CN112958618A - Method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil - Google Patents
Method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN112958618A CN112958618A CN202110135815.0A CN202110135815A CN112958618A CN 112958618 A CN112958618 A CN 112958618A CN 202110135815 A CN202110135815 A CN 202110135815A CN 112958618 A CN112958618 A CN 112958618A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/10—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes
- B09C1/105—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes using fungi or plants
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/08—Reclamation of contaminated soil chemically
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/40—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C2101/00—In situ
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of environmental pollution treatment, in particular to a method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium composite polluted soil. The method has the advantages that the lead and cadmium in the lead and cadmium combined polluted soil are planted by intercropping the Indian mustard and the wheat which are lead and cadmium hyperaccumulation plants, and the lead and cadmium absorption of the wheat root system in the soil is reduced by utilizing the hyperaccumulation capacity of the Indian mustard to the lead and cadmium in the soil; and meanwhile, an efficient lead-cadmium blocking agent is sprayed in the period from the jointing of the wheat to the grouting, so that the absorption of the lead and the cadmium in the atmospheric dust fall by the leaves and the spikes of the wheat is reduced, the migration of the lead and the cadmium in the wheat tissues to the wheat grains is reduced, and the purposes that the lead and the cadmium of the wheat grains do not exceed standards, the lead and cadmium content of the soil is gradually reduced, and the lead-cadmium polluted soil is repaired while the production is carried out are achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental pollution treatment, and particularly relates to a method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium composite polluted soil.
Background
The overproof rate of heavy metal point positions of farmland soil in main food production areas of China is 21.49%, wherein the proportion of heavy pollution is as high as 5.02%, lead is a pollutant second to cadmium, and the lead poses potential threats to agricultural ecosystems and human health. The soil-crop system is an important way and a key interface for heavy metal exposure crowds, and the heavy metal in the soil is enriched in the edible part of crops and then finally enters the human body through the aperture, so that the harm is generated to the health of people. The safe utilization and restoration of a large amount of lead-polluted soil become a current difficult problem, and the current common methods comprise the following steps: 1. soil restoration agents such as organic matters and calcium oxide are added into the soil, so that the activity of lead in the soil is reduced, and the absorption of heavy metal lead in the soil by plants is further reduced; 2. lead in the soil is extracted by adopting lead hyper-enrichment plants such as pteridium aquilinum, Indian mustard, Thalassimum and black nightshade through the root system of the plants, so that the lead concentration in the soil is gradually reduced, and the aim of restoring the soil is fulfilled; 3. leaching the soil, and extracting lead in the soil by using a leaching agent to achieve the aim of repairing; the method can obtain certain effect, but also has the problems of unstable curing effect of the repairing agent, low plant extraction efficiency, secondary pollution caused by leaching and high cost. Meanwhile, for farmland soil polluted by large area of lead, the effect of farmland production and utilization can not be ensured, and the income of farmers and the enthusiasm for treating and repairing the lead-polluted farmland are influenced.
In recent years, new modes of restoring the farmland polluted soil intercropped by hyper-enriched plants and crops while producing and treating are gradually developed, such as: a method for repairing and producing medium and light cadmium polluted soil (patent application No. 201811391812.8); a method for repairing cadmium-polluted soil by intercropping cadmium-enriched plants and fruit trees (patent application number 201811393238. X); a method for intercropping grain amaranth and wheat on cadmium-polluted soil (patent application No. 202010520615.2); a method for restoring cadmium contaminated soil by utilizing an intercropping plant of black nightshade and corn (patent application No. 202010295705.6); a method for repairing cadmium-polluted rice field by intercropping sedum alfredii and astragalus sinicus (patent application No. 201911152771.1); a method for repairing cadmium-polluted rice field by intercropping sedum alfredii and broad beans (patent application No. 201911152991.4); a method for remedying cadmium-polluted soil by intercropping maidenhair and corn (patent application number 201910260132.0); the above patent technologies all mainly aim at repairing cadmium-contaminated soil, and the intercropping mode is also directed to improving the repairing efficiency of hyperaccumulator plants or solidifying cadmium in soil, and there is no intercropping mode for wheat, which is the main grain.
At present, some researches are also carried out on the intercropping of lead-polluted soil, such as: a method for restoring lead-cadmium composite polluted soil by using corn straws and sedum aizoon intercropping energy plants (patent application number 201911374252. X); a method for controlling soil heavy metal cadmium lead pollution cabbage heart (patent application number 201810129723. X); however, in the research and literature of the prior art for intercropping the hyper-enriched plants and crops, few repair attempts are made for intercropping with field crops such as wheat and corn, so as to achieve the purpose of true production and repair.
More importantly, the current intercropping mode focuses mainly on improving the repair efficiency of the super-enriched plants and reducing the absorption of heavy metals in the root systems of the intercropping plants through the competitive absorption of the root systems of the super-enriched plants, but does not focus on that crops such as wheat, corn and the like can absorb lead in soil through the root systems and can directly absorb lead in atmospheric dust fall through overground parts such as leaves, ears and the like, and meanwhile, the lead absorbed by the overground parts can be directly transferred into grains; research shows that atmospheric sedimentation is also one of the main sources of lead pollution in a wheat system, and the contribution rate of lead to wheat grains in atmospheric dustfall is 75-90%; therefore, in the process of intercropping the lead-polluted soil with crops such as wheat and corn through the hyper-enrichment plant, on one hand, lead in the polluted soil needs to be prevented and controlled to enter wheat grains through a root system, and on the other hand, the atmosphere needs to be prevented and controlled to reduce dust and lead pollution, especially around cities and industrial and mining enterprises.
In conclusion, under the mode of super-enriched plant-wheat intercropping, the contribution of a soil lead pollution source to the lead of wheat grains cannot be considered, and the pollution of the lead to the wheat tissues and grains in atmospheric dustfall needs to be prevented and controlled. At present, the influence of atmospheric dust-falling-soil two pollution sources on plants is not considered comprehensively by the technology and the product for intercropping, repairing and safely utilizing lead polluted soil; meanwhile, the safe utilization of an intercropping mode of planting a large amount of wheat on the lead-polluted soil is not researched, and the parallel operation of the safe utilization and the remediation of the lead-polluted soil is not researched.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of the prior art, the invention provides a method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium composite polluted soil, the method is characterized in that the lead-cadmium in the lead-cadmium composite polluted soil is super-enriched by lead-cadmium through the intercropping planting of Indian mustard and wheat, and the super-enrichment capacity of the Indian mustard on the lead and the cadmium in the soil is utilized to reduce the absorption of a wheat root system on the lead and the cadmium in the soil; meanwhile, the efficient lead-cadmium blocking agent prepared by the invention is sprayed from the jointing stage to the grouting stage of the wheat, so that the absorption of lead and cadmium in atmospheric dust fall by the leaves and spikes of the wheat is reduced, the migration of lead and cadmium in wheat tissues to wheat grains is reduced, and the purposes of not exceeding the standard of lead and cadmium of the wheat grains, gradually reducing the lead and cadmium content of the soil and repairing the lead-cadmium polluted soil while producing are achieved.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium composite polluted soil includes such steps as interplanting Indian mustard and wheat on the lead-cadmium composite polluted soil, and spraying efficient lead-cadmium blocking agent from wheat jointing stage to grouting stage.
The invention also protects intercropping planting, which comprises the following steps:
(1) planting winter wheat: planting winter wheat on the lead-cadmium combined polluted soil at equal line spacing for 10 months, wherein the line spacing of the winter wheat is 40-45 cm;
(2) raising seedlings of Indian mustard: treating Indian mustard seeds, and growing seedlings in a greenhouse to the plant height of 5-7 cm;
(3) transplanting Indian mustard: planting the Indian mustard seedlings among winter wheat lines in the green turning period of winter wheat of 3 months in the next year, wherein the distance between the winter wheat lines and the Indian mustard lines is 20-22cm, and the spacing between the Indian mustard transplanted plants is 10-15 cm;
(4) field management: timely watering after intercropping the Indian mustard, applying 300 kg/hectare of compound fertilizer at the same time, and then carrying out conventional watering irrigation;
(5) harvesting: wheat is harvested in 5-6 months and the Indian mustard is harvested after autumn.
The invention also protects the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent, which is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.4 to 0.7 percent of nano zinc sulfate, 0.3 to 0.6 percent of nano magnesium sulfate, 2.0 to 3.0 percent of humic acid and Fe3O4@C-COOH 0.2-0.3％、Fe3O4@C-NH20.1 to 0.3 percent of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, 0.5 to 1.5 percent of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate and the balance of water, wherein the sum of the mass percentages of the raw materials is 100 percent.
Preferably, the preparation method of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent comprises the following steps:
s1, weighing: according to the following propertiesWeighing the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 0.4 to 0.7 percent of nano zinc sulfate, 0.3 to 0.6 percent of nano magnesium sulfate, 2.0 to 3.0 percent of humic acid and Fe3O4@C-COOH 0.2-0.3％、Fe3O4@C-NH20.1-0.3 percent of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, 0.5-1.5 percent of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate and water for standby;
s2, uniformly mixing the raw materials weighed by the S1 to obtain the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent.
Preferably, the mixing method in step S2 includes: carrying out ultrasonic treatment on nano zinc sulfate in water to prepare a first dispersion liquid; adding nano magnesium sulfate into the first dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a second dispersion liquid; adding humic acid into the second dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a third dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the third dispersion3O4Ultrasonic dispersing with @ C-COOH to obtain a fourth dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the fourth dispersion3O4@C-NH2Performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a fifth dispersion liquid; and adding alkyl naphthalene sulfonate into the fifth dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare the high-efficiency blocking agent.
The invention also protects the application steps of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent as follows:
(1) preparing a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution: the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent and clean water are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 50, uniformly mixing to obtain a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution;
(2) spraying the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution obtained in the step (1) on the surface of the wheat from the jointing stage to the filling stage of the wheat;
wherein, the leaves are sprayed once every 15 days from the jointing stage to the flowering stage, and the spraying is carried out for four times;
after the grouting period, the spike is sprayed once every 5 to 7 days for three times.
Preferably, the spraying amount of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution in the step (2) is 0.5-1 kg/mu.
Preferably, the spraying method of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution in the step (2) comprises the following steps: spraying at 6-8 point in the early morning, and supplementing spraying once after raining if raining condition occurs after spraying.
The invention also protects the application of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent in preparing a preparation for blocking lead-cadmium pollution of plants.
Preferably, the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent is sprayed on wheat leaves in India mustard-wheat intercropping of lead-cadmium combined polluted soil.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention provides a method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil, which is characterized in that wheat and lead hyperaccumulator plants of Indian mustard are intercropped on the lead-cadmium polluted soil, and the lead-cadmium absorption of a wheat root system in the soil is reduced by utilizing the hyperaccumulator capacity of the Indian mustard to the lead and cadmium in the soil; meanwhile, the efficient lead-cadmium blocking agent is sprayed in the period from the jointing to the grouting of the wheat, the absorption of the lead and the cadmium in the atmospheric dust fall by the leaves and the spikes of the wheat is reduced, the migration of the lead and the cadmium in the wheat tissues to the wheat grains is reduced, and the purposes that the lead and the cadmium of the wheat grains do not exceed the standard, the lead and the cadmium content of the soil is gradually reduced, and the lead-cadmium polluted soil is repaired while the production is carried out are achieved.
2. The high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent is prepared from nano zinc sulfate, nano magnesium sulfate, humic acid and Fe3O4@C-COOH、Fe3O4@C-NH2The zinc sulfate and the magnesium sulfate can form a chelate with lead in a body after being absorbed by the wheat to reduce the migration of the lead in the wheat body, and can also compete with the lead for a transport channel to reduce the transfer of the lead to wheat seeds; humic acid also belongs to a class of macromolecular organic compounds containing various oxygen-containing functional groups, which can affect migration conversion and bioavailability of heavy metal lead through a series of reactions such as complexation and chelation with heavy metal ions, and the humic acid can adsorb heavy metal elements and can form an organic combination form by utilizing the complexation of internal groups of the humic acid and the heavy metal elements; fe3O4The passivation efficiency of the @ C-COOH on the heavy metal lead depends on functional groups on the surface of the material, and the functionalized magnetic nano-particles Fe3O4The specific surface area of @ C-COOH is large, the adsorption capacity is large, and the specific chemical property provides convenient conditions for solidifying lead in the environment medium, Fe3O4@ C-COOH has a large amount of-COO on the surfaceThe H functional group has specificity to heavy metal lead, has more active sites, and increases the capability of adsorbing heavy metal lead, thereby causing complexation and chelation reaction with metal ions to reduce the content of weak acidic heavy metal and increase the content of residue; fe3O4@C-NH2Having a large amount of-NH on the surface2The functional group has specificity to heavy metal cadmium and can adsorb heavy metal cadmium in a large amount; the alkyl naphthalene sulfonate is a surfactant (dispersant) which is easily dissolved in water with any hardness, can reduce the interfacial tension between a high-efficiency lead-cadmium barrier agent solution and leaf surfaces, and is beneficial to nano zinc sulfate, nano magnesium sulfate, humic acid and Fe3O4@C-COOH、Fe3O4@C-NH2The dispersion of the active ingredients ensures that the high-efficiency blocking agent can uniformly cover the whole leaves and the spike, thereby ensuring better spraying effect.
3. The invention adopts the combined action of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent and Indian mustard-wheat intercropping, not only effectively prevents lead and cadmium in the polluted soil from entering wheat grains through root systems, but also effectively overcomes the pollution of atmospheric dust-fall lead and cadmium pollution to wheat tissues and grains. Spraying on leaves and ears of wheat, passing through humic acid and Fe3O4@C-COOH、Fe3O4@C-NH2The active ingredients and heavy metal lead and cadmium in the atmospheric dust fall are subjected to adsorption, complexation and chelation reaction, lead and cadmium in the atmospheric dust fall are adsorbed on the directly fixed leaves and spikes, the biological effectiveness of the lead and cadmium is reduced, the absorption of lead and cadmium in the dust fall by leaf pores, phloem and the like is obviously inhibited, and the migration of lead and cadmium is reduced by forming chelates or competing transfer channels with lead in wheat tissues through nano zinc sulfate and nano magnesium sulfate, so that the transfer process of lead and cadmium in wheat grains is reduced, and the lead and cadmium content of the grains is reduced; meanwhile, the hyper-enriched plant Indian mustard competes with the wheat root system to absorb lead and cadmium in the soil, so that the lead content in the soil and the absorption amount of the wheat root system to the lead and cadmium in the soil are reduced, the lead and cadmium content of wheat grains does not exceed the national standard, the soil is polluted by the lead and cadmium compound safely, and the lead and cadmium content of the soil is gradually reduced and finally restored. Finally realizing the safe production, pollution utilization and repair of the grainThe three components are organically unified, and a good solution is provided for a method for safely utilizing and repairing the lead-cadmium composite polluted soil.
4. The high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent is sprayed on the upper part of a wheat field from the jointing stage of the wheat, the dosage of the blocking agent is 0.5 kg/mu each time, the leaf is mainly sprayed from the jointing stage of the wheat to the flowering stage, the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent is sprayed once every 15 days and four times, the spike is sprayed once every 5-7 days from the filling stage, the biological effectiveness of the lead and the cadmium in the atmospheric dustfall adsorbed on the surfaces of the leaf and the spike is reduced, the absorption of the heavy metal lead and the cadmium in the atmosphere by the leaf and the spike is directly cut off, meanwhile, the nano zinc sulfate and the nano magnesium sulfate enter the tissue body of the wheat and chelate with the lead and the cadmium in the tissue and compete with a transfer channel, and further, the absorption of the lead and the cadmium in the soil and the atmospheric dustfall and the transfer to grains are efficiently and remarkably blocked, the lead and cadmium content of the grains is reduced, and meanwhile, the ultra-enrichment capacity of the, the lead and cadmium content in the soil is reduced, and the purposes of safe utilization and gradual restoration of the lead and cadmium polluted soil are achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a comparison graph of lead content in the root system of Brassica juncea of the experimental group, the root system of wheat of the experimental group and the root system of wheat of the control group;
FIG. 2 is a comparison chart of cadmium content of the root system of Brassica juncea of the experimental group, the root system of wheat of the experimental group and the root system of wheat of the control group;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the lead content of the aerial parts and leaves of Brassica juncea of the experimental group, the aerial parts and leaves of Triticum aestivum of the experimental group, and the aerial parts and leaves of Triticum aestivum of the control group;
FIG. 4 is a chart showing the cadmium content in the aerial parts and leaves of Brassica juncea of the experimental group, in the aerial parts and leaves of Triticum aestivum of the experimental group, and in the aerial parts and leaves of Triticum aestivum of the control group;
FIG. 5 is a comparison graph of the lead and cadmium contents of experimental and control wheat grains;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the comparison of lead and cadmium contents in soil before and after the test group.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood and implemented by those skilled in the art, the present invention is further described below with reference to the following specific embodiments and the accompanying drawings, but the embodiments are not meant to limit the present invention.
The experimental methods and the detection methods described in the following examples are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified; the reagents and materials, if not otherwise specified, are commercially available;
fe described below3O4The preparation method of @ C-COOH refers to patent "a magnetic carboxylated hollow microsphere soil remediation agent, its preparation method and application" (ZL 201810251832.9);
fe described below3O4@C-NH2The preparation method of (ZL201810251815.5) is described in the patent of magnetic aminated hollow microsphere soil repairing agent, its preparation method and application.
Example 1
A method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil comprises the following steps:
india mustard-winter wheat intercropping:
(1) planting winter wheat: planting winter wheat on the lead-cadmium combined polluted soil at equal line spacing for 10 months, wherein the line spacing of the winter wheat is 40 cm;
(2) raising seedlings of Indian mustard: treating Indian mustard seeds, and growing seedlings in a greenhouse to reach the plant height of 7 cm;
(3) transplanting Indian mustard: planting the Indian mustard seedlings among winter wheat lines in the green turning period of winter wheat of 3 months in the next year, wherein the distance between the winter wheat lines and the Indian mustard lines is 20cm, and the transplanting spacing of the Indian mustard is 15 cm;
(4) field management: timely watering after intercropping the Indian mustard, applying 300 kg/hectare of compound fertilizer at the same time, and then carrying out conventional watering irrigation;
(5) harvesting: harvesting wheat in 6 months and harvesting Indian mustard in 11 months;
application of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent:
(1) weighing: weighing the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.4% of nano zinc sulfate, 0.6% of nano magnesium sulfate and humusAcid 2.0%, Fe3O4@C-COOH 0.25％、Fe3O4@C-NH20.3 percent of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, 0.5 percent of water and 95.95 percent of water for standby;
(2) carrying out ultrasonic treatment on nano zinc sulfate in water to prepare a first dispersion liquid; adding nano magnesium sulfate into the first dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a second dispersion liquid; adding humic acid into the second dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a third dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the third dispersion3O4Ultrasonic dispersing with @ C-COOH to obtain a fourth dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the fourth dispersion3O4@C-NH2Performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a fifth dispersion liquid; adding alkyl naphthalene sulfonate into the fifth dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a high-efficiency blocking agent;
(3) preparing a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution: the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent and clean water are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 50, uniformly mixing to obtain a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution;
(4) spraying the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution obtained in the step (1) on the surface of the wheat from the jointing stage to the grouting stage, wherein the spraying amount is 0.5 kg/mu, the spraying is carried out at 6-8 points in the early morning, and after spraying, if the raining condition occurs, the spraying is carried out again in time after raining;
wherein, the leaves are sprayed once every 15 days from the jointing stage to the flowering stage, and the spraying is carried out for four times;
after the grouting period, the spike is sprayed once every 5 days for three times.
Example 2
A method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil comprises the following steps:
india mustard-winter wheat intercropping:
(1) planting winter wheat: planting winter wheat on the lead-cadmium combined polluted soil at equal line spacing for 10 months, wherein the line spacing of the winter wheat is 42 cm;
(2) raising seedlings of Indian mustard: treating Indian mustard seeds, and growing seedlings in a greenhouse to the plant height of 6 cm;
(3) transplanting Indian mustard: planting the Indian mustard seedlings among winter wheat lines in the green turning period of winter wheat of 3 months in the next year, wherein the distance between the winter wheat lines and the Indian mustard lines is 21cm, and the transplanting spacing of the Indian mustard is 13 cm;
(4) field management: timely watering after intercropping the Indian mustard, applying 300 kg/hectare of compound fertilizer at the same time, and then carrying out conventional watering irrigation;
(5) harvesting: harvesting wheat in 6 months and harvesting Indian mustard in 11 months;
application of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent:
(1) weighing: weighing the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.5% of nano zinc sulfate, 0.5% of nano magnesium sulfate, 2.5% of humic acid and Fe3O4@C-COOH 0.3％、Fe3O4@C-NH20.3 percent of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, 1 percent of water and 94.9 percent of water for standby;
(2) carrying out ultrasonic treatment on nano zinc sulfate in water to prepare a first dispersion liquid; adding nano magnesium sulfate into the first dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a second dispersion liquid; adding humic acid into the second dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a third dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the third dispersion3O4Ultrasonic dispersing with @ C-COOH to obtain a fourth dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the fourth dispersion3O4@C-NH2Performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a fifth dispersion liquid; and adding alkyl naphthalene sulfonate into the fifth dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare the high-efficiency blocking agent.
(3) Preparing a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution: the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent and clean water are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 50, uniformly mixing to obtain a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution;
(4) spraying the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution obtained in the step (1) on the surface of the wheat from the jointing stage to the grouting stage, wherein the spraying amount is 1 kg/mu, the spraying is carried out at 6-8 points in the early morning, and if the raining condition occurs after the spraying, the spraying is carried out again in time after raining;
wherein, the leaves are sprayed once every 15 days from the jointing stage to the flowering stage, and the spraying is carried out for four times;
after the grouting period, the spike is sprayed once every 6 days for three times.
Example 3
A method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil comprises the following steps:
india mustard-winter wheat intercropping:
(1) planting winter wheat: planting winter wheat on the lead-cadmium combined polluted soil at equal line spacing for 10 months, wherein the line spacing of the winter wheat is 45 cm;
(2) raising seedlings of Indian mustard: treating Indian mustard seeds, and growing seedlings in a greenhouse to the plant height of 5 cm;
(3) transplanting Indian mustard: planting the Indian mustard seedlings among winter wheat lines in the green turning period of winter wheat of 3 months in the next year, wherein the distance between the winter wheat lines and the Indian mustard lines is 22cm, and the transplanting spacing of the Indian mustard is 10 cm;
(4) field management: timely watering after intercropping the Indian mustard, applying 300 kg/hectare of compound fertilizer at the same time, and then carrying out conventional watering irrigation;
(5) harvesting: harvesting wheat in 6 months and harvesting Indian mustard in 11 months;
application of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent:
(1) weighing: weighing the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.7% of nano zinc sulfate, 0.3% of nano magnesium sulfate, 3.0% of humic acid and Fe3O4@C-COOH 0.2％、Fe3O4@C-NH20.1 percent of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, 1.5 percent of water and 94.2 percent of water for standby;
(2) carrying out ultrasonic treatment on nano zinc sulfate in water to prepare a first dispersion liquid; adding nano magnesium sulfate into the first dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a second dispersion liquid; adding humic acid into the second dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a third dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the third dispersion3O4Ultrasonic dispersing with @ C-COOH to obtain a fourth dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the fourth dispersion3O4@C-NH2Performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a fifth dispersion liquid; adding alkyl naphthalene sulfonate into the fifth dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a high-efficiency blocking agent;
(3) preparing a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution: the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent and clean water are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 50, uniformly mixing to obtain a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution;
(4) spraying the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution obtained in the step (1) on the surface of the wheat from the jointing stage to the grouting stage, wherein the spraying amount is 0.5 kg/mu, the spraying is carried out at 6-8 points in the early morning, and after spraying, if the raining condition occurs, the spraying is carried out again in time after raining;
wherein, the leaves are sprayed once every 15 days from the jointing stage to the flowering stage, and the spraying is carried out for four times;
after the grouting period, the spike part is sprayed once every 7 days for three times.
Under the method for safely utilizing and repairing the lead-cadmium combined contaminated soil through Indian mustard-wheat intercropping in the embodiments 1 to 3, the effects that the lead and cadmium of the wheat grains are not over standard and the lead and cadmium content of the soil is gradually reduced are achieved, and the effects are parallel, the method in the embodiment 2 is taken as an example below, the lead and cadmium content in the wheat grains and the soil is researched, and the specific research method is as follows:
experimental groups: wheat and brassica juncea were grown using the method of example 2; after the wheat is harvested, the Indian mustard is kept to grow to the end of autumn, lead and cadmium are continuously absorbed by the Indian mustard, and finally the Indian mustard is integrally harvested at the end of autumn and then is intensively incinerated, and the harvested soil of the planted wheat, the Indian mustard and the Indian mustard is used as a test sample.
Control group: the difference from the wheat planting of the embodiment 2 is that only wheat is planted, clear water which is equal to the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution of the experimental group is sprayed from the jointing stage to the grouting stage of the wheat, and the planted wheat and the harvested soil of the wheat are used as test samples.
The experiment of the invention is carried out around a certain smelting plant in northwest of economic resources, a lead-cadmium compound pollution farmland is selected as an implementation area, the lead and cadmium contents of soil in the area are respectively about 675.3mg/kg and 12.5mg/kg, the lead content of the regional atmosphere dust fall fluctuates between 687.2 mg/kg and 1600.5mg/kg, and the cadmium content fluctuates between 5.4 mg/kg and 26.9 mg/kg.
Comparative effect analysis was performed:
as shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, in the green turning period, the jointing period, the filling period and the mature period of the wheat growth, the lead and cadmium content of the root system of the brassica juncea in the experimental group is obviously greater than that of the root system of the wheat in the control group, and the lead and cadmium content of the root system of the wheat in the control group is also obviously greater than that of the root system of the wheat in the experimental group; meanwhile, researches show that the lead and cadmium absorption in the root system of the Indian mustard shows a gradually increasing trend along with the growth of the Indian mustard, the lead content is increased from 100mg/kg to about 135mg/kg between the green-turning period and the mature period, the cadmium content is increased from 16mg/kg to about 24mg/kg between the green-turning period and the mature period, meanwhile, the lead and cadmium content of the root system of the experimental group of wheat shows a gradually decreasing trend along with the increase of the lead and cadmium content in the root system of the mustard, the lead and cadmium content of the root system of the wheat in the mature period are respectively about 18mg/kg and 3.2mg/kg, and the lead and cadmium content of the root system of the control group of wheat always fluctuate about 35mg/kg and 5 mg/kg. The result shows that the Indian mustard root system can compete for absorbing a large amount of lead and cadmium in the soil, and the absorption of the wheat root system to the lead and cadmium in the soil can be obviously reduced through the India mustard-wheat intercropping.
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, further research on the absorption of lead and cadmium in the upper parts of the indian mustard and the wheat is carried out, and the detection of the upper parts of the indian mustard and the wheat shows that the lead and cadmium content in the upper parts of the indian mustard of the experimental group is significantly greater than that in the upper parts of the control group wheat during the green returning period, the jointing period, the filling period and the mature period of the wheat growth, and the lead and cadmium content in the upper parts of the control group wheat is significantly greater than that in the upper parts of the experimental group wheat. Meanwhile, researches find that the lead and cadmium absorption in the overground part of the Indian mustard is gradually increased along with the growth of the Indian mustard, and the researches show that after the Indian mustard absorbs the lead and cadmium in the soil through a root system, lead and cadmium elements are transported to the overground part tissue, the lead and cadmium elements can be taken away by the Indian mustard, and the lead and cadmium polluted soil is gradually purified. Meanwhile, the lead and cadmium contents of the wheat leaves in the control group are gradually increased, and the lead and cadmium contents of the wheat leaves in the mature period are respectively as follows: 13.5mg/kg and 3.9mg/kg, while the lead and cadmium contents of the wheat leaves in the experimental group show a gradual decrease trend, and the lead and cadmium contents of the wheat leaves in the mature period are respectively as follows: 4.5mg/kg and 1.2mg/kg, which are obviously lower than the content of lead and cadmium in the wheat leaves of a control group. The result shows that the efficient lead-cadmium blocking agent sprayed after the elongation period can effectively block and control the absorption of the overground parts of wheat leaves, spikes and the like to lead and cadmium in atmospheric dust fall, lead and cadmium in the overground part tissues of wheat are relatively diluted along with the increase of the biomass of wheat plants, and the lead and cadmium concentrations of the leaves are reduced.
As shown in fig. 5, after the wheat is harvested, the lead and cadmium contents of the wheat grains are analyzed, and the lead contents of the control wheat grains in the filling stage and the mature stage are respectively as follows: 0.9mg/kg and 0.95mg/kg, wherein the cadmium content is respectively as follows: 0.52mg/kg and 0.95mg/kg, and the lead contents of the experimental group wheat grain in the filling stage and the mature stage are respectively as follows: 0.20mg/kg and 0.18mg/kg, wherein the cadmium content is respectively as follows: 0.12mg/kg and 0.09mg/kg, and the grains meet the limit values of less than 0.2mg/kg and 0.1mg/kg of lead and cadmium content required by the national standard after the wheat of the experimental group is matured, thereby achieving the purpose of safely utilizing the cadmium-polluted soil.
As shown in figure 6, the Indian mustard further grows to the end of autumn after the wheat is harvested, the soil sample is collected after the whole plant is harvested to detect the lead and cadmium content of the soil, the lead content of the soil is reduced from 387.3mg/kg to 363.0mg/kg, the lead content is reduced by 6.26%, the cadmium content of the soil is reduced from 10.98mg/kg to 9.74mg/kg, the cadmium content is reduced by 11.31%, the lead and cadmium content of the soil can be obviously reduced by intercropping the Indian mustard and the wheat, the lead and cadmium contaminated soil can be repaired, and the lead and cadmium contaminated soil can be expected to be repaired to the clean soil level after several years of rotation of the Indian mustard and the wheat.
In conclusion, the method for safely utilizing Indian mustard-wheat intercropping and repairing the lead-cadmium combined polluted soil can ensure that the lead-cadmium content of wheat grains is not over standard, the polluted soil is gradually purified, and the aim of repairing while producing is fulfilled.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that such changes and modifications be included within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. A method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium composite polluted soil is characterized in that Indian mustard and wheat are intercropped on the lead-cadmium composite polluted soil, and an efficient lead-cadmium blocking agent is sprayed from a wheat jointing stage to a grouting stage.
2. The method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil according to claim 1, wherein the intercropping planting comprises the following steps:
(1) planting winter wheat: planting winter wheat on the lead-cadmium combined polluted soil at equal line spacing for 10 months, wherein the line spacing of the winter wheat is 40-45 cm;
(2) raising seedlings of Indian mustard: treating Indian mustard seeds, and growing seedlings in a greenhouse to the plant height of 5-7 cm;
(3) transplanting Indian mustard: planting the Indian mustard seedlings among winter wheat lines in the green turning period of winter wheat of 3 months in the next year, wherein the distance between the winter wheat lines and the Indian mustard lines is 20-22cm, and the spacing between the Indian mustard transplanted plants is 10-15 cm;
(4) field management: timely watering after intercropping the Indian mustard, applying 300 kg/hectare of compound fertilizer at the same time, and then carrying out conventional watering irrigation;
(5) harvesting: wheat is harvested in 5-6 months and the Indian mustard is harvested after autumn.
3. The method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil according to claim 1, wherein the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.4 to 0.7 percent of nano zinc sulfate, 0.3 to 0.6 percent of nano magnesium sulfate, 2.0 to 3.0 percent of humic acid and Fe3O4@C-COOH 0.2-0.3％、Fe3O4@C-NH20.1 to 0.3 percent of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, 0.5 to 1.5 percent of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate and the balance of water, wherein the sum of the mass percentages of the raw materials is 100 percent.
4. The method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil according to claim 3, wherein the preparation method of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent comprises the following steps:
s1, weighing: weighing the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 0.4 to 0.7 percent of nano zinc sulfate, 0.3 to 0.6 percent of nano magnesium sulfate, 2.0 to 3.0 percent of humic acid and Fe3O4@C-COOH0.2-0.3％、Fe3O4@C-NH20.1-0.3% of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, 0.5-1.5% of water for standby;
s2, uniformly mixing the raw materials weighed by the S1 to obtain the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent.
5. The method for safely utilizing and remediating lead-cadmium combined polluted soil as claimed in claim 4, wherein the mixing method of the step S2 is as follows: carrying out ultrasonic treatment on nano zinc sulfate in water to prepare a first dispersion liquid; adding nano magnesium sulfate into the first dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a second dispersion liquid; adding humic acid into the second dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a third dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the third dispersion3O4Ultrasonic dispersing with @ C-COOH to obtain a fourth dispersion liquid; adding Fe into the fourth dispersion3O4@C-NH2Performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a fifth dispersion liquid; and adding alkyl naphthalene sulfonate into the fifth dispersion liquid for ultrasonic dispersion to prepare the high-efficiency blocking agent.
6. The method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil according to claim 3, wherein the application steps of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent are as follows:
(1) preparing a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution: the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent and clean water are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 50, uniformly mixing to obtain a high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution;
(2) spraying the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution obtained in the step (1) on the surface of the wheat from the jointing stage to the filling stage of the wheat;
wherein, the leaves are sprayed once every 15 days from the jointing stage to the flowering stage, and the spraying is carried out for four times;
after the grouting period, the spike is sprayed once every 5 to 7 days for three times.
7. The method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil according to claim 6, wherein the spraying amount of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution in the step (2) is 0.5-1 kg/mu.
8. The method for safely utilizing and repairing lead-cadmium combined polluted soil according to claim 6, wherein the spraying method of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent solution in the step (2) comprises the following steps: spraying at 6-8 point in the early morning, and supplementing spraying once after raining if raining condition occurs after spraying.
9. The use of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent according to any one of claims 1 to 8 in the preparation of a plant preparation for blocking lead-cadmium pollution.
10. The application of the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent in preparing a plant lead-cadmium pollution blocking preparation according to claim 9, wherein the high-efficiency lead-cadmium blocking agent is sprayed on wheat leaves in Indian mustard-wheat intercropping of lead-cadmium combined polluted soil.
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