CN112993406B - Electrolyte for fluorine ion battery - Google Patents

Electrolyte for fluorine ion battery Download PDF

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CN112993406B
CN112993406B CN201911287585.9A CN201911287585A CN112993406B CN 112993406 B CN112993406 B CN 112993406B CN 201911287585 A CN201911287585 A CN 201911287585A CN 112993406 B CN112993406 B CN 112993406B
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electrolyte
fluoride
fluorine
salt
ions
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CN112993406A (en
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曲超
张洪章
李先锋
刘翠连
张华民
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Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of CAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0045—Room temperature molten salts comprising at least one organic ion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention provides an electrolyte for a fluorine ion battery, which comprises fluorine salt and a solvent; as the positive ions in the main component villiaumite have conjugated large pi rings and form a high delocalized structure with the quaternary ammonium ions, and the positive charges are highly dispersed in each structure of the positive ions, the bonding force between the positive ions and the villiaumite is smaller, the dissociation degree of the villiaumite is better compared with that of the electrolyte in the prior art, the conductivity of the electrolyte is higher, and the villiaumite battery can run at room temperature and has higher energy density.

Description

Electrolyte for fluorine ion battery
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of chemical power sources, and particularly relates to a high-energy-density fluorine ion battery and electrolyte thereof.
Background
At present, lithium ion batteries are widely applied to industries such as consumer electronics, electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage as a mainstream secondary battery technology at present, and the life of human beings is greatly improved. But the energy density still cannot meet the increasing long-term endurance requirement of human beings. While the electrochemistry of metallic lithium or lithium-containing electrodes presents several problems in commercial applications. The lithium metal has high activity, the stable safety of the battery is not good, the battery is easy to be overcharged or overdischarged, and in extreme cases, thermal runaway and battery rupture, even short circuit explosion can be caused.
The fluorine ion battery gains attention because of high theoretical energy density and high safety, the fluorine ion battery realizes the charge and discharge of the battery by shuttling fluorine anions in fluorine ion electrolyte or electrolyte, the fluorine ions are taken as current carriers, and the theoretical energy density is as high as 5000 Wh/kg. The initial fluoride ion cell was proposed by Anji Reddy and Fichtner of germany 40 years ago and was validated in 2011. However, the fluorine electrolyte adopted by the method has low conductivity at normal temperature and only has low conductivity at normal temperatureThe fluorine ion conductivity reaches 2.8 multiplied by 10 under the addition of 160 DEG C-4The normal operation can be carried out when the concentration of the fluorine ions is S/cm, which greatly limits the application and the development of the fluorine ion battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an electrolyte for a fluorine ion battery used at room temperature and a fluorine ion battery thereof. By utilizing the electrolyte, the fluorine ion battery can normally operate at room temperature, and the practical application of the fluorine ion battery is greatly promoted. The technical scheme is as follows:
the invention provides a villiaumite, which is an ionic liquid, wherein the positive ions are shown in a structural formula (I), and the negative ions are fluorine ions;
Figure GDA0002358365530000011
the R is3，R4，R5，R6，R7，R8，R9Independently is C1-50Aliphatic radical of (1), C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Of fluoroalkane or C1-50An aromatic hydrocarbon group of (1).
Based on the technical scheme, the preferable C1-50Aliphatic radical of (1), C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Fluoroalkane of (C)1-50A part of the aromatic hydrocarbon group of (a) may be substituted with a substituent which is halogen, an ester group, a carbonyl group, a sulfo group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or the like; said C1-50Aliphatic or C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Fluoroalkane of (C)1-50The aromatic hydrocarbon group of (a) is a linear or branched structure.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the villiaumite with the structural formula (I), which comprises the following steps:
(1) in an environment with tetraalkyl urea, oxalyl chloride and dichloromethane as solvents (in the environment, the water content is less than 0.1ppm, and the oxygen content is less than 0.1ppm), after the reflux reaction is carried out for 1-8 hours, the temperature of the reflux reaction is the boiling point of dichloromethane, and the solvents are evaporated to dryness to generate onium salts; the structural formula of the tetraalkyl urea is shown as a structural formula (I-a);
Figure GDA0002358365530000021
(2) reacting onium salt with substance shown in formula (I-b) at 90 deg.C for 1-48 hr in the presence of triethylamine, adding R5Br, reacting for 2-24 hours at 90 ℃ to generate bromine salt; the molar ratio of the onium salt, the substance shown in the structural formula (I-b) and triethylamine is 1:1: 1;
Figure GDA0002358365530000022
(3) mixing bromine salt and silver fluoride, and reacting at room temperature for 2-24 hours to generate villiaumite; the molar ratio of the bromine salt to the silver fluoride is 1: 1.
The invention also provides an electrolyte for the fluoride ion battery, which comprises villiaumite and a solvent; the villiaumite is villiaumite or villiaumite with positive ions of structural formula (II) and negative ions of fluorinion;
Figure GDA0002358365530000031
R1，R2independently is C1-50Aliphatic radical of (1), C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Of fluoroalkane or C1-50An aromatic hydrocarbon group of (1).
Based on the technical scheme, the preferable C1-50Aliphatic radical of (1), C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Fluoroalkane of (C)1-50A part of the aromatic hydrocarbon group of (a) may be substituted with a substituent which is halogen, an ester group, a carbonyl group, a sulfo group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group or the like; said C1-50Aliphatic or C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Fluoroalkane of (C)1-50The aromatic hydrocarbon group of (a) is a linear or branched structure.
Based on the technical scheme, the solvent is preferably nitrile, amine, ether, fluoroether, carbonate, nitro compound, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon, halogenated compound, sulfone, sulfoxide, amide, ester, alcohol and heterocyclic compound;
based on the technical scheme, the solvent is preferably one or more of acetone, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, 4-fluorobenzonitrile, pentafluorobenzonitrile, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, γ -butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, nitromethane, toluene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 1, 3-dioxolane, pyridine, and methyl ethyl sulfone.
The concentration of the electrolyte for the fluoride ion battery is 0.1-90 wt%, namely the mass fraction of the fluoride salt in the electrolyte is 0.1-90%.
The invention also provides a fluoride ion battery, which comprises an anode, a cathode and electrolyte; the electrolyte is the electrolyte for the fluorine ion battery; the anode material is characterized by its standard potential E0Below the standard potential of the cathode material.
Based on the technical scheme, preferably,
the anode is made of at least one of metal, metal fluoride, metal oxide, polymer capable of accommodating fluorine ions and carbon material capable of accommodating fluorine ions;
the metal can be one or more than two of sodium, potassium, lanthanum, cerium, bismuth and molybdenum; the polymer capable of containing fluorinion is polyaniline or polypyrrole, various layered double hydroxides capable of containing fluorinion,
the layered double hydroxide capable of accommodating fluorine anions is Mg3Al-NO3，Ca2Al-Cl，Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2And the like.
The carbon material capable of containing fluorinion is active carbon, graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, mesocarbon microbeads and the like.
The cathode material is at least one of metal, metal fluoride, metal oxide, various polymers capable of accommodating fluorine ions or carbon materials capable of accommodating fluorine ions;
the metal can be one or more than two of copper, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, gallium and germanium;
the polymer capable of containing fluorinion is polyaniline or polypyrrole, and layered double hydroxide capable of containing fluorinion is Mg3Al-NO3，Ca2Al-Cl，Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Etc.;
the carbon material capable of containing fluorinion is carbon fluoride CFx(x＝0～2)。
Advantageous effects
By adopting the electrolyte provided by the invention, as the positive ions in the main component of the fluoride salt have conjugated large pi rings to form a highly delocalized structure with quaternary ammonium ions, and the positive charges are highly dispersed in each structure of the positive ions, the bonding force between the positive ions and the fluoride ions is smaller, the dissociation degree of the fluoride salt is better compared with that of the electrolyte in the prior art, the conductivity of the electrolyte is higher, and the fluoride ion battery can run at room temperature and has higher energy density.
Detailed Description
The battery assembly test method is as follows: a method for preparing an electrode. Cobalt fluoride, conductive carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride are mixed according to the mass fraction of 8: 1:1 to N-methyl pyrrolidone to form a slurry with a solids content of 40%, and then coating the slurry on an aluminum foil with an active material areal density of 2mg/cm2(ii) a Metal lanthanum powder, conductive carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride are mixed according to the mass fraction of 8: 1:1 to N-methyl pyrrolidone to form a slurry with a solids content of 40%, and then coating the slurry onto a copper foil with an active material areal density of 2mg/cm2。
And (6) assembling the battery. And (3) punching the positive electrode and the negative electrode into a circular sheet with the diameter of 15cm, placing the circular sheet on two sides of a diaphragm (polypropylene), adding sufficient electrolyte and assembling the circular sheet in the 2016 type button cell.
And (6) testing the battery. Constant current charging was performed at 10mA to 4.0V cut-off, and discharging was performed at 10mA to 3.0V cut-off. The energy density based on the positive and negative electrode active materials (cobalt fluoride and lanthanum) was counted, and the capacity retention rate after 10 cycles was calculated.
The different cations, the solvent structural formulas exemplified in the examples are as follows, the fluoride salts shown in structural formulas 1,3, 5 and 6 of the present invention are commercially available, and the solvent is commercially available; the fluorine salts represented by the structural formulae 2 and 4 are prepared by the following method,
structural formula 2
(1) Mixing tetraalkyl urea, oxalyl chloride and dichloromethane, performing reflux reaction for 1 hour at the boiling point of dichloromethane, and drying to obtain an onium salt; the molar ratio of tetraalkylurea to oxalyl chloride is 1: 1.
(2) Reacting onium salt with corresponding substituent substance at 90 ℃ for 1h in the presence of triethylamine, and adding R5Br, reacting at 90 ℃ for 2 hours to generate bromine salt; the molar ratio of the onium salt, the corresponding substituent substance and triethylamine is 1:1: 1.
(3) Mixing bromine salt and silver fluoride, and reacting at room temperature for 4 hours to generate villiaumite; the molar ratio of the bromine salt to the silver fluoride is 1: 1.
Structural formula 4
(1) Mixing tetraalkyl urea, oxalyl chloride and dichloromethane, performing reflux reaction for 8 hours at the boiling point of dichloromethane, and drying to obtain an onium salt; the molar ratio of tetraalkylurea to oxalyl chloride is 1: 1.
(2) Reacting onium salt with corresponding substituent substance at 90 ℃ for 48h in the presence of triethylamine, and adding R5Br, reacting at 90 ℃ for 24 hours to generate bromine salt; the molar ratio of the onium salt, the corresponding substituent substance and the triethylamine is 1:1: 1;
(3) mixing bromine salt and silver fluoride, and reacting at room temperature for 20 hours to generate villiaumite; the molar ratio of the bromine salt to the silver fluoride is 1: 1.
Figure GDA0002358365530000051
Figure GDA0002358365530000061
Figure GDA0002358365530000071
Example 1
The electrolyte solution contains fluoride salt (cation (formula 1), and anion F-) And acetonitrile in a mass ratio of 10: 90 are mixed. The conductivity test structures are recorded in table 2. The results of the battery tests using this electrolyte are reported in table 1.
Comparative example 1
Electrolyte is prepared from villiaumite (tetramethylammonium fluoride) and acetonitrile according to the mass ratio of 10: 90 are mixed (not completely dissolved). The conductivity test structures are recorded in table 2. The results of the battery tests using this electrolyte are reported in table 1.
Example 2
The electrolyte solution is prepared from fluoride salt (cation (formula 2), and anion F-) And the solvent (structural formula 7) is 10: 90 are mixed. The conductivity test structures are recorded in table 2. The results of the battery tests using this electrolyte are reported in table 1.
Example 3
The electrolyte solution is prepared from villiaumite (cation (formula 3), and anion F-) And the solvent (structural formula 8) is 10: 90 are mixed. The conductivity test structures are recorded in table 2. The results of the battery tests using this electrolyte are reported in table 1.
Example 4
The electrolyte solution is prepared from fluoride salt (cation (formula 4), and anion F-) And the solvent (structural formula 9) is 10: 90 are mixed. The conductivity test structures are recorded in table 2. The results of the battery tests using this electrolyte are reported in table 1.
Example 5
The electrolyte solution is prepared from fluoride salt (cation (formula 5), and anion F-) And propionitrile according to the mass ratio of 10: 90 are mixed. The conductivity test structures are recorded in table 2. The results of the battery tests using this electrolyte are reported in table 1.
Example 6
The electrolyte solution is prepared from villiaumite (cation (formula 6), and anion F-) And sulfolane according to the mass ratio of 10: 90 are mixed. The conductivity test structures are recorded in table 2. The results of the battery tests using this electrolyte are reported in table 1.
Example 7
The electrolyte solution is prepared from villiaumite (cation (formula 6), and anion F-) And a solvent (ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, a solvent (structural formula 8)) is 10: 20: 70, mixing. The conductivity test structures are recorded in table 2. The results of the battery tests using this electrolyte are reported in table 1.
TABLE 1 energy density based on active Material
Energy Density (Wh/kg)
Example 1 650
Comparative example 1 120
Example 2 750
Example 3 630
Example 4 745
Example 5 763
Example 6 590
Example 7 785
TABLE 2 conductivity of different electrolytes
Figure GDA0002358365530000081
Figure GDA0002358365530000091
Compared with the electrolyte of the comparative example, the electrolyte for the fluoride ion battery provided by the invention has higher ionic conductivity in the examples, and the battery performance of the electrolyte is greatly improved in comparison with the battery of the electrolyte of the comparative example. The positive ions in the fluorine salt serving as the main component of the electrolyte provided by the invention have conjugated large pi rings to form a highly delocalized structure with quaternary ammonium ions, and the positive charges are highly dispersed in each structure of the positive ions, so that the bonding force between the positive ions and the fluorine ions is smaller, the dissociation degree of the fluorine salt is better compared with that of the electrolyte in the prior art, and the conductivity of the electrolyte is higher, so that the fluorine ion battery can run at room temperature and has higher energy density.

Claims (9)

1. A fluorine salt is an ionic liquid and comprises cations and anions, and is characterized in that the cations are shown in a structural formula (I), and the anions are fluorine ions;
Figure FDA0003430443170000011
the above-mentionedR3，R4，R5，R6，R7，R8，R9Independently is C1-50Aliphatic radical of (1), C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Of fluoroalkane or C1-50An aromatic hydrocarbon group of (1).
2. A method for preparing the fluorine salt according to claim 1, which comprises the steps of:
(1) mixing tetraalkyl urea, oxalyl chloride and dichloromethane, performing reflux reaction for 1-8 hours, and drying to obtain an onium salt; the structural formula of the tetraalkyl urea is shown as a structural formula (I-a); the molar ratio of the tetraalkyl urea to the oxalyl chloride is 1: 1;
Figure FDA0003430443170000012
(2) reacting onium salt with substance shown in formula (I-b) at 90 deg.C for 1-48h in the presence of triethylamine, adding R5Br, reacting for 2-24 hours at 90 ℃ to generate bromine salt; the molar ratio of the onium salt, the substance shown in the structural formula (I-b) and triethylamine is 1:1: 1;
Figure FDA0003430443170000013
(3) mixing bromine salt and silver fluoride, and reacting at room temperature for 2-24 hours to generate villiaumite; the molar ratio of the bromine salt to the silver fluoride is 1: 1.
3. An electrolyte for a fluorine ion battery, characterized in that the electrolyte comprises a fluorine salt and a solvent; the fluorine salt is the fluorine salt according to claim 1 or the fluorine salt wherein the cation is of the formula (II) and the anion is fluorine ion; the mass fraction of the villiaumite in the electrolyte is 0.1-90%;
Figure FDA0003430443170000021
R1，R2independently is C1-50Aliphatic radical of (1), C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Of fluoroalkane or C1-50An aromatic hydrocarbon group of (1).
4. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein C is1-50Aliphatic radical of (1), C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Fluoroalkane of (C)1-50A part of the aromatic hydrocarbon group of (a) is substituted with a substituent which is halogen, an ester group, a carbonyl group, a sulfo group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group; said C1-50Aliphatic or C1-50Aliphatic ring of (2), C1-50Fluoroalkane of (C)1-50The aromatic hydrocarbon group of (a) is a linear or branched structure.
5. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the solvent is a nitrile, an amine, an ether, a fluoroether, a carbonate, a nitro compound, an aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon, a halogenated compound, a sulfone, a sulfoxide, an amide, an ester, an alcohol, a heterocyclic compound.
6. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the solvent is at least one of acetone, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, 4-fluorobenzonitrile, pentafluorobenzonitrile, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, γ -butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, nitromethane, toluene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 1, 3-dioxolane, pyridine, and methylethylsulfone.
7. A fluoride ion battery comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is the electrolyte of any one of claims 3 to 6; standard potential E of the anode material0Below the standard potential of the cathode material.
8. The fluoride ion battery of claim 7, wherein the material of the anode is at least one of a metal, a metal fluoride, a metal oxide, a polymer capable of accommodating fluoride ions, a carbon material capable of accommodating fluoride ions;
the metal is one or more than two of sodium, potassium, lanthanum, cerium, bismuth and molybdenum;
the polymer capable of containing fluorin ions is polyaniline or polypyrrole or layered double hydroxide capable of containing fluorin anions,
the layered double hydroxide capable of accommodating fluorine anions is Mg3Al-NO3，Ca2Al-Cl，Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2；
The carbon material capable of containing fluorinion is active carbon, graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon and mesocarbon microbeads.
9. The fluoride ion battery of claim 7, wherein the cathode material is at least one of a metal, a metal fluoride, a metal oxide, a polymer that can accommodate fluoride ions, or a carbon material that can accommodate fluoride ions;
the metal is one or more than two of copper, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, gallium and germanium;
the polymer capable of containing fluorinion is polyaniline or polypyrrole, and layered double hydroxide capable of containing fluorinion;
the layered double hydroxide capable of accommodating fluorine anions is Mg3Al-NO3，Ca2Al-Cl，Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2；
The carbon material capable of containing fluorinion is carbon fluoride CFx；x＝0～2。
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