CN112961577B - Surface sealing method and corrosion-resistant component - Google Patents

Surface sealing method and corrosion-resistant component Download PDF

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CN112961577B
CN112961577B CN202110142254.7A CN202110142254A CN112961577B CN 112961577 B CN112961577 B CN 112961577B CN 202110142254 A CN202110142254 A CN 202110142254A CN 112961577 B CN112961577 B CN 112961577B
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coating
hole sealing
sealant
sealing agent
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CN112961577A (en
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蹤雪梅
员霄
王井
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Jiangsu XCMG Construction Machinery Institute Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
    • C08G59/50—Amines
    • C08G59/56—Amines together with other curing agents
    • C08G59/58—Amines together with other curing agents with polycarboxylic acids or with anhydrides, halides, or low-molecular-weight esters thereof
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    • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
    • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
    • C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
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    • C09D183/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon, with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D183/04—Polysiloxanes
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    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
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    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
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Abstract

The invention relates to a surface sealing method, comprising the following steps: (1) coating a first hole sealing agent on the surface of a substrate to form a first hole sealing agent coating; (2) drying and grinding the product obtained in the previous step; (3) coating a second hole sealing agent on the surface of the product obtained in the previous step to form a second hole sealing agent coating; (4) and (5) carrying out drying treatment and grinding treatment on the product obtained in the last step.

Description

Surface sealing method and corrosion-resistant component
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of surface engineering, in particular to a surface sealing method and a corrosion-resistant component.
Background
Under the ocean working condition, the workpiece faces the corrosion factors of high humidity, high temperature, seawater, salt mist and the like. Corrosion resistance is an important factor affecting the safety and service life of a workpiece.
The related art provides a protective layer (such as a thermal spray coating) on the surface of a substrate to improve the corrosion resistance of the substrate. However, the protective layer has different degrees of defects such as pores, microcracks and the like, and the existence of the defects can reduce the corrosion resistance, insulation, fatigue and other properties of the coating, and has an influence on the using effect and the service life of the protective layer.
The surface sealing technology (hole sealing technology) is a method for sealing pores on a workpiece surface (such as a protective layer surface). The technology can eliminate the internal pores of the protective layer, block the corrosion channel from the protective layer to the substrate and improve the corrosion resistance of the protective layer.
Disclosure of Invention
After a protective layer (e.g., a coating or an anodic oxide film) is disposed on the surface of a substrate, the protective layer is usually ground to obtain the desired surface morphology, size, and roughness. The inventor finds that the first hole sealing treatment is carried out on the protective layer before grinding, so that the cutting fluid can be prevented from being soaked into pores and microcracks of the coating in the grinding process, and corrosion can be prevented from being initiated from a matrix interface. The inventor also finds that new holes in the protective layer are exposed after grinding, and therefore, the protective layer is subjected to the second sealing treatment after grinding, so that the new holes exposed after grinding can be effectively sealed.
This patent presents an innovative surface sealing method. The inventor finds that the grinding operation after the first sealing treatment generates more heat, so the inventor designs the components of the first sealing agent specially, so that the first sealing agent not only has the advantages of excellent permeability and high temperature resistance, but also can utilize the heat generated in the grinding process to seal the pores. In addition, the inventor also designs the components of the second sealant specially, so that the second sealant has the advantages of excellent permeability and thin film formation. The workpiece treated by the surface sealing method has improved corrosion resistance and service life, and is particularly suitable for being used under ocean working conditions.
The present disclosure provides a surface sealing method, comprising:
(1) coating a first hole sealing agent on the surface of a substrate to form a first hole sealing agent coating;
(2) grinding the product obtained in the previous step;
(3) coating a second hole sealing agent on the surface of the product obtained in the previous step to form a second hole sealing agent coating;
alternatively,
(4) and polishing the product obtained in the last step.
In some embodiments, the first sealant and the second sealant are of the same or different composition.
According to the scheme, the protective layer is subjected to first hole sealing treatment before grinding, so that the cutting fluid can be prevented from being soaked into pores and microcracks of the coating in the grinding process, and corrosion is prevented from being initiated from a matrix interface. The inventor also finds that new holes in the protective layer are exposed after grinding, and therefore, the protective layer is subjected to the second sealing treatment after grinding, so that the new holes exposed after grinding can be effectively sealed.
In some embodiments, the first sealant comprises the following ingredients, in parts by weight of the components in the first sealant:
Figure BDA0002929200700000021
in the above embodiment, the first sealant contains a latent curative, 2, 3-dichloromaleic anhydride. The formula of the first hole sealing agent skillfully utilizes high temperature generated by friction in the grinding process, and utilizes the chain extension reaction of 2, 3-dichloromaleic anhydride and bisphenol A epoxy resin to increase the molecular chain length and molecular weight of the epoxy resin so as to improve the tensile strength and the elongation at break, so that the self-sealing at high temperature is realized, the hole sealing agent can still keep certain strength and toughness, and the corrosion is prevented from being initiated from a matrix interface in the grinding process.
In the above embodiment, the first sealing agent further contains 4,7,10, 13-tetraazahexadecane dinitrile as a curing agent, which functions as a normal temperature curing agent, and when the grinding temperature has not risen to a certain temperature, the curing agent is cured to form a film, so that the sealing agent can be cured on the surface of the workpiece to a certain thickness.
In the above embodiments, the 4,7,10, 13-tetraazahexadecanedinitrile has the following chemical structure:
Figure BDA0002929200700000031
in some embodiments, the second sealant comprises the following ingredients in parts by weight of the components in the second sealant:
50-60 parts (for example, 53-56 parts) of phenyltrimethoxysilane; and
30-40 parts (for example, 33-36 parts) of methoxy-terminated methylphenyl silicone oil.
In the embodiment, the second sealant utilizes phenyltrimethoxysilane and groups (such as hydroxyl) on the surface of the substrate to perform condensation reaction, and takes a hydrolysis polycondensation product of the phenyltrimethoxysilane as a main film forming substance, so that silane is firmly attached to the surface of the coating in a chemical adsorption manner, the formed film is thin and uniform, and the problems of adhesion of a polishing belt, eccentric wear and the like in the subsequent polishing process are avoided. In addition, the methoxy-terminated methyl phenyl silicone oil component in the second sealant is beneficial to improving toughness, weather resistance and leveling property, provides lubrication for polishing of a coating, is small in machining allowance and improves machining efficiency.
In some embodiments, the bisphenol A epoxy resin refers to an epoxy resin having an epoxy equivalent of 184 to 240g/eq, for example, an epoxy resin having an epoxy equivalent of 184 to 200 g/eq.
In some embodiments, the bisphenol A type epoxy resin has a viscosity of 7000 and 18000mPa.s (25 ℃).
In some embodiments, the amine number of the polyamide curing agent is 380-420 mg/KOH/g.
In some embodiments, the first plugging agent further comprises 6 to 8 parts of propylene carbonate. This further improves the toughness of the sealer coating.
In some embodiments, the first sealant further comprises 0.1 to 0.5 parts of an antioxidant. This further improves the weatherability of the sealer coating.
In some embodiments, the antioxidant is a hindered phenolic antioxidant.
In some embodiments, the antioxidant is antioxidant 1010, i.e., pentaerythritol tetrakis [ beta- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate ].
The second hole sealing agent also comprises 1-2 parts of ethyl acetoacetate. This improves the solubility gradient of the second pore sealing agent.
In some embodiments, the second sealant further comprises one or more of the following: methyltriethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane. The components are beneficial to improving the mechanical property of the hole sealing agent layer and reducing the curing temperature.
In some embodiments, the second sealant further comprises 3-5 parts of methyltriethoxysilane.
In some embodiments, the second sealant further comprises 1-2 parts of diphenyldimethoxysilane.
In some embodiments, the second sealant further comprises methyltrimethoxysilane 1-2 parts.
In some embodiments, the viscosity number of the methoxy-terminated methylphenyl silicone oil in the second sealant is 20mm2/s。
In some embodiments, the phenyl content of the methoxy-terminated methylphenyl silicone oil in the second sealant is 20 to 30 mol%.
In some embodiments, the methoxy-terminated methylphenyl silicone oil in the second sealant has a methoxy content of 5 to 10 mol%.
In some embodiments, in the step (1), the temperature of the surface of the substrate when the first hole sealing agent is applied is 70 to 90 ℃.
In some embodiments, in the step (3), when the second hole sealing agent is applied, the surface temperature of the product in the previous step is controlled to be 25-40 ℃.
In some embodiments, the solvent comprises, based on parts by volume of the components in the solvent:
Figure BDA0002929200700000041
in the embodiment, the solvent contains phenol, dicyclohexyl ether, benzyl alcohol, 2-cyclohexane cyclohexanone, xylene and n-butyl glycidyl ether, and the solvent formula enables the first hole sealing agent to have low viscosity and the advantage of deep penetration depth.
In some embodiments, the substrate surface has pores to be sealed.
In some embodiments, the surface of the substrate is previously provided with a surface protection layer before the sealing treatment.
In some embodiments, the surface protection layer comprises one or more of: metal plating, metal coating, ceramic coating, and/or anodized film.
In some embodiments, the surface protection layer is obtained by one or more of the following methods: electroplating, thermal spraying, laser cladding and anodic oxidation.
In some embodiments, the first sealant coating is applied at a thickness of 0.2mm to 0.4mm, and the second sealant coating is applied at a thickness of 0.1 to 0.3 mm.
In some embodiments, the substrate is a piston rod or a bearing.
In some embodiments, the substrate is a marine piston rod or a marine bearing.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a component having a surface with a sealant coating obtained by the above-described sealing method.
In some embodiments, the component is a piston rod or a bearing.
In some embodiments, the first sealant coating can reach surface drying after 30min at normal temperature, and can be ground after being placed for 24h-48h at normal temperature.
In some embodiments, the second sealant coating can reach surface drying after 20min at normal temperature, and can be polished after being placed for 24h-48h at normal temperature.
In some embodiments, the normal temperature is 20 to 40 ℃.
Interpretation of terms
The bisphenol A type epoxy resin conforms to GBT 13657-2011 bisphenol A type epoxy resin.
The polyamide curing agent 651 is a low-molecular polyamide resin obtained by polycondensation of a dimer vegetable oil fatty acid and a fatty amine as raw materials, and is an excellent toughening type curing agent for epoxy resins. Because the structure contains longer fatty acid carbon chains and amino groups, the cured product has high elasticity, adhesive force and water resistance.
Advantageous effects
The disclosed methods or products have one or more of the following advantages:
(1) the first hole sealing agent has improved permeability and deep penetration depth.
(2) The first hole sealing agent has improved high temperature resistance.
(3) The first hole sealing agent also contains a latent curing agent 2, 3-dichloromaleic anhydride on the basis of a polyamide curing agent system, when high temperature is generated by friction in the grinding process, the chain extension reaction of binary acid and bisphenol A epoxy resin is utilized, the molecular chain length and molecular weight of the epoxy resin are increased to improve the tensile strength and the elongation at break, the self-sealing at high temperature is realized, the hole sealing agent can still keep certain strength and toughness, and the corrosion during grinding processing is avoided from being initiated from a matrix interface.
(4) The second hole sealing agent enables silane to be firmly attached to the surface of the coating in a chemical adsorption mode by utilizing the condensation reaction of the silane and hydroxyl on the surface of the coating, so that the formed film is thin and uniform, and the problems of adhesion of a polishing belt, eccentric wear and the like in the subsequent polishing process are avoided.
(5) The second hole sealing agent also contains methyl phenyl silicone oil with a methoxy end sealed, so that the toughness, the weather resistance and the leveling property are improved, the lubricating use is provided for the polishing of the coating, the machining allowance is small, and the machining efficiency is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 zeta potential polarization curves of the piston rod of example 1 in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 25 ℃.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products commercially available.
Table 1 shows the starting materials and reagents used in the following examples.
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0002929200700000061
Figure BDA0002929200700000071
Example 1:
(1) the part to be processed is a piston rod of a marine oil cylinder. After the piston rod of the marine oil cylinder is coated with the chromium oxide-titanium oxide coating by plasma spraying, (the diameter is 250mm, and the length is 1 m). Cooled to 80 ℃.
(2) And carrying out first hole sealing on the piston rod. The first hole sealing agent comprises the following components in proportion: based on 100g of bisphenol A epoxy resin, the bisphenol A epoxy resin also comprises 30g of 651 polyamide epoxy curing agent, 2.5g of 4,7,10, 13-tetraazahexadecanedinitrile, 8g of 2, 3-dichloromaleic anhydride, 8g of propylene carbonate, 15g of solvent, 0.1g of 1010 hindered phenol antioxidant and a solvent formed by mixing phenol, dicyclohexyl ether, benzyl alcohol, 2-cyclohexane cyclohexanone, xylene and n-butyl glycidyl ether in a volume ratio of 10:8:5:5:1: 1.
The first hole sealing agent is uniformly coated on the surface of the component in a brush coating mode, 100g of the first hole sealing agent (the coating thickness is about 0.2mm) is coated on 1 square meter of the component, the surface of the component is dried after 30min at normal temperature, and the component is placed for 12h at normal temperature to form a first hole sealing agent coating.
(3) And (4) grinding the piston rod, and cleaning the surface after grinding.
(4) And carrying out second hole sealing on the piston rod. The second hole sealing agent comprises the following components in proportion: based on 100g of the hole sealing agent, the hole sealing agent also comprises 56.5g of phenyltrimethoxysilane, 35.2g of methoxy-terminated methylphenyl silicone oil, 1.2g of ethyl acetoacetate, 4.3g of methyltriethoxysilane, 1.6g of diphenyldimethoxysilane and 1.2g of methyltrimethoxysilane.
And uniformly coating the second sealant on the surface of the component by brushing at the temperature of 20 ℃, coating 50g of the second sealant (the coating thickness is about 0.1mm) on 1 square meter of the component, standing at normal temperature for 20min, drying the surface of the component, and standing at normal temperature for 24h to form a second sealant coating.
(5) And polishing the second hole sealing agent coating to enable the surface roughness to reach Ra0.2.
Example 2:
(1) the part to be processed is an insulating bearing. After the insulating bearing is coated with the alumina coating by plasma spraying, the insulating bearing is cooled to 80 ℃.
(2) And carrying out first hole sealing on the bearing. The first hole sealing agent comprises the following components in proportion: based on 100g of bisphenol A epoxy resin, the flame retardant also comprises 25g of 651 polyamide epoxy curing agent, 3g of 4,7,10, 13-tetraazahexadecane dinitrile, 7.5g of 2, 3-dichloromaleic anhydride, 8g of propylene carbonate, 15g of solvent and 0.1g of 1010 hindered phenol antioxidant. The solvent is prepared by mixing phenol, dicyclohexyl ether, benzyl alcohol and 2-cyclohexane cyclohexanone in a volume ratio of 10:8:5: 6.
The first hole sealing agent is coated on the surface of the bearing in a brush coating mode, 100g of the first hole sealing agent (the coating thickness is about 0.2mm) is coated on 1 square meter of the bearing, the surface can be dried after 30min at normal temperature, and the bearing can be placed for 24h at normal temperature to form a first hole sealing agent coating.
(3) And (4) grinding the bearing, and cleaning the surface after grinding.
(4) And carrying out second hole sealing on the bearing. The second hole sealing agent comprises the following components in proportion: based on 100g of the hole sealing agent, the hole sealing agent also comprises 57.2g of phenyltrimethoxysilane, 35.2g of methoxy-terminated methylphenyl silicone oil, 1.2g of ethyl acetoacetate, 3.8g of methyltriethoxysilane, 1.6g of diphenyldimethoxysilane and 1.2g of methyltrimethoxysilane.
And (3) coating the second hole sealing agent on the surface of the bearing by brushing at the temperature of 20 ℃, coating 50g (the coating thickness is about 0.1mm) of the second hole sealing agent on 1 square meter, standing at normal temperature for 20min, drying the surface of the bearing, and standing at normal temperature for 24h to form a second hole sealing agent coating.
(5) And polishing the bearing to make the surface roughness reach Ra0.2.
Performance evaluation test
(1) Corrosion resistance test:
the piston rod of example 1 was used as a sample to be measured. The electrochemical workstation Chenghua CHI660E was used, and the etching solution was artificial seawater (ASTM D1141). Wherein the reference electrode is a silver-silver chloride electrode, and the counter electrode is a graphite electrode. And when the open circuit potential of the sample is maintained at a certain value, testing the potentiodynamic polarization curves of the hole sealing free coating, the primary hole sealing coating and the secondary hole sealing coating respectively, wherein Tafel curves of the three types of samples are shown in figure 1. Table 2 shows the zeta potential polarization parameters in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 25 ℃.
TABLE 2
Secondary hole sealing One-step hole sealing Without hole sealing
Self-corroding potential (V) -0.09 -0.19 -0.21
Self-corrosion current (A cm)-2) 3.16×10-8 9.77×10-8 9.33×10-7
As shown in FIG. 1 and Table 2, the self-corrosion current of the secondary sealing coating was the smallest and 3.16X 10-8A cm-2The self-corrosion voltage of the secondary hole sealing is-0.09V, which is larger than that of the primary hole sealing coating and the hole sealing-free coating.
(2) And (3) testing the insulation resistance:
the insulated bearing prepared in example 2 was used as a test sample (3 test samples of the same specification, nos. 1, 2, and 3). The insulation resistance test adopts an FS2670 insulation megohmmeter (the measuring range is 0-9999M omega) to measure and record the insulation resistance values of the hole sealing free coating, the primary hole sealing coating and the secondary hole sealing coating at test voltages of 250V, 500V and 1000V respectively, and 3 samples are tested under each voltage respectively.
TABLE 3 insulation resistance value
Figure BDA0002929200700000091
As can be seen from the figure, the insulation resistance of the secondary hole sealing coating is more than 9999 MOmega under the 1000V voltage test, and the conventional requirement of the insulation bearing on the insulation performance is met (the insulation resistance is more than or equal to 100 MOmega under DC 1000V).
According to the experiment, the first hole sealing agent and the second hole sealing agent disclosed by the invention are used for improving the corrosion resistance, the insulating property and other properties of the thermal spraying coating under a severe working condition, so that the production efficiency is improved, and the processing cost is reduced.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, those skilled in the art will understand that: various modifications may be made in the details within the teachings of the disclosure, and these variations are within the scope of the invention. The full scope of the invention is given by the appended claims and any equivalents thereof.

Claims (17)

1. A surface sealing method comprising:
(1) coating a first hole sealing agent on the surface of a substrate to form a first hole sealing agent coating;
(2) grinding the product obtained in the previous step;
(3) coating a second hole sealing agent on the surface of the product obtained in the previous step to form a second hole sealing agent coating;
alternatively,
(4) polishing the product obtained in the previous step;
the first hole sealing agent comprises the following components in parts by weight:
Figure FDA0003393610020000011
the second hole sealing agent comprises the following components in parts by weight:
50-60 parts of phenyltrimethoxysilane
30-40 parts of methoxy-terminated methylphenyl silicone oil; and
and 1-2 parts of ethyl acetoacetate.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first sealant comprises the following components in parts by weight of the components in the first sealant:
100 parts of bisphenol A epoxy resin;
25-35 parts of a polyamide curing agent;
3-4 parts of 4,7,10, 13-tetraazahexadecane dinitrile;
8-10 parts of 2, 3-dichloromaleic anhydride;
12-14 parts of a solvent.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the second sealant comprises the following components in parts by weight of the components in the second sealant:
53-56 parts of phenyltrimethoxysilane
33-36 parts of methoxy-terminated methyl phenyl silicone oil; and
and 1-2 parts of ethyl acetoacetate.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first sealant further comprises one or more of:
6-8 parts of propylene carbonate;
0.1-0.5 part of antioxidant.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second sealant further comprises one or more of:
3-5 parts of methyltriethoxysilane;
1-2 parts of-diphenyldimethoxysilane; and
1-2 parts of methyltrimethoxysilane.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the temperature of the surface of the substrate is 70 to 90 ℃ when the first hole sealing agent is applied.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), when the second hole sealing agent is applied, the surface temperature of the product in the previous step is controlled to be 20-30 ℃.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises, based on parts by volume of the components in the solvent:
Figure FDA0003393610020000021
Figure FDA0003393610020000031
9. the method of claim 1, wherein the substrate surface has pores to be sealed.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the substrate is previously provided with a surface protective layer before the sealing treatment.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the surface protection layer comprises one or more of: metal plating, metal coating, ceramic coating, and/or anodized film.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the surface protection layer is obtained by one or more of: electroplating, thermal spraying, laser cladding and anodic oxidation.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the first sealant coating is applied at a thickness of 0.2mm to 0.4mm and the second sealant coating is applied at a thickness of 0.1mm to 0.3 mm.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a piston rod or a bearing.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the substrate is a marine piston rod or a marine bearing
16. A component having a surface provided with a sealant coating obtained by the sealing method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
17. The component of claim 16, which is a piston rod or a bearing.
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