CN112956434A - Jellyfish germ plasm desalination culture method - Google Patents
Jellyfish germ plasm desalination culture method Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/20—Culture of aquatic animals of zooplankton, e.g. water fleas or Rotatoria
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/174—Vitamins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
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- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a jellyfish germ desalination culture method, which belongs to the technical field of seawater ornamental animals, and is characterized in that gradient seawater desalination is matched with jellyfish generation replacement and metamorphosis development, a seed quality, namely a polyp, of complete freshwater culture is generated from the traditional natural seawater culture salinity, the culture survival rate is up to more than 95 percent, compared with the prior art, permanent desalination germ is generated, the process of desalinating a larva again is avoided each time, the desalination cost is reduced, meanwhile, the freshwater culture jellyfish avoids the multiplication of algae and pathogenic parasites in a culture cylinder, and feasibility is provided for the common ornamental animals to enter families.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of seawater ornamental animals, and particularly relates to a jellyfish germ plasm desalination culture method.
Background
With the continuous development of society, the demand of people for ornamental organisms is increasing. Jellyfishes, as a new ornamental animal, are deeply favored by tourists and are gradually exposed in the home raising market. However, the fresh water species of the jellyfishes are few, and all the jellyfishes are hydrozoa with the life of only months, and the increasing market demand cannot be completely met. Therefore, the problem of the seawater jellyfish salinity desalination cultivation is solved, the technical problem is solved, the development of more display forms of the jellyfish is facilitated, the problems that the seawater for feeding marine organisms is multiple in preparation process, high in cost, easy to crystallize, easy to grow algae, influence on viewing effect and the like are solved, the requirements of development of more cultural and educational products, inland aquariums and family feeding are met, and the production and maintenance cost is reduced to the greatest extent.
At present, many marine economic animals improve economic benefits by a desalination culture method, but desalination starts at a seedling stage, and germplasm parents for freshwater culture are not generated, so that the marine economic animals have no heredity. However, the jellyfish has the characteristics of short generation, more filial generations, clear genetic background and easy acquisition of the filial generations, and can be fed, domesticated and experimentally operated under artificial conditions, so that the desalination of the jellyfish germplasm is feasible.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for desalinating and culturing jellyfish germplasm, which utilizes the characteristics of rapid generation replacement, strong mutation capability and metamorphosis and development of life history of jellyfish to obtain parents, namely hydranth, of complete freshwater culture. The hydranth can be propagated asexually and permanently keep the characteristics of freshwater aquaculture, and can be transversely split under specific conditions to generate a completely freshwater aquaculture jellyfish, and the survival rate of the hydranth and the jellyfish in freshwater can reach more than 95%.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for desalinating and culturing jellyfish germplasm specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting mature hydranth of natural seawater cultured jellyfish, placing the still water in a culture container, reducing salinity by 0.8-1.2 per day to salinity of 13-18 per mill, and then reducing salinity by 0.4-0.6 per mill to salinity of 6-13 per mill;
(2) putting the hydranth desalted in the step (1) into a constant temperature box for breeding, enabling the hydranth to have transverse crack within 5-15d, and enabling the disc-shaped body to be separated from the hydranth within 1-3d of transverse crack;
(3) transferring the plate-shaped body in the step (2) into an jellyfish breeding container with salinity of 6-13 per mill, dripping fresh water, and reducing the salinity by 0.1-0.3 per mill per day until the jellyfish is completely bred with the fresh water, wherein the plate-shaped body develops to an jellyfish breeding adult through a larva stage;
(4) culturing the jellyfish in fresh water until sexual maturity, avoiding light, discharging sperm and laying eggs in still water, culturing the jellyfish in fresh water until the stage of the hydroid, and permanently storing the hydroid through asexual reproduction or splitting a disk for production.
Further, the still water culture temperature in the step (1) is consistent with the mariculture temperature, multiple vitamins are added into each liter of water, and artemia nauplii are fed every morning;
further, in the cultivation of the dish-shaped bodies in the step (3), the water flow in the cultivation container is driven by the airflow, so that the water quality is kept uniform.
And (3) driving water flow in the culture container through a water pump in the step (4) to keep the water quality uniform, feeding the artemia nauplii and the artificial pellet feed twice a day by the jellyfish, arranging a 150W metal halogen lamp 15cm above the culture container, and illuminating for 8 hours a day to promote the growth of individuals and the gonad development.
Further, the fresh water storage tank in the steps (3) and (4) is provided with scale marks and a water outlet regulator.
Further, the jellyfishes are moon jellyfishes, babu nitrite jellyfishes, malaysia nozaea jellyfishes, coffee golden jellyfishes, leaf nitrate jellyfishes, androsaceus jellyfishes, golden jellyfishes, brachydate jellyfishes, Australia fleck jellyfishes, cyanea nozakii and multicell jellyfishes.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a seawater salinity desalination culture method for jellyfishes, which generates holophote-hydroid polyps from the traditional natural seawater culture salinity by matching gradient seawater desalination with jellyfish generation replacement and metamorphosis development, has the culture survival rate of over 95 percent, generates permanent desalination germplasm compared with the prior art, avoids the process of desalinating larvae every time, reduces the desalination cost, simultaneously avoids the multiplication of algae and pathogenic bacteria parasites in a culture cylinder for the jellyfishes cultured in fresh water, and provides feasibility for the common ornamental animals to walk into families.
Detailed Description
Example 1
(1) Selecting 100 mature marine moon hydrozoans cultured in 32 ‰ natural seawater, placing in 1L beaker still water, feeding, reducing salinity by 1 ‰, 17d to 15 ‰, reducing salinity by 0.5 ‰, 10d to 10 ‰; the temperature of still water culture is (22 +/-2) DEG C, 0.5mg of multivitamins are added into each liter of water, the artemia nauplii are fed in the morning every day, and the water is completely changed after 4 hours; the fed Jinweibai is rich in 14 vitamins and nutrients, including VA、VB1、VB2、VD3、VB6、VB12、VC、VE、VK3Nicotinic acid, folic acid, calcium pantothenate, biotin, amino acid, glucose, high-activity biological factors and the like, and aims to perfect the feed nutrition structure, regulate the metabolic balance of jellyfish organisms, improve the food intake and enhance the vitality and immunity of the organisms.
(2) Putting the hydranth into a thermostat at 15 ℃, enabling the hydranth to have transverse cracks within 7d and enabling the disc to be separated from the hydranth within 2 d.
(3) Transferring 200 dishes into a 7.8L jellyfish breeding tank with the mixed salinity of natural seawater and fresh water of 10 per mill, dripping fresh water, reducing the salinity by 0.25 per mill every day, and completely breeding the jellyfishes after 40 days, wherein the dishes develop to jellyfish breeding bodies with the diameter of 15cm through a larva stage; wherein, 7.8L of the dish-shaped body culture tank drives water flow in the tank through air flow, and the water quality is kept uniform. The fresh water storage tank 10L is provided with scale marks and a water outlet regulator.
(4) And continuously culturing 198 jellyfishes in fresh water for 100 days until sexual maturity, carrying out mixed culture in dark and still water for 12 hours, then discharging sperms of the male moon jellyfishes, collecting the billow larvae at the mouth and wrist of the female moon jellyfishes after 1 day, and culturing the billow larvae in fresh water to the hydroid stage. Wherein, breed jar 40L, drive the jar internal rivers through the water pump, keep water quality homogeneous, jellyfish throws and feeds artemia nauplius and artifical pellet feed twice a day, and the cultivation container is directly over 15cm and is set up 150W metal halogen lamp, 8h illumination each day, promotes individual growth and gonad development. The fresh water storage tank 10L is provided with scale marks and a water outlet regulator.
In this example, 100 hydranth were co-processed, and at the end of the 27d step (1), the hydranth was proliferated to 126 by asexual propagation, with a proliferation rate of 126%. And (3) co-processing 200 dishes, and after the step (3) is finished, culturing 198 jellyfish adults which grow to the diameter of 15cm of the umbrella for 40d, wherein the survival rate is 99%. Culturing the adult of the aurelia aurea under the condition of the step (4) for 100d to reach sexual maturity, wherein the osmotic pressure of the generated hydranth is suitable for complete freshwater culture, the population number is enlarged through asexual propagation, and the characteristics of the individual genetic parent freshwater culture, the low-temperature transverse rupture disk-shaped body and the disk-shaped body freshwater culture are bred.
Example 2
(1) Selecting 100 mature marine moon hydrozoans cultured in 32 ‰ natural seawater, placing in 1L beaker still water, and feeding, wherein salinity is reduced by 1.2 ‰, 15 ‰, 0.6 ‰, and 10 ‰; the temperature of still water culture is (22 +/-2) DEG C, 0.5mg of multivitamins are added into each liter of water, the artemia nauplii are fed in the morning every day, and the water is completely changed after 4 hours; the fed Jinweibai is rich in 14 vitamins and nutrients, including VA、VB1、VB2、VD3、VB6、VB12、VC、VE、VK3Nicotinic acid, folic acid, calcium pantothenate, biotin, amino acid, glucose, high-activity biological factors and the like, and aims to perfect the feed nutrition structure, regulate the metabolic balance of jellyfish organisms, improve the food intake and enhance the vitality and immunity of the organisms.
(2) Putting the hydranth into a thermostat at 15 ℃, enabling the hydranth to have transverse cracks within 7d and enabling the disc to be separated from the hydranth within 2 d.
(3) Transferring 200 dishes into a 7.8L jellyfish breeding tank with the mixed salinity of natural seawater and fresh water of 10 per mill, dripping fresh water, reducing the salinity by 0.3 per mill every day, and completely breeding the jellyfishes after 40 days, wherein the dishes develop to jellyfish breeding bodies with the diameter of 15cm through a larva stage; wherein, 7.8L of the dish-shaped body culture tank drives water flow in the tank through air flow, and the water quality is kept uniform. The fresh water storage tank 10L is provided with scale marks and a water outlet regulator.
(4) And continuously culturing 198 jellyfishes in fresh water for 100 days until sexual maturity, carrying out mixed culture in dark and still water for 12 hours, then discharging sperms of the male moon jellyfishes, collecting the billow larvae at the mouth and wrist of the female moon jellyfishes after 1 day, and culturing the billow larvae in fresh water to the hydroid stage. Wherein, breed jar 40L, drive the jar internal rivers through the water pump, keep water quality homogeneous, jellyfish throws and feeds artemia nauplius and artifical pellet feed twice a day, and the cultivation container is directly over 15cm and is set up 150W metal halogen lamp, 8h illumination each day, promotes individual growth and gonad development. The fresh water storage tank 10L is provided with scale marks and a water outlet regulator.
In this example, 100 hydranth were co-processed, and at the end of the 27d step (1), the hydranth was proliferated to 125 by asexual propagation, with a proliferation rate of 125%. And (3) co-treating 200 disks, and after the step (3) is finished, 197 jellyfish adult bodies are bred until the diameter of the umbrella is 15cm, the breeding time is 40d, and the survival rate is 99%. Culturing the adult of the aurelia aurea under the condition of the step (4) for 100d to reach sexual maturity, wherein the osmotic pressure of the generated hydranth is suitable for complete freshwater culture, the population number is enlarged through asexual propagation, and the characteristics of the individual genetic parent freshwater culture, the low-temperature transverse rupture disk-shaped body and the disk-shaped body freshwater culture are bred.
Example 3
(1) Selecting 100 mature marine moon hydrozoans cultured in 32 ‰ natural seawater, placing in 1L beaker still water, and feeding, wherein salinity is reduced by 0.8 ‰, 18 ‰, 0.4 ‰, and 13 ‰; the temperature of still water culture is (22 +/-2) DEG C, 0.5mg of multivitamins are added into each liter of water, the artemia nauplii are fed in the morning every day, and the water is completely changed after 4 hours; the fed Jinweibai is rich in 14 vitamins and nutrients, including VA、VB1、VB2、VD3、VB6、VB12、VC、VE、VK3Nicotinic acid, folic acid, calcium pantothenate, biotin, amino acid, glucose, high-activity biological factor, etc., aiming at perfecting the nutrient structure of bait, regulating the metabolic balance of jellyfish organism, increasing food intake and enhancing organismVitality and immunity.
(2) Putting the hydranth into a thermostat at 15 ℃, enabling the hydranth to have transverse cracks within 7d and enabling the disc to be separated from the hydranth within 2 d.
(3) Transferring 200 dishes into a 7.8L jellyfish breeding cylinder with the mixed salinity of natural seawater and fresh water of 13 per mill, dripping fresh water, and reducing the salinity by 0.2 per mill every day until the jellyfish is completely bred into fresh water, wherein the dishes grow into jellyfishes with the diameter of 15cm through a larva stage; wherein, 7.8L of the dish-shaped body culture tank drives water flow in the tank through air flow, and the water quality is kept uniform. The fresh water storage tank 10L is provided with scale marks and a water outlet regulator.
(4) And continuously culturing 198 jellyfishes in fresh water for 100 days until sexual maturity, carrying out mixed culture in dark and still water for 12 hours, then discharging sperms of the male moon jellyfishes, collecting the billow larvae at the mouth and wrist of the female moon jellyfishes after 1 day, and culturing the billow larvae in fresh water to the hydroid stage. Wherein, breed jar 40L, drive the jar internal rivers through the water pump, keep water quality homogeneous, jellyfish throws and feeds artemia nauplius and artifical pellet feed twice a day, and the cultivation container is directly over 15cm and is set up 150W metal halogen lamp, 8h illumination each day, promotes individual growth and gonad development. The fresh water storage tank 10L is provided with scale marks and a water outlet regulator.
In this example, 100 hydranth were co-processed, and at the end of the 27d step (1), the hydranth was propagated to 128 hydranth by asexual propagation, with a propagation rate of 128%. And (3) co-processing 200 dishes, and after the step (3) is finished, 199 jellyfish adult breeding bodies are developed to the diameter of 15cm of the umbrella, the breeding time is 40d, and the survival rate is 99%. Culturing the adult of the aurelia aurea under the condition of the step (4) for 100d to reach sexual maturity, wherein the osmotic pressure of the generated hydranth is suitable for complete freshwater culture, the population number is enlarged through asexual propagation, and the characteristics of the individual genetic parent freshwater culture, the low-temperature transverse rupture disk-shaped body and the disk-shaped body freshwater culture are bred.
Example 4:
selecting 100 mature marine hydrazoa of 32 per mill of natural mariculture, placing still water in a beaker, reducing salinity by 1 per mill for 15-32 per day, reducing salinity to 15 per mill after 17 days, reducing salinity by 0.5 per day, reducing salinity to 8 per mill after 14 days, starting expansion of the oral disc of the hydrazoa, reducing the ability of feeding artemia nauplius, continuing to culture for 48h at 8 per mill, enabling 79 hydrazoa to fall off from attachments, and continuously reducing salinity by 0.5 per mill to 6 per mill per day, so that the rest hydrazoa falls off and dies.
Selecting 100 normal-splitting natural 32 per mill marine jellyfish dishes, transferring into a jellyfish culture tank, adding fresh water dropwise, reducing salinity by 0.5 per mill every day, reducing salinity to 11 per mill after 42 days, reducing feeding ability of jellyfish larvae, slowing growth, and beginning to shrink and dissolve after salinity of 9 per mill after 4 days, and gradually dying.
It can be seen that the sea moon jellyfish and hydroid have wide adaptive salinity, which is convenient for production and domestication, but because of containing more glial cells, the salinity is too low to easily cause death and dissolution of individuals, and another form of life history is needed to share osmotic pressure change caused by salinity reduction.
Example 5:
100 mature marine moon hydrozoans cultured in 32 per mill of natural seawater are selected, and the obtained product is placed in a beaker in still water for acute salinity stress experiment. The salinity is reduced by 2 per mill every day, the hydranth grows normally by 16 per mill to 32 per mill, the hydranth expands in oral cavity after the salinity is lower than 16 per mill, then atrophy and desquamation occur, and all hydranth die when the salinity is 10 per mill.
Example 6:
(1) selecting 100 mature 32 per thousand natural marine cultured hydrazoa marmalaxae, placing still water in a beaker, reducing salinity by 1 per thousand 15-32 per day, reducing salinity to 15 per thousand after 17 days, reducing salinity by 0.5 per thousand after 8 per thousand-15 per day, and reducing salinity to 10 per thousand after 14 days;
(2) putting the hydranth into a thermostat at 15 ℃, enabling the hydranth to have transverse cracking within 10d and enabling the disc-shaped body to be separated from the hydranth within 2 d;
(3) transferring 200 dishes into a jellyfish breeding tank with the mixed salinity of natural seawater and fresh water of 8 per mill, dropwise adding fresh water, reducing the salinity by 0.25 per mill every day, and completely breeding the jellyfish after 32 days, wherein the dishes grow to jellyfish adult bodies with 7-9cm umbrella diameter through a larva stage;
(4) and (4) continuing freshwater aquaculture of the jellyfish adult until sexual maturity is reached for 100 days, discharging sperm and laying eggs after light shielding and standing water for 12 hours, and enabling freshwater aquaculture fertilized eggs to grow to hydroid stages through the floating wave larvae.
In this example, 100 hydranth were co-processed, and at the end of the 27d step (1), the hydranth was propagated to 205 hydranth by asexual propagation, with a propagation rate of 205%. And (3) co-processing 200 dishes, and after the step (3) is finished, breeding 194 jellyfish adults which grow to 7-9cm in umbrella diameter for 32d, wherein the survival rate is 97%.
Example 7:
(1) selecting 100 mature babunia nithoid hydrazoa polyps cultured in 32 per thousand natural seawater, placing still water in a beaker, reducing salinity by 1 per thousand 15-32 per day, reducing salinity to 15 per thousand after 17 days, reducing salinity by 0.5 per thousand after 6-15 per day, and reducing salinity to 6 per thousand after 18 days;
(2) putting the hydranth into a thermostat at 25 ℃, enabling the hydranth to have transverse cracking within 7d and enabling the disc-shaped body to be separated from the hydranth within 2 d;
(3) transferring 200 dishes into a jellyfish breeding tank with the mixed salinity of natural seawater and fresh water of 6 per mill, dropwise adding fresh water, reducing the salinity by 0.25 per mill every day, and completely breeding in the fresh water after 24 days, wherein the dishes grow to jellyfish breeding adults with the diameter of 5-7cm through a larva stage;
(4) and (4) continuing freshwater aquaculture of the jellyfish adult until sexual maturity is reached for 100 days, discharging sperm and laying eggs after light shielding and standing water for 12 hours, and enabling freshwater aquaculture fertilized eggs to grow to hydroid stages through the floating wave larvae.
In this embodiment, 100 hydranth are co-processed, and when the 27d step (1) is finished, the hydranth is propagated to 186 grains by asexual propagation, and the propagation rate is 186%. And (3) co-processing 200 dishes, and after the step (3) is finished, breeding 191 jellyfish adult bodies which grow to the diameter of 5-7cm of the umbrella for 24d, wherein the survival rate is 95.5%.
Example 8
By using the technical scheme of the invention, the coffee golden jellyfish, the leaf saltpeter jellyfish, the androsaceus jellyfish, the colorful golden jellyfish, the meditation golden jellyfish, the Atlantic golden jellyfish, the pacific golden jellyfish, the brachionus fascicularis jellyfish, the Australian spotted jellyfish, the jellyfish and the multicell jellyfish are desalted, and the desalting success is also achieved.
Claims (6)
1. The method for desalination cultivation of jellyfish germplasm is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting mature hydranth of natural seawater cultured jellyfish, placing the still water in a culture container, reducing salinity by 0.8-1.2 per day to salinity of 13-18 per mill, and then reducing salinity by 0.4-0.6 per mill to salinity of 6-13 per mill;
(2) putting the hydranth desalted in the step (1) into a constant temperature box for breeding, enabling the hydranth to have transverse crack within 5-15d, and enabling the disc-shaped body to be separated from the hydranth within 1-3d of transverse crack;
(3) transferring the plate-shaped body in the step (2) into an jellyfish breeding container with salinity of 6-13 per mill, dripping fresh water, and reducing the salinity by 0.1-0.3 per mill per day until the jellyfish is completely bred with the fresh water, wherein the plate-shaped body develops to an jellyfish breeding adult through a larva stage;
(4) culturing the jellyfish in fresh water until sexual maturity, avoiding light, discharging sperm and laying eggs in still water, culturing the jellyfish in fresh water until the stage of the hydroid, and permanently storing the hydroid through asexual reproduction or splitting a disk for production.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the still water culture in the step (1) is the same as the temperature of the mariculture, and a plurality of vitamins are added to each liter of water, and the artemia nauplii are fed every morning.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dish-shaped bodies are cultured in the step (3), and the water flow in the culture container is driven by the airflow to keep the water quality uniform.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the water pump drives the water flow in the culture container to keep the water quality uniform, the jellyfish feeds the artemia nauplii and the artificial pellet feed twice a day, a 150W metal halogen lamp is arranged at a position 15cm above the culture container, and the light is irradiated for 8 hours a day to promote the growth of the individual and the gonad development.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the fresh water storage tanks of steps (3) and (4) are provided with scale markings and outlet regulators.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the jellyfishes are jellyfishes japonicas, coptidis jellyfishes, malefic jellyfishes, coffee golden jellyfishes, leaf salter jellyfishes, androsaceus jellyfishes, golden jellyfishes, brachiocephalus tuba, Australian spotted jellyfishes, nepheline jellyfishes, and multiculter jellyfishes.
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