CN112945845B - Test method for detecting additive interface peeling performance of nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel - Google Patents
Test method for detecting additive interface peeling performance of nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a test method for detecting the stripping performance of a nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel additive interface, which comprises the following steps: taking a nickel-saving stainless steel plate which is the same as or similar to the additive parent metal as a parent metal for the stripping sample, bending, welding and cutting the sample; then clamping the prepared stripping sample on a static uniaxial testing machine, using a cushion block to cushion the clamping end of the sample to be equal in thickness so as to keep the testing force coaxial, stretching the sample, and recording a testing force-cross beam displacement curve, wherein the maximum testing force on the curve is the stripping force of the sample; and finally, processing the test result. The method solves the technical problems that how to design a new method for detecting the peeling strength of the metal additive interface, the quantitative evaluation of the peeling capacity of the interface is realized, and the fracture form of the interface peeling is described.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a test method for detecting the stripping performance of a nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel additive interface, belonging to the technical field of metal material mechanical property detection.
Background
Metal additive manufacturing has attracted high attention from governments, scientific research institutions, and enterprises around the world as one of the most important directions in additive manufacturing technology. Compared with the traditional processing mode, the method has a series of advantages of high flexibility, no mould, short period and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of aerospace, automobile industry, mould design and manufacture, medicine and the like.
The bonding capability of the metal additive interface is one of the key factors affecting the quality of the workpiece. Therefore, the effective, quantitative and accurate interface bonding strength evaluation method is an important means for guiding metal additive and process development. The existing method for evaluating the interface bonding strength generally adopts a lateral bending test or a shearing test, but has various defects. Firstly, neither a lateral bending test nor a shearing test can directly reflect the anti-stripping capability of an interface; secondly, for a lateral bending test, the anti-stripping capability of an interface can be only qualitatively evaluated, and when the weldment does not crack, the anti-stripping capability of the weldment cannot be compared; thirdly, for a shearing test, the test result is comprehensively influenced by the base material, the welding material and the interface due to the wavy additive interface; finally, when the material is peeled off, the external force is concentrated in a region where the front end of the interface is small, resulting in a peeling force that is significantly smaller than the shearing force and the bending force.
Therefore, a new method for detecting the peeling strength of the metal additive interface needs to be provided, the method needs to realize quantitative evaluation of the peeling capability of the interface, and also needs to describe the fracture form of the interface peeling, and further needs to provide a new idea for standardizing the behavior of the metal additive industry.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a test method for detecting the interface peeling performance of a nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel additive, aiming at solving the technical problems that how to design a new method for detecting the interface peeling strength of a metal additive in the background technology, the method is required to realize quantitative evaluation of the interface peeling capability and describe the fracture form of the interface peeling, and the method can quantitatively evaluate the peeling capability of the interface and judge the weak position of a test piece when the test piece is peeled through the fracture form.
The invention provides a test method for detecting the stripping performance of a nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel additive interface, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) Sample preparation:
the stripping sample adopts nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel or a plate material similar to the nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel in composition as a test parent metal, a nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel welding wire (welding rod) to be detected as a test welding material, the sample preparation adopts a sequence of bending first and then welding or a sequence of welding first and then bending, and cold machining is adopted to cut the sample;
measuring the width c and the length d of the weld joint, and the bending radius r =2t of the stripped sample 2 ；
(2) The peeling test process:
clamping the prepared stripping sample on a static uniaxial testing machine, using a cushion block to cushion the clamping end of the sample to be equal in thickness so as to keep the test force coaxial, stretching the sample, and recording a test force-cross beam displacement curve, wherein the maximum test force on the curve is the stripping force of the sample;
(3) And (3) processing test results:
the sheet thickness, sample preparation sequence, weld dimensions c, d, bend radius r and test force F are recorded p According to the intensity calculation formula:
the peeling strength of a single sample is calculated according to a formula, the average value of the strength of a plurality of samples in each group is calculated,
judging the fracture position by adopting a metallographic method, firstly judging the crack starting position by pointing the 'herringbone' on the fracture surface, secondly splitting the sample along the cross section of the welding line at the crack starting position, finally preparing the metallographic sample near the fracture section, observing and judging the expansion direction of the crack by using a magnifier or a microscope, and if the fracture surface has no clear 'herringbone', randomly detecting the expansion direction of the crack on 3 welding line sections of the sample.
Preferably, the preparation sequence of the thin plate sample is welding firstly and then bending, so that the arc and weld joint on the stripped sample are formed stably during welding, the arc starting and arc collecting parts of the welded sample are abandoned after welding, two wings of the sample are bent to 90 degrees by using cushion blocks, and the thickness of the thin plate sample is less than or equal to 5mm.
Preferably, the thick plate sample is prepared by firstly bending and then welding, firstly bending the sample by 90 degrees, adding an arc striking plate and an arc retracting plate which are larger than the fusion width on the central line of a welding seam, ensuring the stable formation of the electric arc and the welding seam on the stripped sample, and removing the arc striking plate and the arc retracting plate after welding, wherein the thickness of the thick plate sample is 5-10 mm.
Preferably, the environmental conditions at the time of welding are room temperature and a relative humidity of 10% or more, and the peel test is performed at room temperature within 72 hours after welding.
Preferably, the position form and position tolerance of the welding seam is less than +/-2 mm, and tools such as a metallographic method or a vernier caliper are used for measuring the width and the length of the welding seam.
Preferably, to eliminate contingency and reduce test error, each set of peel tests should peel at least 3 specimens.
Preferably, when a test result of a fracture from a corner of the test piece occurs during the peel test, the test result is regarded as invalid, and the test piece is prepared again by increasing the bending radius and retested until the test result of the fracture from the corner no longer occurs.
The test method for detecting the additive interface peeling performance of the nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel has the beneficial effects that: the invention prepares the sample form capable of accurately reflecting the interface stripping performance, and the provided test steps and test results can quantitatively evaluate the interface stripping capability and judge the weak position of the test piece when the test piece is stripped through the fracture form. In addition, the method has the characteristics of easiness in implementation, simplicity and convenience in operation, objective and accurate result, and high test stability and repeatability.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a first-welding and then-bending test piece in the preparation of a peel-off test piece according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the welding of a first bend and then weld specimen in the preparation of the peel specimen of the present invention;
wherein b represents the specimen width, l represents the specimen length, c represents the weld width, and d represents the weld length;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a plate peeling sample according to the present invention;
wherein, t 1 Denotes the upper plate thickness, t 2 Represents the lower plate thickness, a represents the crimp length, e represents the edge distance, and r represents the bend radius;
FIG. 4 is a first bending schematic of a first weld-then-bend specimen bending step according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a second bending step of bending a test piece after welding according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the bending of a bend-then-weld specimen according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the clamping of a peel-off sample according to the present invention, wherein c Indicating a clamping length;
FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a peel break form according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of a peel test curve according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention is provided in conjunction with the appended drawings:
the first embodiment is as follows: this embodiment is described with reference to fig. 1 to 9. The test method for detecting the peeling performance of the nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel additive interface specifically comprises three parts, namely sample preparation, a peeling test process and test result processing.
(1) Sample preparation
In the stripping test, nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel or a plate with similar components as a test base material is adopted, and a nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel welding wire (welding rod) to be detected is adopted as a test welding material.
When welding, the environmental conditions are room temperature and the relative humidity is more than 10%.
The sample can be prepared by adopting a sequence of bending first and then welding, or a sequence of welding first and then bending, and then cold machining is adopted to cut the sample. The sample preparation involves machining (i.e., cutting), bending, and welding, and is divided into two sequences, and the selection of the two sequences may be determined according to the sheet thickness.
The sheet sample preparation sequence is welding first and then bending. And the arc and weld joint forming stability of the stripped sample during welding is ensured, the arc striking and arc collecting parts of the welded sample are abandoned after welding, the two wings of the sample are bent to 90 degrees by using cushion blocks, and the thickness of the thin plate sample is less than or equal to 5mm. During sampling, the arc start and arc end of the welded test piece are discarded according to fig. 2, and the test piece is bent according to fig. 6.
The thick plate sample preparation sequence is that the sample is firstly welded and then bent, and the sample is firstly bent by 90 degrees, an arc striking plate and an arc retracting plate which are larger than the fusion width are added on the central line of a welding seam, the electric arc and the welding seam on the stripping sample are ensured to be formed stably, and the arc striking plate and the arc retracting plate are removed after welding. If the arc is broken, the sample is discarded. After welding, the arc starting plate and the arc collecting plate are removed according to the figure 1. The thickness of the thick plate sample is 5 mm-10 mm
No matter which sample preparation sequence is adopted, the position form and position tolerance of the welding line is less than +/-2 mm. The weld width c and the weld length d (d = b) are measured using a tool such as a metallographic method or a vernier caliper. The dimensions and the form of the peeled sample are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 2, and the bending radius r is about 2t 2 。
TABLE 1 sheet sample size and solder joint location
Unit is millimeter
(2) The peeling test process:
the peel test should be conducted at room temperature within 72 hours after welding.
The prepared peel test specimen was clamped on a static uniaxial testing machine. The sample clamping ends were padded to equal thickness using spacer blocks to keep the test forces coaxial (see fig. 7).
The test specimen was stretched and a test force-beam displacement curve was recorded, the maximum test force on the curve being the peel force (F) of the specimen P )。
To exclude contingencies and to reduce test errors, at least 3 specimens should be peeled off per set of tests.
When the test result of the fracture from the corner of the test piece occurs, the test result is regarded as invalid, and the test piece is prepared again by increasing the bending radius and tested again until the test result of the fracture from the corner no longer occurs.
(3) Test result processing
The sheet thickness, sample preparation sequence, weld dimensions c, d, bend radius r and test force F are recorded p 。
According to the intensity calculation formula:
the peel strength of each sample and the average value of each group of tests are obtained, and two decimal places are reserved in the calculation result.
And (2) judging the fracture position by adopting a metallographic method, firstly pointing to the fracture starting position through a 'herringbone' of the fracture surface, secondly splitting the sample at the fracture starting position along the cross section of the welding line, finally preparing a metallographic sample near the fracture section, and observing and judging the expansion direction of the crack through a magnifying glass or a microscope (see figure 8). If the fracture surface has no clear herringbone, the propagation directions of the cracks on the 3 welding seam sections of the sample are randomly detected.
Example 1
The invention belongs to the technical field of detection of the peeling performance of a metal additive interface layer, and particularly relates to sample preparation, a test process and a test result for detecting the peeling performance of a nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel interface.
(1) Sample preparation:
A316L stainless steel plate is used as a base material, a 08Cr19MnNi3Cu2N nickel-saving stainless steel welding wire with phi =1.2mm is used as a detection welding material, and MIG welding process parameters are shown in a table 2.
The sample preparation sequence of welding first and bending second is adopted. After the test panel welding was completed, the arcing and arc-collecting portions were removed, and 3 pieces of peeling samples were prepared according to table 3. The test specimen was then bent with a bending radius of 10mm. The weld width c =5.83mm and the weld length d =9.98mm were measured using vernier calipers.
TABLE 2 welding Process parameters
TABLE 3 sample size and solder joint location
Unit is millimeter
(2) The peeling test process:
and clamping the prepared stripping sample on a tensile testing machine by using a cushion block at room temperature within 72 hours after welding.
And (3) stretching the sample at a loading rate of 3mm/min, and respectively recording test force-beam displacement curves (see fig. 6) of 3 stripped samples, wherein test results of breakage at the corner of the sample do not appear after the test is finished, and the test data are all effective data.
(3) And (3) processing test results:
the peel forces for the 3 samples were 7.66kN, 9.02kN, and 7.92kN, respectively, and the average peel force was 8.20kN. The peel strength of 3 samples was 0.13MPa, 0.16MPa and 0.14MPa, respectively, and the average peel strength was 0.14MPa. Additive side peeling occurred for all 3 samples.
The above-mentioned embodiments further explain the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in detail. It should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are only examples of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention, and that the reasonable combination of the features described in the above-mentioned embodiments can be made, and any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A test method for detecting the additive interface peeling performance of nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Sample preparation:
the method comprises the steps of taking austenitic stainless steel as a test base material for a stripping sample, taking a nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel welding wire to be detected as a test welding material, preparing the stripping sample by adopting a sequence of bending before welding or a sequence of welding before bending, then adopting cold machining to cut the stripping sample, measuring the width c and the length d of a welding seam, and measuring the bending radius r =2t of the stripping sample 2 (ii) a Welding the gap parts of the two base materials in a lap joint welding mode;
(2) The peeling test process:
clamping the prepared stripping sample on a static uniaxial testing machine, using a cushion block to cushion the clamping end of the sample to be equal in thickness so as to keep the test force coaxial, stretching the sample, and recording a test force-cross beam displacement curve, wherein the maximum test force on the curve is the stripping force of the sample;
(3) And (3) processing test results:
the sheet thickness, sample preparation sequence, weld dimensions c, d, bend radius r and test force F are recorded p According to the intensity calculation formula:
the peeling strength of a single sample is calculated according to a formula, the average value of the strength of a plurality of samples in each group is calculated,
judging a fracture position by adopting a metallographic method, pointing to the fracture starting position through a fracture surface herringbone, splitting the sample at the fracture starting position along the cross section of a welding line, preparing a metallographic sample near the fracture section, observing and judging the expansion direction of the crack through a magnifier or a microscope, and randomly detecting the expansion direction of the crack on 3 welding line sections of the sample if the fracture surface has no clear herringbone;
the preparation sequence of the thin plate sample comprises welding and bending, so that the arc and weld joint on the stripped sample are formed stably during welding, the arc striking and arc closing parts of the welded sample are abandoned after welding, the two wings of the sample are bent to 90 degrees by using cushion blocks, and the thickness of the thin plate sample is less than or equal to 5mm;
the thick plate sample is firstly bent and then welded, the sample is firstly bent by 90 degrees, an arc striking plate and an arc retracting plate which are larger than the fusion width are added on the central line of a welding line, the electric arc and the welding line on the sample are ensured to be stably formed, the arc striking plate and the arc retracting plate are removed after welding, and the thickness of the thick plate sample is 5-10 mm.
2. The test method for detecting the additive interface peeling performance of the nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the environmental conditions are room temperature and the relative humidity is 10% or more during welding.
3. The test method for detecting the additive interface peeling performance of the nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the peeling test is performed at room temperature within 72 hours after welding.
4. The test method for detecting the additive interface peeling performance of the nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the position form and position tolerances of the welding seam are all less than +/-2 mm.
5. The test method for detecting the additive interface peeling performance of the nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, wherein the metallographic method or a vernier caliper is used for measuring the width and the length of the weld joint.
6. The test method for detecting the peeling performance of the nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel additive material interface according to claim 1, characterized in that, in order to eliminate contingency and reduce test errors, at least 3 samples should be peeled in each group of peeling test.
7. The test method for detecting the additive material interface peeling performance of the nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the peeling test, when the test result of the fracture from the corner of the test sample occurs, the test result is regarded as invalid, and the test sample is prepared again by increasing the bending radius until the test result of the fracture from the corner no longer occurs.
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