CN113018276A - 一种增强声动力治疗的肺癌靶向自组装纳米药物及其制备与应用 - Google Patents
一种增强声动力治疗的肺癌靶向自组装纳米药物及其制备与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113018276A CN113018276A CN202110346023.8A CN202110346023A CN113018276A CN 113018276 A CN113018276 A CN 113018276A CN 202110346023 A CN202110346023 A CN 202110346023A CN 113018276 A CN113018276 A CN 113018276A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种增强声动力治疗的肺癌靶向自组装纳米药物及其制备与应用。该纳米药物以厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖和季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖为复合载体,与二氢卟吩E6和纳米金自组装形成纳米制剂(CEQ6A)。本发明制备纳米药物,利用了壳聚糖的无毒性和生物相容性高的特性,在提高厄洛替尼的水溶性的同时,又利用厄洛替尼的分子靶向作用,使包载的药物选择性靶向到肺癌细胞,降低药物全身毒副作用;同时,季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖和厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖复合载体具备两亲性质,可同时靶向递送水溶性的AuNPs和脂溶性的Ce6,利用AuNPs和Ce6二者增强声动力治疗效果,并协同进行分子靶向治疗和声动力治疗,最大限度遏制肺癌细胞。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物医药技术领域,涉及一种增强声动力治疗的肺癌靶向自组装纳米药物及其制备与应用。
背景技术
肺癌是严重威胁人类健康的最常见恶性肿瘤之一,居世界肿瘤发病率和死亡率首位。从组织学来看,肺癌可分为非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)与小细胞肺癌(SCLC),其中NSCLC大约占肺癌总量的85%,且大多数在确诊时已经处于中晚期。从药物治疗到靶向药物治疗的不断更新与发展,肺癌患者的生存期大大延长,同时引入了个体化治疗的理念,使肺癌的治疗方式趋于多样化、个性化,为众多肺癌患者带来了希望。
厄洛替尼(Er)是表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)的一种,能够抑制酪氨酸激酶的活性,常用于NSCLC的靶向治疗。Er是表皮生长因子(又可称HER1)信号传导通路的关键组成部分,能够抑制人的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的信号传导的途径,在多种肿瘤细胞的形成以及生长过程中都扮演了重要角色。由于Er对EGFR的选择性作用,其不仅可用作分子靶向药物,还可将其用于药物主动靶向递送的配体。
光动力治疗(PDT)是可以对病态的细胞特别是恶性肿瘤细胞,选择性地产生细胞毒性作用的靶向侵入性治疗。光敏剂通常可以在肿瘤细胞中保持比正常组织细胞中更高的浓度,当用相应波长的光照射时,光敏剂能够在特定位点被激活,当氧气(O2)存在时,被激活的光敏剂发生PDT,产生局部的细胞毒性作用。这些细胞毒性作用包括直接导致肿瘤细胞的坏死或凋亡和间接产生肿瘤毒性(例如通过损伤微血管结构或者产生局部炎症反应等)。声动力治疗(SDT)是在PDT基础上产生的一种新型的非侵入性治疗方法,它是利用超声诱导的空化作用以及声敏剂被激活后产生的自由基,杀死周围不断分裂的癌细胞。此外,与可见光不同的是,超声是一种机械波,能够深入到肿瘤组织,准确聚焦于肿瘤细胞部位,有效地选择性激活肿瘤中积累的超声增敏剂,因此 SDT 可以最大程度作用于病变部位,减少对正常组织的伤害。
卟啉衍生物二氢卟吩E6(Chlorin e6,Ce6)是第二代敏化剂,外观为墨绿色粉末,极具吸湿性和易氧化性。作为新型的声敏剂,Ce6具有强大的声学活性,其产生单线态氧量子产率的能力高,尺寸小,渗透性高,暗毒性极低,在正常组织中代谢较快,体内浓集时间短,毒副作用小。因此,我们选择Ce6作为SDT的声敏剂。SDT虽然在肿瘤治疗中具有许多优势,但是其治疗效率仍同PDT一样受到肿瘤中活性氧(ROS)的含量和敏化剂的分布的限制,于是我们选择一种合适的增敏剂来增强SDT——纳米金(AuNPs)。AuNPs具有光热和声动力转换能力,可与其它纳米材料形成的纳米复合材料,能够参与活性氧ROS介导的声动力治疗过程,增强声动力诱导的细胞内活性氧自由基的浓度,提高SDT的作用。
壳聚糖(Chitosan,Cs)作为甲壳素的去乙酰化形式,是一种天然无毒的氨基酸多糖。Cs具有促渗作用和药物控释等优点,同时,它来源丰富,价格较低,在许多领域得到广泛应用。Cs具有良好的生物相容性及生物可降解性,可提高疏水性药物的渗透性和大分子药物的稳定性,已被成功应用于纳米载药系统中,可用作基因药物、蛋白多肽类、小分子抗癌药物等多种药物递送系统,还可以用于开发靶向药物制剂。但是Cs只能溶于少数的酸性溶液,为增大其应用范围,需要对它的结构进行修饰。通过对Cs载体的合理设计,可以提高药物的稳定性和生物利用度等。本发明申请人通过“点击化学”反应,可以将Er修饰到Cs上合成得到Er修饰的壳聚糖(CE),可用作肺癌靶向药物输送载体(Dyes and Pigments. 170(2019) 107588);通过“点击化学”反应将壳聚糖进行季铵化修饰,得到的季铵化壳聚糖(CQ)具有很好的水溶性(Biomacromolecules 10 (2009) 2175-2182)。
基于以上背景,本发明利用CE和CQ自组装成复合载体后包载Ce6和AuNPs。由于载体连接了分子靶向药物Er,因而具有靶向输送的能力,且纳米粒包载Ce6和AuNPs,使纳米粒具有协同分子靶向治疗、化疗,并增强声动力治疗的能力。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种具有肺癌靶向性的厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖和季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖自组装后共同包载Ce6和AuNPs的自组装纳米药物,该纳米粒能够主动靶向肺癌细胞,协同分子靶向治疗并能够增强声动力治疗效果。
为实现上述目的,采用以下技术方案:
一种增强声动力治疗的肺癌靶向自组装纳米药物,所述的纳米粒是由壳聚糖、厄洛替尼、二氢卟吩E6和纳米金反应得到的厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖/ Ce6/AuNPs的纳米药物,其中,二氢卟吩E6的载药量为10-500 μg/mg,纳米金的包封率为10-90%。
所述增强声动力治疗的肺癌靶向自组装纳米药物的制备方法,利用厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖和季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖为复合载体,再装载二氢卟吩E6和纳米金,从而构建所述纳米药物。
包括如下具体步骤:
步骤(a):分别合成厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖CE和季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖CQ;
步骤(b):将步骤(a)中得到的CE溶解在DMSO中,制备获得CE溶液浓度为1mg/mL;CQ溶解在水中,制备获得CQ溶液浓度为1mg/mL,然后1:1体积比混合,得到CEQ自组装复合载体混悬液;
步骤(c):取0.25 mmol/L 纳米金母液、0.5 mg/mL二氢卟吩E6溶液和水依次滴加至步骤(b)得到的混悬液中,各溶液体积比为0.5:0.5:1:1,自组装得到CEQ6A纳米药物。
所述的纳米药物在用于制备抗肿瘤的分子靶向/声动力治疗药物中的应用。
本发明制备纳米制剂CEQ6A的方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤a: CE的合成:称取Cs于烧瓶中,加无水DMF溶解,再加4-溴邻苯二甲酸酐,抽真空充N2,放于125 ℃油浴锅中搅拌加热,待烧瓶中溶液变澄清,立即结束反应。将热滤液倒入冰水中,析出白色固体,待白色固体析出完全,在5000 rpm转速下4-8 ℃离心 5 min,弃去上清液,得到可能含有少许4-溴邻苯二甲酸酐的固体,用丙酮和乙醚洗涤除去,干燥,得到Cs衍生物Cs-Br;称取上述Cs衍生物于烧瓶中,加入NMP,置于50 ℃油浴锅中加热搅拌至完全溶解。加入NaN3,抽真空充N2,80 ℃油浴锅中反应24 h,然后将反应液倒入乙醇中,直至固体析出完全,12000 rpm转速下常温离心5 min,收集固体,固体先用双蒸水洗涤再用丙酮洗涤,干燥,得到棕色Cs衍生物 Cs-N3;称取棕色Cs衍生物于圆底烧瓶中,加入DMSO,加热搅拌20~30 min直至固体溶解完全,加Er,抽真空充N2,再用1 mL注射器往烧瓶先滴加五水硫酸铜水溶液(20mg/mL)200μL,再滴加抗坏血酸钠水溶液(15mg/mL)200μL,抽真空充N2,置于油浴锅中,50 ℃搅拌加热3天,反应液在双蒸水中透析2天(透析袋截留分子量为8000~10000 Da),每6 h换水一次。产物放于冷冻干燥机中冻干,得到载体厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖CE;
所述CQ的合成方法:称取壳聚糖放于烧瓶中,加入DMF并将其分散均匀,然后加邻苯二甲酸酐,将上述混合液置于N2中,在125 ℃下搅拌反应直至混合液变澄清。停止加热,然后将溶液倒入冰水中,抽滤,用丙酮、乙醚洗涤数次,最后放于通风橱中,干燥,得到氨基保护的Cs衍生物;取氨基保护的Cs衍生物于烧瓶中,加NMP,置于油浴锅中加热溶解,取出反应液冷却,然后一次加NBS和TPP,在加NBS和TPP过程中,溶液变为红棕色,接着在N2保护下于80 ℃反应2 h,反应结束后将反应液倾入一定体积的乙醇中,析出溴代Cs的衍生物;取溴代Cs的衍生物于烧杯中,加NMP,在油浴锅中加热溶解,加NaN3,N2保护下于80 ℃反应72 h,将反应液倒入乙醇中,有沉淀析出,1200 rpm转速下离心5 min,水和丙酮分别洗三次,得到固体重氮代Cs的衍生物,置于通风橱干燥;在-20℃下,取三甲胺加到乙腈中,然后逐滴缓慢加三溴丙炔并密封,立即放于 0℃下反应搅拌约20 min。然后拿出烧瓶,放于室温下反应24 h,析出白色沉淀,减压浓缩,得到的白色固体即为炔基季铵盐(Q-amine);称取重氮取代Cs的衍生物,溶于DMF中,加Q-amine,在N2保护下,用注射器依次加CuSO4·5H2O 水溶液(20mg/mL)和维生素C钠水溶液(15 mg/mL),室温下反应72 h。反应结束后将反应液倒入乙醇,离心,将沉淀放于室温下干燥,即为季铵盐取代的Cs的衍生物;步骤i:将季铵盐取代Cs的衍生物加到水和水合肼(1/1)的溶液中,100 ℃条件下反应10 h ,再减压旋干反应溶剂并将残渣溶于水,透析3天,然后将产物冻干,得到棉花状产物——季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖(CQ);
步骤c:取CE溶解在DMSO中,另取CQ溶解在水中,二者混合,搅拌24 h即得CEQ;
步骤d:取AuNPs母液(15 nm胶体金,购买自西典实验试剂公司)和Ce6溶液(购自安耐吉化学试剂公司)依次滴加至CEQ混悬液中,滴加水,搅拌3天,离心,得到载药自组装纳米药物溶液(CEQ6A纳米药物溶液)。
本发明的有益效果在于:
1.本发明所制备的纳米粒CEQ6A,既具备了厄洛替尼的肺癌靶向治疗特点,又通过联合治疗,改善了厄洛替尼易引起机体耐药性的缺点。
2.本发明所制备的纳米粒CEQ6A具备Ce6声动力治疗的作用,并且利用了AuNPs增强声动力治疗的特点,提高治疗效果。
3.本发明所制备的纳米粒CEQ6A既保留了壳聚糖无毒、生物相容性高的特性,又提高了厄洛替尼的水溶性。
4.本发明所制备的纳米粒CEQ6A经季铵盐修饰改善了载体水溶性,使载体具有两亲性质,大大提高了载药量和生物利用度。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例8的CEQ6,CEQA和CEQ6A的粒径分布图;
图2为本发明实施例8的CEQ6,CEQA和CEQ6A的表面Zeta电势图;
图3为本发明实施例7处理的Ce6的紫外吸收强度标准曲线。
图4为本发明实施例7处理的AuNPs的紫外吸收强度标准曲线。
图5为本发明实施例7 Ce6和CEQ6A紫外表征图。
图6为本发明实施例7 AuNPs和CEQ6A紫外表征图。
图7为本发明实施例9的细胞毒性结果图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,对本发明进行进一步说明,有助于本领域的普通技术人员进一步理解本发明,但不以任何形式限制本发明。
实施例1
厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖(CE)的合成:
步骤a: 配制 1% 冰醋酸作为溶剂,称取1 g Cs(60K,脱乙酰度90%)置于烧杯中,加入溶剂15 mL,玻璃棒缓慢均匀搅拌,直至液体为透明黄色粘稠状,再加入溶剂20 mL,缓慢均匀搅拌,形成液体呈淡黄色透明状,加15 mL甲醇,使其粘度下降,在室温下,缓慢均匀搅拌5 min。缓慢加入50 mL 4wt.% NaHCO3溶液,常温下放置磁力搅拌器搅拌 2 h,抽滤去上清液。将固体放于烧瓶中,缓慢倒入无水DMF 100 mL,搅拌24 h,抽滤去DMF,得到溶胀Cs;
步骤b:称取溶胀Cs 1 g于圆底烧瓶,加无水DMF 50 mL溶解,再加入2 g 4-溴邻苯二甲酸酐,抽真空充N2,放置125 ℃油浴锅中搅拌加热,待圆底烧瓶中溶液变澄清,立刻结束反应。将热滤液倒入500 mL冰水中,析出白色固体,待固体析出完全,4-8 ℃下5000 rpm离心 5 min,弃去上清液,得到可能含有少许 4-溴邻苯二甲酸酐的固体,用丙酮和乙醚洗涤除去,干燥,得到 Cs衍生物Cs-Br;
步骤c:称取上述Cs衍生物1 g于圆底烧瓶,加NMP 50 mL,50 ℃油浴锅加热,搅拌至完全溶解。加NaN3 1.66 g,抽真空充N2,置于80 ℃油浴锅中反应24 h,将反应液倒入100mL乙醇中,待固体析出完全,常温下转速12000 rpm离心5 min,收集固体,固体先用双蒸水洗涤,再用丙酮洗涤,干燥,得到棕色Cs衍生物 Cs-N3;
步骤d:称取棕色Cs衍生物1 g于烧瓶,加入30 mL DMSO,加热并搅拌30 min直至固体完全溶解,加250 mg Er,抽真空充N2,再用1 mL注射器先往烧瓶中滴加五水硫酸铜水溶液(10mg/mL)200μL,再滴加抗坏血酸钠水溶液(15mg/mL)200μL。抽真空充N2,放于油浴锅中,50 ℃避光搅拌并加热3天,反应液在双蒸水中透析2天(透析袋截留分子量为10000),每6 h换水一次。产物放冷冻干燥机中冻干,得到载体——厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖CE。
实施例2
季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖(CQ)的合成:
步骤a:称取Cs(60K,脱乙酰度90%)100 mg放入烧瓶中, 加入DMF 50 mL并将其分散均匀,然后加邻苯二甲酸酐400 mg,将上述混合液置于N2气氛中,125 ℃下搅拌,反应至混合液变澄清。停止加热,将混合液倒入冰水中,抽滤,用丙酮、乙醚洗涤数次,最后置于通风橱中干燥,得到氨基保护的Cs衍生物;
步骤b:取氨基保护的Cs衍生物100 mg于烧瓶中,加NMP 10 mL,在油浴锅中加热溶解,然后取出反应液放置冷却后,加NBS 616 mg,TPP 902 mg, 在加入NBS和TPP的过程中,溶液变为红棕色,接着在N2保护下于80 ℃反应2 h,反应结束,然后将反应液倒入100 mL乙醇中,析出溴代Cs的衍生物;
步骤c:取溴代Cs的衍生物60 mg于烧杯中,加6 mL NMP,在油浴锅中加热溶解,加100 mg NaN3,N2气氛下在80 ℃反应72 h,将反应液倾入60 mL乙醇中,析出沉淀,转速1200rpm下离心5 min,水和丙酮分别洗三次,得到的重氮取代Cs的衍生物,然后放于通风橱中干燥;
Q-amine的合成: 在-20 ℃下,取三甲胺890 μL加到2 mL乙腈中,再缓慢滴加到862 μL三溴丙炔中,密封并立即放于 0 ℃下反应,搅拌约20 min。然后取出烧瓶于室温下反应24 h,析出白色沉淀,减压浓缩,得到白色固体炔基季铵盐(Q-amine);
步骤d:称取重氮取代Cs的衍生物20 mg,溶于DMF 2 mL中,加20 mg Q-amine,在N2气氛下,用注射器依次加200 μL 的CuSO4·5H2O 水溶液(20 mg/mL)和200 μL的维生素C钠水溶液(15 mg/mL),室温下反应72 h。反应结束后向反应液中倒20 mL乙醇,离心,在室温下干燥沉淀,即为季铵盐取代Cs的衍生物;
步骤e:将季铵盐取代Cs的衍生物10mg加到水和水合肼按体积比1:1混合的2mL溶液中,100 ℃条件下反应10 h ,然后减压旋干反应溶剂并将残渣溶于水,透析3天,冻干产物,得到棉花状产物——季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖(CQ)。
实施例3
厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖和季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖的自组装载体(CEQ)的制备:
取实施例1中得到的CE 0.5 mg溶解在0.5 mL DMSO中,另取实施例2中得到的CQ0.5 mg溶解在0.5 mL 水中,二者混合,搅拌24 h即得CEQ混悬液。
实施例4
CEQ包载Ce6纳米粒(CEQ6)的制备:
Ce6溶液(0.5 mg/mL)500 μL滴加至实施例3中得到的CEQ混悬液中,滴加1.5 mL双蒸水,搅拌3天,离心,得到CEQ6溶液。
实施例5
CEQ包载AuNPs(CEQA)的制备:
取AuNPs母液(0.25 mmol/L)500 μL滴加至实施例3中得到的CEQ混悬液中,滴加1.5 mL水,搅拌3天,离心,得到CEQA溶液。
实施例6
CEQ包载Ce6和AuNPs(CEQ6A)的制备:
取AuNPs母液(0.25 mmol/L)500 μL和Ce6溶液(0.5 mg/mL)500 μL依次滴加至实施例3中得到的CEQ混悬液中,滴加1 mL水,搅拌3天,离心,得到CEQ6A溶液。
实施例7
Ce6和AuNPs的载药量检查:
称取5 mg Ce6溶于DMSO配置成50 mg/mL的母液以备用。取Ce6母液用DMSO稀释成50、25、12.5、10、8.33、6.25、5、2.5 μg/mL的浓度梯度,以DMSO为溶剂,用多功能酶标仪以吸收波长404 nm,测量不同浓度下Ce6的紫外吸收强度,处理数据得到Ce6的紫外吸收强度标准曲线如图3所示。称取实施例4得到的CEQ6和实施例6得到的CEQ6A适量,用DMSO溶解,紫外/可见分光光度计以同样的吸收波长下测量其紫外吸收光谱。如图5所示,CEQ6和CEQ6A均出现Ce6特征吸收峰,证明Ce6被成功包载,经计算,Ce6载药量为150.2 μg/mg。
取AuNPs母液用水稀释成0.125、0.0625、0.05、0.04165、0.03125、0.025、0.0125mmol/L的浓度梯度,以水为溶剂,用多功能酶标仪以吸收波长520 nm,测量不同浓度下AuNPs的紫外吸收强度,处理数据得到AuNPs的紫外吸收强度标准曲线,结果如图4所示。称取实施例6得到的CEQ6A用水配置至一定浓度后,紫外/可见分光光度计以同样的吸收波长测量其紫外吸收光谱。如图6所示,CEQ6A存在520 nm处的金纳米粒的特征吸收峰,证明AuNPs已被成功包载,经计算,AuNPs包封率为44.7%。
实施例8
纳米粒的粒径和表面电位测定:
将实施例4-6所制备的纳米粒CEQ6,CEQA和CEQ6A用超纯水稀释,将上述物质分别配制为一定浓度的悬浮液,采用动态光散射粒度测定仪(DLS)来测定纳米粒CEQ6,CEQA和CEQ6A的粒径分布和表面Zeta电势。各纳米药物的粒径分布如图1所示,电势结果如图2所示,各纳米粒呈现负电性。
表一不同纳米粒的粒径和电势
实施例9
以人肺癌细胞PC9细胞(EGFR突变型)为测试细胞(细胞购自中国科学院上海生命科学研究所细胞资源中心)。
细胞培养方法:取出存放在液氮罐中的PC9细胞保种管,在37 ℃的水浴锅中迅速溶化解冻,然后以1500 rpm的转速离心5 min,把上清液弃去,取RPMI 1640完全培养液1 mL将细胞沉淀吹打均匀,然后转移至培养瓶中使培养瓶中的培养基为4 mL,放于37 ℃,5%CO2培养箱中培养。
细胞毒性实验:取对数期生长且状态良好的PC9细胞经胰蛋白酶消化后,配制成细胞悬液。96孔板中每孔加入细胞悬液(104细胞/孔)100 μL。在37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中孵育24 h后,分别加入以下药物(或不加药物,给药组浓度为50 μg/mL):空白、CEQ、CEQA、CEQ6、CEQ6A、CEQ6A,其中,第二组CEQ6A用超声波超声(强度0.1 W/cm2,时间10 s),用于比较声动力的治疗效果。每个药物设五个复孔。药物作用24 h后,用PBS洗两遍,每孔加MTT溶液(5mg/mL,即0.5% MTT)100 μL,继续培养4 h后终止培养,小心吸去孔内培养液。每孔加DMSO150 μL,置于摇床上低速振荡10 min,使结晶物充分地溶解。在酶联免疫检测仪OD570 nm处测量各孔的吸光值。并按下式计算细胞的存活率。存活率(%)=(实验组吸收值-溶剂对照组吸收值)/(空白组吸收值-溶剂对照组吸收值)。结果如图7所示,PC9细胞给药CEQ6A并施加超声(0.1 W/cm2)10 s,细胞毒性显著增强。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种增强声动力治疗的肺癌靶向自组装纳米药物,其特征在于:所述的纳米粒是由壳聚糖、厄洛替尼、二氢卟吩E6和纳米金反应得到的厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖/ Ce6/AuNPs的纳米药物,其中,二氢卟吩E6的载药量为10-500 μg/mg,纳米金的包封率为10-90%。
2.如权利要求1 所述增强声动力治疗的肺癌靶向自组装纳米药物的制备方法,其特征在于:利用厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖和季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖为复合载体,再装载二氢卟吩E6和纳米金,从而构建所述纳米药物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:包括如下具体步骤:
步骤(a):分别合成厄洛替尼修饰的壳聚糖CE和季铵盐修饰的壳聚糖CQ;
步骤(b):将步骤(a)中得到的CE溶解在DMSO中,制备获得CE溶液浓度为1mg/mL;CQ溶解在水中,制备获得CQ溶液浓度为1mg/mL,然后1:1体积比混合,得到CEQ自组装复合载体混悬液;
步骤(c):取0.25 mmol/L 纳米金母液、0.5 mg/mL二氢卟吩E6溶液和水依次滴加至步骤(b)得到的混悬液中,各溶液体积比为0.5:0.5:1:1,自组装得到CEQ6A纳米药物。
4.一种如权利要求1所述的纳米药物在用于制备抗肿瘤的分子靶向/声动力治疗药物中的应用。
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