CN113008501A - Device and method for testing impact mechanical property of elastomer - Google Patents
Device and method for testing impact mechanical property of elastomer Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a device and a method for testing dynamic mechanical response of an elastomer, which change the thicknesses of a front chopping block, a rear chopping block and the elastomer to be tested on the existing testing device correspondingly, and specifically comprise the following steps: thinning the thickness of the elastomer to be detected, and thickening the thicknesses of the front chopping block and the rear chopping block; and the shock wave is reflected back and forth in the elastomer to be tested by utilizing the characteristic that the wave impedance of the elastomer to be tested is far smaller than that of the front chopping block and the rear chopping block. Therefore, after the shock wave is reflected for multiple times in the elastic body to be measured, different reflected waves have different times of reaching the free surface of the back chopping board. The change of the particle speed of the free surface of the chopping board is recorded by the laser speed interferometer system, the wave propagation time interval is calculated, the wave speed of the elastomer to be tested under different stress states is calculated by combining the thickness of the elastomer to be tested, and the effect of obtaining the dynamic mechanical response of the elastomer to be tested is achieved. By adopting the test method, a plurality of data points can be obtained through one experiment to fit a relatively complete Hugoniot line.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of flat plate impact experiments, in particular to a device and a method for testing dynamic mechanical response of an elastomer.
Background
The elastomer has wide application prospect in the protection field due to excellent dynamic energy absorption characteristic and impact resistance. Elastomers such as polyurea, two-component addition silicone rubber, and the like have wave velocity and acoustic impedance significantly lower than those of metallic materials, and play an increasingly important role in structural systems subjected to impact loads. Therefore, obtaining the impact mechanical property of the elastomer is of great significance to quantifying the explosion-proof and impact-resistant performance of the elastomer.
In practical application, an elastomer is used as a protective material and is often subjected to high-pressure and high-strain-rate impact load, so that a flat plate impact experiment is generally adopted to obtain the impact mechanical property of the elastomer. In a flat plate impact test, the wave velocity and the particle velocity of the elastomer under the one-dimensional strain condition can be calculated through the interface stress historical curve measured by a manganin piezoresistance meter at different positions. Mock et al (Mock Jr W, Bartyczak S, Lee G, et al. dynamic properties of polyurea 1000[ C ]// AIP Conference properties. American Institute of Physics,2009,1195(1):1241 and 1244) employ a plate impact experimental setup configuration as shown in FIG. 1. The flyer impacts a target plate system containing an elastomer 6 to be tested, wherein the front chopping block 7 and the rear chopping block 4 are respectively assembled at the front and the rear of the elastomer 6 to be tested. Glue is used for gluing the manganin piezoresistive gauge 1 on the interface of the front chopping board 7 and the elastomer 6 to be tested, glue is used for gluing the manganin piezoresistive gauge 2 on the interface of the elastomer 6 to be tested and the rear chopping board 4, and finally, the sandwich structure of the front chopping board 7, the elastomer 6 to be tested and the rear chopping board 4 is fixed on the polycarbonate tray 1 by utilizing the epoxy resin clamp 2. The manganin piezoresistance meters at different positions can measure the axial stress of the interface, and the variation difference of the axial stress at different positions along with time is utilized to calculate the physical quantities such as the wave velocity of the shock wave under the stress level.
However, the existing flat plate impact test method for measuring dynamic mechanical response of the elastomer by using the manganin piezoresistive meter has the following defects:
(1) only physical quantities such as wave velocity and the like under one stress level can be obtained in one experiment, so that a complete Hugoniot line (P-V curve, wherein P is pressure and V is specific volume) can be obtained only through multiple experiments;
(2) after each test, the manganin piezoresistance meter is scrapped due to impact and cannot be reused, so that the test cost is increased;
(3) the manganin piezoresistive gauges at different positions have to have higher measurement precision, and the piezoresistive coefficients of the manganin piezoresistive gauges and the manganin piezoresistive coefficients are as close as possible, so that the manganin piezoresistive gauges need to be dynamically calibrated;
(4) the manganin piezoresistance meter needs to be glued at different positions of the elastomer to be measured, so that the structure is complex and the operation is difficult;
(5) the manganin piezoresistance meter needs to be pre-buried in the elastomer that awaits measuring and the interface department of preceding chopping block, and the shock wave can receive the influence of manganin piezoresistance meter when the elastomer that awaits measuring and preceding chopping block transmission, produces certain experimental error.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is: aiming at the defects of the prior art, the device and the method for testing the impact mechanical property of the elastomer are provided.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: an elastomer impact mechanical property testing device comprises: a target plate system; during testing, the flyer is driven to impact the target plate system; the target plate system comprises: the cutting board comprises a tray, a clamp, a reflector, a rear cutting board and a front cutting board; the front chopping block, the elastomer to be tested and the rear chopping block are sequentially connected and then fixed in the central hole of the tray through the clamp;
it is characterized by also comprising: a mirror and laser speed interferometer system;
arranging a reflector and a laser speed interferometer system at the side of the rear cutting board, so that laser beams of the laser speed interferometer system irradiate the reflector and then are reflected to the center of the free surface of the rear cutting board;
the thickness range of the front chopping block is 2.5 mm-4 mm, the thickness range of the elastomer to be tested is 60.1 mm-0.8 mm, and the thickness range of the rear chopping block is 4 mm-7 mm;
the flyer, the front chopping board and the rear chopping board are made of the same metal material; and the wave impedance of the front chopping block and the rear chopping block is at least 15 times of that of the elastomer to be tested.
Preferably, the initial yield limit of the axial stress of the metal material selected by the flyer, the front anvil and the rear anvil under the one-dimensional strain condition is higher than the test pressure.
Preferably, the front chopping block, the elastomer to be tested and the rear chopping block are bonded in sequence and then are bonded in the central hole of the tray through the clamp.
In addition, based on the testing device, the invention provides a method for testing the impact mechanical property of the elastomer;
the method comprises the following steps: placing the target plate system on a loading system flange in a target plate chamber, and arranging the reflector to enable laser beams of the laser speed interferometer system to be reflected to the center of the free surface of the rear cutting board;
after the laser intensity is debugged to a set value, closing the target plate chamber and vacuumizing, and loading a flyer by using a light gas gun to impact a target plate system; then measuring a particle speed curve of the free surface of the back chopping board by the laser speed interferometer system;
step two: reading the particle speed corresponding to each step in the particle speed curve of the free surface of the rear chopping board obtained in the step one and the time interval between two adjacent steps;
step three: and (3) calculating physical quantities such as wave velocity and stress:
calculating the wave speed of the corresponding time interval by using the time interval obtained in the step two, and enabling the time interval delta tiCorresponding wave velocity of DiThen D isi＝2h/Δti(ii) a Where Δ tiIndicating the time interval of the ith step and the (i + 1) th step in the particle speed curve of the free surface of the rear chopping board;
at the same time, the particle speed corresponding to the ith step is uiCan calculate the corresponding wave velocity DiStress at σi＝ρ0DiuiPer 2 and degree of compression
Where ρ is0Is the initial density, V, of the elastomer to be measurediIs the current specific volume, V, of the elastomer to be measured0Is the initial specific volume of the elastomer to be measured.
In the second step, if the time interval between two adjacent steps cannot be accurately read from the speed curve of the particles on the free surface of the rear chopping board, the time interval is obtained by adopting the following method:
deriving the speed curve of the free surface particles of the rear chopping board to obtain an acceleration historical curve;
preliminarily reading the time interval of two adjacent steps in the speed curve of the particles on the free surface of the rear chopping board; and then reading a time period lasting a trough between two peaks in the time interval of the initial reading in the acceleration history curve, and taking the time period as a corresponding time interval.
Has the advantages that:
(1) the testing device changes the structure of a target plate system, only a laser speed interferometer system is needed to measure the free surface particle speed by utilizing the principle of chasing reflected waves, so that the impact response and the related physical quantity can be obtained, only one reflector is worn in the testing system in each experiment, and the problem that the testing equipment has large loss is solved.
(2) The testing device has the advantages that the structure is simple, the assembly is easy, and the problems of complex structure and difficult operation caused by the fact that the manganin piezoresistance meter needs to be glued at different positions of the elastomer to be tested are solved by changing the thickness of the elastomer to be tested and the structure of a target plate system.
(3) The testing principle of the impact mechanical property of the elastomer is changed, so that the testing system is externally arranged on the target plate system, and the problem that the manganin piezoresistance meter needs to be embedded at the interface between the elastomer to be tested and the front and rear chopping boards, and the impact wave can be influenced by the manganin piezoresistance meter when the elastomer to be tested and the front and rear chopping boards are transmitted to generate a certain experimental error is solved.
(4) By adopting the test method, a plurality of data points can be obtained through one experiment to fit a relatively complete Hugoniot line, and the problem that the complete Hugoniot line can be obtained only by a plurality of experiments in the conventional test method is solved.
(5) The testing method only needs to measure one speed physical quantity in each experiment, and solves the problems that the existing testing technology must ensure that the manganin piezoresistive gauges at different positions have higher measuring precision, the piezoresistive coefficients of the manganin piezoresistive gauges and the manganin piezoresistive gauges are as close as possible, the manganin piezoresistive gauges need to be dynamically calibrated when necessary, and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a slab impact test for measuring dynamic mechanical response of an elastomer by a manganin piezoresistive gauge in the background art;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a testing apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a historical velocity curve of particles on the free surface of the rear anvil measured by a laser velocity interferometer system;
FIG. 4 is a graph of acceleration history derived from particle velocity;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of wave propagation;
FIG. 6 is a Hugoniot line fit based on experimental data points;
wherein: 1-tray, 2-clamp, 3-reflector, 4-back chopping block, 5-laser speed interferometer system, 6-elastomer to be tested, 7-front chopping block, 8-flyer, 9-1 manganese copper piezoresistance meter and 10-2 manganese copper piezoresistance meter.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Example 1:
the embodiment provides an elastomer impact mechanical property testing device, which can obtain impact response and related physical quantity by utilizing the principle of pursuing reflected waves and only needing to use a laser velocity interferometer system to measure the velocity of free-surface particles, and the whole testing device has a simple structure and is easy to assemble.
As shown in fig. 2, the test apparatus includes: the laser speed interferometer comprises a tray 1, a clamp 2, a reflector 3, a rear cutting board 4, a laser speed interferometer system 5, a front cutting board 7 and a flyer 8; the tray 1 and the clamp 2 are both of annular structures with central circular holes, wherein the tray 1 is made of polycarbonate materials, and the clamp 2 is made of epoxy resin materials; the flyer 8, the front chopping board 7 and the rear chopping board 4 are made of the same metal material, so that the interference of other reflected waves is avoided; and the wave impedance of the elastomer 6 to be tested is ensured to be far smaller than that of the front and rear chopping boards, preferably, the wave impedance of the front and rear chopping boards should be 15 times larger than that of the elastomer 6 to be tested. In addition, the initial yield limit, namely the Hugoniot elastic limit, of the axial stress of the metal materials selected by the flyer 8, the front cutting board 7 and the rear cutting board 4 under the one-dimensional strain condition is higher than the experimental test pressure, so that the shock waves are prevented from forming elastic-plastic wave double-wave structures in the compression process to interfere data reading.
The connection relationship is as follows: the clamp 2 is coaxially arranged in a central hole of the tray 1; the outer circumferential surface of the jig 2 is bonded to the inner circumferential surface of the pallet 1, thereby bonding the jig 2 to the inside of the pallet 1. A front chopping block 7, an elastomer 6 to be tested and a rear chopping block 4 are sequentially arranged in the central hole of the clamp 2 along the axial direction; preceding chopping block 7, the elastomer 6 that awaits measuring and back chopping block 4 bond together in proper order, and the outer periphery of preceding chopping block 7, the elastomer 6 that awaits measuring and back chopping block 4 bonds with the interior circumference of anchor clamps 2 respectively. The tray 1, the clamp 2, the rear chopping block 4, the elastomer 6 to be tested and the front chopping block 7 form a target plate system.
When the target plate system is processed, the tray 1 is firstly placed on a horizontal reference table, then the clamp 2 is placed on the inner side, and the clamp 2 is laterally bonded on the inner side of the tray 1 by using glue. And then the front chopping block 7, the elastomer 6 to be tested and the rear chopping block 4 are bonded on the inner side of the clamp 2 by glue in sequence. Simultaneously, sequentially bonding the front chopping board 7 and the elastomer 6 to be tested and bonding the elastomer 6 to be tested and the rear chopping board 4 by using glue; after bonding everywhere, place the heavy object on back chopping block 4 and compress tightly and stew for 5 ~ 10 minutes, its effect is extrusion glue, makes to be full of glue between preceding chopping block 7, the elastomer 6 that awaits measuring and the back chopping block 4, avoids the influence of bubble to the shock wave during the experiment. After that, the weight was removed.
During testing, the target plate system is placed on a loading system flange in a target plate chamber, the reflecting mirror 3 and the laser speed interferometer system 5 are arranged on the side where the rear cutting board 4 is located, and laser beams of the laser speed interferometer system 5 irradiate the reflecting mirror 3 and then are reflected to the center of the free surface of the rear cutting board 4. After the laser intensity is adjusted, the target plate chamber is closed, vacuum pumping is carried out, and a light gas gun loading flying piece 8 is utilized to impact the target plate system for testing.
This testing arrangement carries out corresponding change with preceding chopping block 7, back chopping block 4 and the thickness of the elastomer 6 that awaits measuring on current testing arrangement, specifically is: thinning the thickness of the elastomer 6 to be tested, and reflecting shock waves back and forth inside the elastomer 6 to be tested by utilizing the characteristic that the wave impedance of the elastomer 6 to be tested is far smaller than that of the front chopping board and the rear chopping board; the thickness of the front chopping block and the rear chopping block is thickened; preferably, the thickness of the front chopping board 7 ranges from 2.5mm to 4mm, the thickness of the elastomer to be tested ranges from 60.1mm to 0.8mm, and the thickness of the rear chopping board 4 ranges from 4mm to 7 mm. Therefore, after the shock wave is reflected for multiple times in the elastic body 6 to be measured, the different reflected waves have different moments when reaching the free surface of the rear chopping block 4 (the free surface of the rear chopping block 4 refers to the axial end surface of the rear chopping block 4 facing outwards). The change of the particle speed of the free surface of the chopping block 4 is recorded by the laser speed interferometer system 5, the wave propagation time interval is calculated, the wave speed of the elastomer to be tested under different stress states is calculated by combining the thickness of the elastomer to be tested 6, and the effect of obtaining the dynamic mechanical response of the elastomer to be tested is achieved.
Example 2:
based on the testing apparatus of embodiment 1, this embodiment provides a method for testing impact mechanical properties of an elastomer, where the method includes the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: the target plate system is placed on a loading system flange in a target plate chamber, and a reflector 3 is arranged to enable laser beams of a laser speed interferometer system 5 to be reflected to the center of the free surface of a rear chopping board 4. After the laser intensity is adjusted, the target plate chamber is closed and vacuumized, the light gas cannon is used for loading the flyer 8 to impact the target plate system (the cannon port of the light gas cannon extends into the target plate chamber and is opposite to the target plate system), and the flyer 8 can form shock waves after impacting the front cutting board 7.
As shown in fig. 5, the flying piece 8 impacts the front anvil 7 to form a shock wave, and the shock wave is transmitted to the front anvil 7, the elastomer 6 to be tested, and the rear anvil 4 in sequence. When the shock wave propagates to the interface between the elastomer 6 to be measured and the back anvil 4, a reflection is formed. Because the thickness of the elastic body 6 to be measured is thin, the shock wave is reflected back and forth in the elastic body 6 to be measured, the formed reflected wave is sequentially transmitted to the free surface of the rear chopping board 4, the stress amplitudes of different reflected waves are different, the particle speed of the free surface is different, and therefore the particle speed step with the time interval capable of being read is obtained.
The free surface particle velocity of the back chopping board 4 is measured by a laser velocity interferometer system 5, and then the free surface particle velocity curve of the back chopping board as shown in figure 3 is obtained,
step two: the time interval is adapted according to the principle of catch-up of reflected waves.
The particle speed corresponding to each step in the curve is read by using the particle speed curve of the free surface of the rear chopping board obtained by measurement, and the particle speed corresponding to the ith step in the particle speed curve of the free surface of the rear chopping board is made to be uiI is (1, n), and n is the number of steps in the free surface particle velocity curve of the rear chopping block 4; if it isIf the steps are clear, directly reading the time interval between two adjacent steps, and setting the time interval between the ith step and the (i + 1) th step as delta ti(ii) a The time interval Δ t between the 2 nd step and the 1 st step as in fig. 31Time interval Δ t between the 3 rd step and the 2 nd step2；
If the steps are unclear (for example, the time interval between the 4 th step and the 3 rd step in fig. 3 cannot be accurately read from fig. 3), that is, the time interval may be distributed with holes, a derivation method is adopted to obtain an acceleration history curve, as shown in fig. 4; then, obtaining a time interval corresponding to a time period in which the step is unclear according to the following method:
firstly, obtaining a preliminary time interval of two unclear steps according to a particle speed curve of a free surface of a rear chopping board, then reading a time period of a trough between two wave crests in the preliminary time interval in an acceleration historical curve, and taking the time period as a corresponding time interval, such as a time interval delta t of a 4 th step and a time interval delta t of a 3 rd step3。
Step three: and calculating physical quantities such as wave velocity and stress.
Before the test, the thickness h of the elastomer 6 to be tested is measured, and then the wave velocity of the corresponding time interval is calculated by using the time interval obtained in the step two, so that the time interval delta t is madeiCorresponding wave velocity of DiThen D isi＝2h/Δti。
Further, the particle velocity according to the ith step is uiCan calculate the corresponding wave velocity DiStress at σi＝ρ0DiuiPer 2 and degree of compression
Where ρ is0Is the initial density, V, of the elastomer 6 to be measurediIs the current specific volume (i step corresponding time) V of the elastomer 6 to be measured0Is the initial specific volume of the elastomer 6 to be measured; thus, a plurality of data points can be obtained through one experiment to fit a relatively complete Hugoniot line, as shown in FIG. 6.
Although the invention has been described in detail above with reference to a general description and specific examples, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (5)
1. Elastomer impact mechanics characteristic testing arrangement includes: a target plate system; during testing, the flyer (8) is driven to impact the target plate system; the target plate system comprises: the cutting board comprises a tray (1), a clamp (2), a reflective mirror (3), a rear cutting board (4) and a front cutting board (7); the front chopping block (7), the elastomer (6) to be tested and the rear chopping block (4) are sequentially connected and then fixed in the central hole of the tray (1) through the clamp (2);
it is characterized by also comprising: a reflector (3) and a laser speed interferometer system (5);
a reflector (3) and a laser speed interferometer system (5) are arranged on the side where the rear cutting board (4) is located, so that laser beams of the laser speed interferometer system (5) irradiate the reflector (3) and then are reflected to the center of the free surface of the rear cutting board (4);
the thickness range of the front chopping board (7) is 2.5-4 mm, the thickness range of the elastomer (6) to be tested is 60.1-0.8 mm, and the thickness range of the rear chopping board (4) is 4-7 mm;
the flyer (8), the front chopping board (7) and the rear chopping board (4) are made of the same metal material; and the wave impedance of the front chopping board (7) and the rear chopping board (4) is at least 15 times of that of the elastomer (6) to be tested.
2. An elastomer impact mechanics performance testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that the initial yield limit of the axial stress of the metallic material chosen for the flyer (8), the front anvil (7) and the rear anvil (4) under one-dimensional strain is higher than the test pressure.
3. The device for testing the impact mechanical properties of the elastomer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the front cutting board (7), the elastomer (6) to be tested and the rear cutting board (4) are sequentially bonded and then bonded in the central hole of the tray (1) through the fixture (2).
4. A method for testing the impact mechanical properties of an elastomer, which comprises using the test apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3;
the method comprises the following steps: placing the target plate system on a loading system flange in a target plate chamber, and arranging the reflector (3) to enable laser beams of the laser velocity interferometer system (5) to be reflected to the center of the free surface of the rear cutting board (4);
after the laser intensity is debugged to a set value, the target plate chamber is closed and vacuumized, and a light gas gun loading flyer (8) is utilized to impact a target plate system; then measuring the speed curve of the particles on the free surface of the back chopping board by the laser speed interferometer system (5);
step two: reading the particle speed corresponding to each step in the particle speed curve of the free surface of the rear chopping board obtained in the step one and the time interval between two adjacent steps;
step three: and (3) calculating physical quantities such as wave velocity and stress:
calculating the wave speed of the corresponding time interval by using the time interval obtained in the step two, and enabling the time interval delta tiCorresponding wave velocity of DiThen D isi＝2h/Δti(ii) a Where Δ tiIndicating the time interval of the ith step and the (i + 1) th step in the particle speed curve of the free surface of the rear chopping board;
at the same time, the particle speed corresponding to the ith step is uiCan calculate the corresponding wave velocity DiStress at σi＝ρ0DiuiPer 2 and degree of compression
Where ρ is0Is the initial density, V, of the elastomer (6) to be measurediIs the current specific volume, V, of the elastomer (6) to be measured0Is the initial specific volume of the elastomer (6) to be measured.
5. The method for testing impact mechanics characteristics of elastomer according to claim 4, wherein in step two, if the time interval between two adjacent steps cannot be accurately read from the particle velocity curve of the free surface of the rear anvil, the time interval is obtained by:
deriving the speed curve of the free surface particles of the rear chopping board to obtain an acceleration historical curve;
preliminarily reading the time interval of two adjacent steps in the speed curve of the particles on the free surface of the rear chopping board; and then reading a time period lasting a trough between two peaks in the time interval of the initial reading in the acceleration history curve, and taking the time period as a corresponding time interval.
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