing process of the present invention and NH in water outlet
4 +-N, NO
2 --N and NO
3 -the concentration curve of-N.
Fig. 3 is the concentration curve of total nitrogen in AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge culturing process of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of embodiment one granule sludge when being cultured to the 21st day.
Fig. 5 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of embodiment one granule sludge when being cultured to the 56th day.
Fig. 6 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of embodiment one granule sludge when being cultured to the 91st day.
Embodiment
Technical solution of the present invention is not limited to following cited embodiment, also comprises the arbitrary combination between each embodiment.
Embodiment one: composition graphs 1 illustrates present embodiment, present embodiment AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge is cultivated according to the following steps:
One, add ANAMMOX granule sludge in EGSB reactor, then pass into nitrogenous simulated wastewater, and make to drop to 1.0mg/L gradually in water dissolved oxygen concentration 24h to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen that exposes to the sun; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 2.3h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 26 ~ 28 days under the condition of 7m/h;
Two, carry out micro-oxygen aeration to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater entering EGSB reactor, control dissolved oxygen concentration is 1.2 ± 0.3mg/L; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 2.3h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 41 ~ 43 days under the condition of 7m/h;
Three, carry out micro-oxygen aeration to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater entering EGSB reactor, aeration rate is 150mL/min; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 2.3h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 26 ~ 28 days under the condition of 7m/h;
Four, adopt aeration 1h to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater entering EGSB reactor, stop the Recycle design of aeration 1h to carry out interval declining oxygen aeration, aeration rate is 200mL/min; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 4h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 10 ~ 12 days under the condition of 7m/h, namely obtains AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge;
Keep ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater to be 240 ± 5mg/L in step one, keep nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite to be 273 ± 5mg/L;
Keep ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater to be 240 ± 5mg/L in step 2, keep nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite to be 273 ± 5mg/L;
Ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater is kept to be 240 ± 5mg/L, nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite is reduced to 0mg/L gradually by 273 ± 5mg/L in step 3;
In step 4, ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater is gradually reduced to 50mg/L, keeps nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite to be 0 ~ 25mg/L.
Nitrogenous simulated wastewater is passed into EGSB reactor, be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time shortens to 2.6h gradually by 12h, and in EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 89 days under the condition of 3 ~ 9m/h, ANAMMOX granule sludge can be obtained, wherein NH in nitrogenous simulated wastewater
4the concentration of Cl is 97.5 ~ 900mg/L, NaNO
2concentration be 127.7 ~ 1352mg/L, KHCO
3concentration be 1000mg/L, KH
2pO
4concentration be 50mg/L, MgSO
47H
2the concentration of O is 200mg/L, CaCl
22H
2the concentration of O is 151mg/L, the concentration of VITAMIN is 0.25ml/L, the concentration of trace element is 0.31ml/L.
When being cultured to the 31st day, granule sludge median size is 0.766mm, when being cultured to the 91st day, granule sludge median size is 0.817mm, compared to the ANAMMOX granule sludge be added in step one in EGSB reactor, granule sludge median size increases 0.21mm and 0.261mm respectively.The 31st day simultaneously and the 91st day time particle diameter be in the ratio that the granule sludge within the scope of 0.5 ~ 2.0mm accounts for and be respectively 89.6% and 91.6%, improve 24.6% and 26.6% respectively compared to the ANAMMOX granule sludge be added in step one in EGSB reactor; Illustrate that granule sludge constantly increases on the basis of ANAMMOX granule sludge in culturing process.Also new Granular sludge formation is had in certain EGSB reactor.
The granule sludge got respectively when being cultured to the 21st day, the 56th day and the 91st day does fish analysis.When being cultured to the 21st day, granule sludge surface only has the AOB of seldom amount, and the content of NOB is slightly larger than AOB, has proved the reason of initial stage nitrate nitrogen accumulation, but granule sludge still with ANAMMOX bacterium for dominant bacteria, be distributed in each corner of granule sludge.Along with the content of the change AOB of incubation time culture condition is in continuous increase, be wrapped in the skin of granule sludge simultaneously, and the content of NOB has almost no change, fluorescence intensity, guestimate accounts for less than 5% of granule sludge microbial biomass, and ANAMMOX bacterium is still main bacteria seed, content is more than 70%.Comparatively ripe, stable AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge has been turned out when being cultured to the 91st day.Be cultured to the 56th day and can see that granule sludge inside starts to have a cavity, there is aqtocytolysis phenomenon, namely the microorganism at granular center position is constantly become feeble and die, mainly because of the continuous increase along with granule sludge, matrix is increasing with the obstruction suffered by diffusion to the transmission of granule sludge inside from granule sludge surface, cause the inner microbial matrices substrate of granule sludge not enough, this is also the critical process in Granular sludge formation process, simultaneously also have partial particulate sludge crushing, the fragment of mud provides kernel for new granule sludge.
Granule sludge surface very fine and close (as shown in Figure 4) when being cultured to the 21st day, become smooth with ANAMMOX granule sludge phase specific surface, reason is the activity that have impact on ANAMMOX bacterium into the dissolved oxygen in water, in order to conform, and the change of secretion extracellular polymeric opposing external environment; Whole granule sludge is flocked together by multiple small-particle and is formed.The microorganism major part of amplifying observation to granule sludge surface is carried out for spherical to granule sludge local, arrangement is very tight, and size, at about 1.0 μm, meets the morphological structure of ANAMMOX bacterium, there is a small amount of filament on surface simultaneously, is judged as the attachment of AOB or NOB on granule sludge surface.Granule sludge out-of-shape (as shown in Figure 5) when being cultured to the 56th day, the filament showed increased on surface.When being cultured to the 91st day, granule sludge shape is more regular, for spherical (as shown in Figure 6), granule sludge surface coverage one deck thread fungus, illustrate that micro-oxygen aeration is advantageously in microbial growths such as AOB in culturing process, higher upflow velocity makes granule sludge constantly roll at inside reactor simultaneously, is conducive to growth and the formation of granule sludge.
The microbial morphology structural similitude of granule sludge inside when being cultured to the 21st day, be almost same microorganism, and particle is flocked together by the small-particle varied in size to be formed, a fixed gap is there is between small-particle, these spaces may be that the nitrogen that anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria produces flocks together from the pore of granule interior eliminating, are conducive to the transmission of matrix substrates in anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge inside.Granule sludge okioplast arrangement is simultaneously loose, and the material between cell is the extracellular polymeric of cell self secretion, is the response that the change of opposing external environment is made.To granule sludge inside partial enlargement, closely, the impact by outside atmosphere change is very little in the centre microorganism cells arrangement of visible particle mud.When being cultured to the 91st day, granule sludge has adapted to micro-oxygen environment, the arrangement of particle okioplast is comparatively tight, containing various kinds of cell form, has ball-type, also has shaft-like and axiolitic.The outer local location of granule sludge is amplified, a lot of staff cell can be seen, cell size is in (0.5 ~ 0.6) × (1.0 ~ 2.3) μm, intercellular membrane is that flat vesicle is distributed in surrounding simultaneously, meet the morphological specificity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, illustrate that AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge has been cultivated successfully.
Embodiment two: the difference of present embodiment and embodiment one is: NH in nitrogenous simulated wastewater
4the concentration of Cl is 97.5 ~ 900mg/L, NaNO
2concentration be 127.7 ~ 1352mg/L, KHCO
3concentration be 1000mg/L, KH
2pO
4concentration be 50mg/L, MgSO
47H
2the concentration of O is 200mg/L, CaCl
22H
2the concentration of O is 151mg/L, the concentration of VITAMIN is 0.25ml/L, the concentration of trace element is 0.31ml/L.Other step and parameter identical with embodiment one.
Embodiment three: the difference of present embodiment and embodiment one or two is: in step one, the effective volume of EGSB reactor 4 is 1.53L, reaction zone volume is 1L, settling region volume is 0.53L, and the addition of anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge is 200 ~ 300mL.Other step and parameter identical with embodiment one or two.
Embodiment four: the AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge of cultivating acquisition in embodiment one is added in EGSB reactor, then processes actual domestic wastewater:
Sanitary sewage passes into EGSB reactor, it is 30 DEG C that EGSB reactor temperature controls, EGSB inside reactor adopts aeration 1h, stop the Recycle design of aeration 1h to carry out interval declines oxygen aeration, the aeration rate often rising volume 150 ~ 250mL/min by EGSB reactor reaction zone during aeration carries out aeration, hydraulic detention time is 6h, then water outlet, namely realizes the process of sanitary sewage.
Regulate EGSB reactor outer circulation ratio in present embodiment, control upflow velocity is 7m/h.
The sanitary sewage water quality of present embodiment process is as shown in table 1, and sanitary sewage adopts teaching and administrative staff living quarters, Harbin Industry University 2ed School District sanitary sewage.
Table 1
| Project | Content (mg/L) | Mean value (mg/L) | Project | Content (mg/L) | Mean value (mg/L) |
| COD | 103.7～405.3 | 192.7 | TN | 31.8～54.76 | 41.5 |
| PO 4 2- | 10.31～26.17 | 20.42 | NH 4 +-N | 14.90～59.75 | 40.93 |
| Cl -1 | 116.3～141.1 | 130.1 | NO 2 --N | 0～0.38 | 0.083 |
| pH | 7.05～7.81 | 7.42 | NO 3 --N | 0～2.68 | 0.52 |
The inlet COD concentration of actual domestic wastewater fluctuates within the scope of 103.7 ~ 405.3mg/L, and present embodiment water outlet COD can be stabilized in below 50mg/L; The concentration of the water inlet total nitrogen of actual domestic wastewater fluctuates within the scope of 31.8 ~ 54.76mg/L, and mean value is 41.5mg/L, and water outlet total nitrogen mean value is 11.2mg/L, reaches town domestic sewage discharge one-level A standard.
Present embodiment water outlet ammonia nitrogen concentration is stabilized in about 5mg/L, and nitrate nitrogen has partial, and average aqueous concentration is 3.1mg/L.
Without the need to adding carbon source or nitrite nitrogen in AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge process actual domestic wastewater process, ammonia nitrogen removal frank more than 70%.
Claims (3)
1. a cultural method for AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge, is characterized in that AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge is cultivated according to the following steps:
One, add ANAMMOX granule sludge in EGSB reactor, then pass into nitrogenous simulated wastewater, and make to drop to 1.0mg/L gradually in water dissolved oxygen concentration 24h to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen that exposes to the sun; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 2.3h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 26 ~ 28 days under the condition of 7m/h;
Two, carry out micro-oxygen aeration to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater entering EGSB reactor, control dissolved oxygen concentration is 1.2 ± 0.3mg/L; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 2.3h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 41 ~ 43 days under the condition of 7m/h;
Three, carry out micro-oxygen aeration to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater entering EGSB reactor, aeration rate is 150mL/min; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 2.3h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 26 ~ 28 days under the condition of 7m/h;
Four, adopt aeration 1h to the nitrogenous simulated wastewater entering EGSB reactor, stop the Recycle design of aeration 1h to carry out interval declining oxygen aeration, aeration rate is 200mL/min; Be 33 ± 2 DEG C in temperature, hydraulic detention time is that in 4h, EGSB reactor, upflow velocity is cultivate 10 ~ 12 days under the condition of 7m/h, namely obtains AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge; Wherein, AOB is ammonia oxidizing bacteria;
Keep ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater to be 240 ± 5mg/L in step one, keep nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite to be 273 ± 5mg/L;
Keep ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater to be 240 ± 5mg/L in step 2, keep nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite to be 273 ± 5mg/L;
Ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater is kept to be 240 ± 5mg/L, nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite is reduced to 0mg/L gradually by 273 ± 5mg/L in step 3;
In step 4, ammonia nitrogen concentration in nitrogenous simulated wastewater is gradually reduced to 50mg/L, keeps nitrogenous simulated wastewater nitrogen concentration of nitrite to be 0 ~ 25mg/L.
2. the cultural method of a kind of AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge according to claim 1, is characterized in that NH in nitrogenous simulated wastewater
4the concentration of Cl is 97.5 ~ 900mg/L, NaNO
2concentration be 127.7 ~ 1352mg/L, KHCO
3concentration be 1000mg/L, KH
2pO
4concentration be 50mg/L, MgSO
47H
2the concentration of O is 200mg/L, CaCl
22H
2the concentration of O is 151mg/L, the concentration of VITAMIN is 0.25ml/L, the concentration of trace element is 0.31ml/L.
3. the cultural method of a kind of AOB-ANAMMOX granular sludge according to claim 1, is characterized in that the aeration rate of micro-oxygen aeration in step 2 is 100mL/min.
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Effective date of registration: 20210730 Address after: 100001 No. 1, Zhanzhan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing Patentee after: Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Address before: 150001 No. 92 West straight street, Nangang District, Heilongjiang, Harbin Patentee before: HARBIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY |