CN113019403A - 负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂及其应用 - Google Patents
负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂及其应用。首先采用等电点法将Bi2MoO6与Bi2WO6结合形成Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6;其次采用连续离子层吸附法将Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6和AgI结合在一起;再次将所得悬浊液在300W氙灯下照射30min;最后在温度为400℃条件下煅烧2.0h,得目标产物。本发明中,双Z型光催化剂在太阳光作用下可有效降解含N有机染料同时高效地转化NO3 ‑和NO2 ‑。而且,助催剂Ag和活性物质·CO2 ‑的存在能够提高光催化剂的选择性,使NO3 ‑和NO2 ‑能够被转化为大量的N2,从而达到完全去除有机染料的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光催化领域,涉及新型负载助催剂的光催化剂Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag的制备及其光催化降解和转化含N有机染料为N2的应用。
背景技术
近年来,随着工业和农业的不断进步,农药,化肥,染料等被广泛使用。在这些物质的使用过程中,或多或少会被浪费。并随着废水排放到外界环境中,对自然水体造成了污染。同时也给生物健康、生态平衡和生态系统的平稳运行带来了严重的威胁。在这些水污染物中通常有有机染料的存在,如甲基蓝、孔雀石绿、甲基橙和酸性红等。这些有机染料大多具有结构复杂、难以自降解和耐高温的特性。所以从水中去除有机染料是十分困难的。对于目前所使用的工业染料废水处理方法,如生物处理法、化学处理法和吸附法等,往往具有成本高、效率低、造成二次污染等缺点。因此,寻找一种高效、清洁和成本低的处理有机染料的方法是迫切的。
当前,光催化技术作为一种高效且环境友好的技术被研究者广泛关注。光催化技术可以将有机染料降解为水、二氧化碳和一些无机盐阴离子等无污染或者污染性小的物质。对于含 N元素的有机染料,如孔雀石绿,仅仅通过降解是达不到去除的目的的。因为N元素的存在会导致NO3 -和NO2 -生成。NO3 -和NO2 -也会对生物健康造成威胁,过量食用这两种无机盐离子会导致缺氧中毒,甚至造成癌症。所以设计一种新型光催化剂先将染料降解,再转化有害离子为无毒的物质(如N2),从而达到完全去除含N有机染料的目的是非常必要的。
发明内容
为了解决含N元素的有机染料对环境和生态造成的污染问题,本发明设计了一种新型的负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂,同时具有强的氧化和还原能力,能够实现降解染料和转化无机离子目的。
本发明采用的技术方案是:一种负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂,按摩尔比,Bi2MoO6:Bi2WO6:AgI=1:1:1。
进一步的,上述的一种负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂,Ag作为助催剂通过光还原法被沉积在AgI上,按摩尔百分比,Ag是AgI的1%。
一种负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将Bi2MoO6和Bi2WO6分散在去离子水中,并搅拌30min,使用稀HNO3调节溶液pH= 6.0,继续搅拌30min后,加入AgNO3继续搅拌40min后,再加入KI继续搅拌40min;最后使用300W氙灯照射所得悬浊液30min,离心取固体,60℃干燥,研磨后,在马弗炉中 400℃下煅烧2.0h,研磨,得双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂。
进一步的,上述的制备方法,所述Bi2MoO6的制备方法包括如下步骤:将 Bi(NO3)3·5H2O溶解于硝酸中,形成溶液A;将Na2MoO4·2H2O溶解于去离子水中,形成溶液B,在搅拌的条件下将溶液A和溶液B混合后再持续搅拌30min,所得混合物转移至高压反应釜中,180℃下水热处理24h,离心取固体,用去离子水和乙醇洗涤,60℃下干燥,研磨,得Bi2MoO6纳米粒子。
进一步的,上述的制备方法,所述Bi2WO6的制备方法包括如下步骤:将 Bi(NO3)3·5H2O溶解于硝酸中,形成溶液A;将Na2WO4·2H2O溶解于去离子水中,形成溶液C,在搅拌的条件下将溶液A和溶液C混合后再持续搅拌30min,所得混合物转移至高压反应釜中,180℃下水热处理24h。离心取固体,用去离子水和乙醇洗涤,60℃下干燥,研磨,得Bi2WO6纳米粒子。
本发明提供的负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂在转化有机染料为N2中的应用。
进一步的,所述有机染料为含N有机染料。
更进一步的,所述含N有机染料为孔雀石绿。
进一步的,方法如下:于含有含N有机染料的废水中,加入负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂,在太阳光照射下,转化有机染料中N元素为N2。
本发明的有益效果:
1.本发明采用等电点和连续离子层吸附法设计了一种新型的Z型 Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂。该催化剂中的两个半导体Bi2MoO6和Bi2WO6,AgI和 Bi2MoO6分别具有相对匹配的导带和价带电位,将这三种半导体进行组合能够形成双Z型光催化体系,有效地促进了电子和空穴的分离。而且,助催剂Ag被引入来修饰双Z型光催化体系,不仅提供了更多高活性的反应位点,还提高了将NO2 -和NO3 -转化为N2选择性。同时,活性物质·CO2 -的存在也能够帮助转化NO2 -和NO3 -为N2。本发明制备的光催化剂兼备强的氧化和还原能力,在高效降解含N有机染料的同时还能够有效地转化在降解过程中生成的NO2 -和NO3 -为N2。
2.本发明的光催化剂具有降解效率高、性质稳定和合成方法简单等特点,可广泛应用于净化染料废水、处理工业废水和修复受污染水体等领域。
附图说明
图1a是Bi2MoO6的X射线粉末衍射(XRD)图。
图1b是Bi2WO6的X射线粉末衍射(XRD)图。
图1c是AgI的X射线粉末衍射(XRD)图。
图1d是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag的X射线粉末衍射(XRD)图。
图2是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图。
图3a是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag的透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试图。
图3b是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag的高倍透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)测试图。
图4a是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag、Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6和Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag对孔雀石绿的降解效果图。
图4b是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6光催化剂对于NO3 -和NO2 -的转化效果图。
图4c是Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂对于NO3 -和NO2 -的转化效果图。
图4d是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂对于NO3 -和NO2 -的转化效果图。
图5是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂使用次数的影响。
图6是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag转化含N有机染料的机理图。
具体实施方式
实施例1
(一)一种负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂
制备方法如下:
(1)Bi2MoO6纳米粒子的制备。
1.21g Bi(NO3)3·5H2O分散在15mL稀HNO3(2mol/L)中形成溶液A。0.30g Na2MoO4·2H2O溶解于20mL去离子水中形成溶液B。在搅拌的条件下将溶液A和溶液B 混合,再继续搅拌30min。所得混合物转移至高压反应釜中,180℃下水热处理24h。离心取固体,用去离子水和乙醇洗涤3次,60℃下干燥,研磨,最后得到Bi2MoO6纳米粒子。
(2)Bi2WO6纳米粒子的制备。
1.21g Bi(NO3)3·5H2O分散在15mL稀HNO3(2mol/L)中形成溶液A。0.30g Na2WO4·2H2O溶解于20mL去离子水中形成溶液C。在搅拌的条件下将溶液A和溶液C混合,再持续搅拌30min。所得混合物转移至高压反应釜中,180℃下水热处理24h。离心取固体,用去离子水和乙醇洗涤3次,60℃下干燥,研磨,最后得到Bi2WO6纳米粒子。
(3)Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂的制备。
0.45g Bi2MoO6和0.41g Bi2WO6同时被分散在30mL去离子水中,并搅拌30min,使用稀HNO3(2mol/L)调节溶液pH=6.0,继续搅拌30min。于所得悬浊液中加入0.13g AgNO3,继续搅拌40min,再加入0.15g KI,继续搅拌40min。使用300W氙灯照射所得悬浊液30min。离心取固体,60℃干燥,研磨后,在马弗炉中400℃下煅烧2.0h,研磨,得到双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂。
(二)对比例
对比例1:制备Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6
0.45g Bi2MoO6和0.41g Bi2WO6同时分散在30mL去离子水中搅拌30min,使用稀HNO3(2mol/L)调节溶液pH=6.0,搅拌30min,离心取固体,60℃干燥,研磨,得 Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6复合物。
对比例2:制备Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag
将0.41g Bi2WO6粉末分散在含有20mL去离子水的烧杯中。加入稀HNO3(2mol/L)调节溶液pH=6.0,先加入0.13g AgNO3,搅拌40min,再加入0.15g KI,搅拌40min。使用300 W氙灯照射悬浊液30min。离心分离出固体,60℃干燥,研磨,得Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag复合物。
(三)检测
1、图1a-图1d是Bi2MoO6、Bi2WO6、AgI和Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag的X射线粉末衍射(XRD)图。
如图1中a所示,位于10.89°(020),28.23°(131),32.45°(002),46.68°(202),55.34°(133) 和58.39°(262)的衍射峰与单斜Bi2MoO6(JCPDS:84-0787)晶体晶面对应。并且,没有多余的衍射峰被观测到,这说明了合成的样品是高纯度的Bi2MoO6。
如图1中b所示,样品的主要衍射峰在28.30°(113),32.81°(200),47.15°(220),55.83°(313)和58.55°(226),与单斜Bi2WO6(JCPDS:73-1126)的晶体晶面相对应。而且,没有观察到杂峰,表明合成了高纯度的Bi2WO6。
如图1中c所示,样品的主要衍射峰在22.33°(100),23.71°(002),39.20°(110)和46.31°(112)与单斜AgI(JCPDS:01-0502)的晶体晶面相对应。而且,在图中没有观察到杂峰,表明合成了高纯度的AgI。
如图1中d所示,能够看到一些主要的衍射峰归属于Bi2MoO6、Bi2WO6和AgI的衍射峰,而且Ag的特征衍射峰也可以被观察到,说明Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag复合样品已经被成功制备。
2、图2是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图。
扫描电镜(SEM)被使用来观察制备的Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag样品的形貌。从图2可以看出,Bi2MoO6纳米片、Bi2WO6纳米薄片和AgI离子相连接。并且在AgI的表面还负载了一些球状的Ag纳米粒子。这些结果表明了双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂已经被成功地制备了。
3、图3a和图3b分别是Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag的透射电子显微镜(TEM)图和高倍透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)图。
在图3a中可以看到,浅灰色的片状粒子是Bi2MoO6,深灰色的片状粒子是Bi2WO6,黑色的块状粒子是AgI。而且,三种粒子依次连接在一起。此外,还有一些小球状的粒子存在于AgI的表面,这些粒子是作为助催剂的Ag。这些结果与SEM的结果是一致的,进一步说明双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂已经被成功制备。
在图3b中展示了,采用高倍电子显微镜(HRTEM)得到的图像,并计算了晶格条纹来划分复合样品的成分。如图所示,测量的晶格间距为0.316nm、0.315nm、0.211nm和0.225nm,这分别对应于Bi2MoO6(131)、Bi2WO6(131)、AgI(110)和Ag(111)晶面。而且,各个组分的位置关系与SEM测的位置关系相符。这些结果表明了双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂已经被成功制备。
实施例2负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂在降解孔雀石绿的同时转化NO3 -和NO2 -为N2的应用 (一)不同光催化剂对降解孔雀石绿的同时转化NO3 -和NO2 -为N2的影响
实验方法:采用300W氙灯作为光源。在温度为25℃和压力为101325Pa的条件下,在特制石英管内进行了光催化降解同时转化的实验。在3个特制石英管中,分别加入100 mL浓度为10mg/L的孔雀石绿水溶液,在持续搅拌条件下,分别加入实施例1制备的 Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag、Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6和Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂。在300W氙灯的持续照射下反应3.0h。每隔45min取5mL悬浊液。取上清液在200-800nm下测定其紫外光谱,利用617nm处的吸光度值计算降解率。同时,利用离子色谱仪,取适量上清液进行 NO3 -、NO2 -和NH4 +的浓度检测,计算相应的离子转化率和生成率。
对比了Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag、Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6和Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag对于孔雀石绿的降解效果和对NO3 -和NO2 -的转化效果,结果如图4a-图4d所示。
图4a展示了使用Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag、Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6和Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂降解孔雀石绿的结果。在图4a中,通过比较发现,双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂在降解孔雀石绿的过程中表现出最优良的光催化活性,降解率可达94.85%。这是因为双Z型光催化体系的构建大大提高了电子和空穴的分离效率,而且由于双Z型电子转移路径的存在使得复合物中各个半导体的优势能带被保留,能够同时表现出高的氧化和还原能力。而且,Ag纳米粒子作为助催剂的引入也可以帮助促进电子和空穴的分离,进而提高光催化剂的活性。
图4b、图4c和图4d分别展示了Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6、Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag和 Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag转化NO3 -和NO2 -的结果。通过比较可以发现,图4d中的N2生成率最高。表明Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag对于转化NO3 -和NO2 -为N2有最高的光催化活性和选择性。这是因为双Z型光催化剂体系的构建使得各个半导体的优势能带被保留,从而复合物光催化剂能够表现出强的氧化和还原能力。而且,Ag作为助催剂的引入和降解过程中活性物质·CO2 -的存在使光催化剂的转化选择性被大大提高。
(二)Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂的使用次数的探究
实验方法:量取100mL浓度为10mg/L的孔雀石绿水溶液于特制石英管中,加入Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂,在模拟太阳光下照射3.0h后取出5mL悬浊液,取上清液在200-800nm下测定上清液紫外光谱。取617nm处的吸光度计算孔雀石绿的降解率。同时,利用离子色谱仪,取适量上清液进行NO3 -、NO2 -和NH4 +的浓度检测,计算相应离子的转化率和生成率。每3.0h后将溶液中光催化剂离心分离出来,并进行干燥处理,所得光催化剂重新进行光催化实验,相同步骤重复四次,结果如图5所示。
通过对孔雀石绿的降解和对NO3 -和NO2 -离子的转化,研究了Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂在四个循环中的稳定性。如图5所示。可以发现,孔雀石绿在第四个周期的降解率仍达到82.45%,与第一个周期相比略有下降。而且,第四周期的N2的生成率仍能达到45.59%。另外,可以发现在四次循环中,N2都为主要的生成物。这些结果表明,Z型 Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂具有高的活性稳定性和可重复利用性。
基于以上结果,提出了Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂降解和转化含N有机染料生成N2的可能机理,如图6所示。当Z型光催化剂Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag被太阳光激发时,Bi2MoO6、Bi2WO6和AgI分别在各自的导带(CB)和价带(VB)上产生光生电子 (e-)和空穴(h+)。因为Bi2MoO6(ΔEbg=2.50eV,ECB=-0.21eV和EVB=+2.29eV)、 Bi2WO6(ΔEbg=2.91eV,ECB=+0.41eV和EVB=+3.32eV)和AgI(ΔEbg=2.79eV,ECB= -0.40eV和EVB=+2.39eV)具有相对匹配的导带和价带电位值,所以Bi2WO6的CB上的电子可以迅速转移到Bi2MoO6和AgI的VB并与空穴重新复合,形成双Z型电子转移路线。这种电子转移方式能够很好地促进双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化体系中光生载流子的分离。而且,还能够保留了Bi2MoO6和AgI相对负的导带和Bi2WO6相对正的价带,从而使复合物光催化剂能够具有较强的还原和氧化能力。
含N有机染料在Bi2WO6的价带上发生氧化反应,被矿化成CO2、H2O、NO2 -、和NO3 -SO3 2-。其中,有害的NO2 -和NO3 -进一步被转化为N2。为了提高NO3 -和NO2 -的转化效率和生成N2的选择性,引入了Ag作助催化剂。这一转化主要是因为,Ag可以有效地吸附NO2 -和NO3 -离子,而且Ag还可以在AgI的导带获得电子,所以NO2 -和NO3 -可以有效地在Ag 的表面被选择性还原为N2。另外,染料矿化生成的CO2可以和水反应生成HCO3 -,HCO3 -离子可以在Bi2MoO6的导带被还原为·CO2 -,这一活性物质具有强的还原能力,也可以帮助还原NO2 -和NO3 -为N2。
Claims (9)
1.一种负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂,其特征在于,按摩尔比,Bi2MoO6:Bi2WO6:AgI=1:1:1。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂,其特征在于,Ag作为助催剂通过光还原法被沉积在AgI上,按摩尔百分比,Ag是AgI的1%。
3.一种负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:将Bi2MoO6和Bi2WO6分散在去离子水中,并搅拌30min,使用稀HNO3调节溶液pH=6.0,继续搅拌30min后,加入AgNO3继续搅拌40min后,再加入KI继续搅拌40min;最后使用300W氙灯照射所得悬浊液30min,离心取固体,60℃干燥,研磨后,在马弗炉中400℃下煅烧2.0h,研磨,得双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述Bi2MoO6的制备方法包括如下步骤:将Bi(NO3)3·5H2O溶解于硝酸中,形成溶液A;将Na2MoO4·2H2O溶解于去离子水中,形成溶液B,在搅拌的条件下将溶液A和溶液B混合后再持续搅拌30min,所得混合物转移至高压反应釜中,180℃下水热处理24h,离心取固体,用去离子水和乙醇洗涤,60℃下干燥,研磨,得Bi2MoO6纳米粒子。
5.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述Bi2WO6的制备方法包括如下步骤:将Bi(NO3)3·5H2O溶解于硝酸中,形成溶液A;将Na2WO4·2H2O溶解于去离子水中,形成溶液C,在搅拌的条件下将溶液A和溶液C混合后再持续搅拌30min,所得混合物转移至高压反应釜中,180℃下水热处理24h。离心取固体,用去离子水和乙醇洗涤,60℃下干燥,研磨,得Bi2WO6纳米粒子。
6.权利要求1或2所述的负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂在转化有机染料为N2中的应用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于,所述有机染料为含N有机染料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于,所述含N有机染料为孔雀石绿。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的应用,其特征在于,方法如下:于含有含N有机染料的废水中,加入权利要求1或2所述的负载助催剂的双Z型Bi2MoO6/Bi2WO6\AgI\Ag光催化剂,在太阳光照射下,转化有机染料中N元素为N2。
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