CN112913743A - 一种凡纳滨对虾投喂方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于水产养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种应用补偿生长原理的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法。一种凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,所述方法包括间隔投喂第一饲料和第二饲料,所述第一饲料中粗蛋白含量为33‑38wt%,所述第二饲料中粗蛋白含量为40‑45wt%。本发明未对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成、消化酶活和mTOR通路关键基因的表达量造成不利影响,而存活率显著上升。整个养殖过程大大节约了饲料成本,也减少了向水体中的氮磷输入。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种应用补偿生长原理的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法。
背景技术
补偿生长是指动物在经历一段时间的营养限制后生长受阻,在营养恢复时生长速度迅速恢复,并超过正常饲养的动物。补偿生长的原理是动物在营养限制条件下运动减少,代谢和能量消耗减弱,消化和吸收营养物质的能力增强。在动物饲养过程中,合理应用补偿生长的原理不仅可以节约饲料成本,还可以减少动物代谢废物排放对生态环境的压力。
国内外已有研究表明,应用补偿生长的原理设计投喂方法可在猪、牛、鸡和部分鱼类的养殖中产生良好的生长效果。育肥猪能量限饲20%后,可在能量恢复期获得较高的平均日增重,且整个养殖过程中的耗料增重比与正常饲喂组无显著差异;能量限饲15%和30%可以改善肉鸡的生长性能和消化机能,还可以增加肉鸡的胰腺指数;短期禁食后复喂不会对虹鳟鱼、鲶鱼、黑鲷、大西洋鲑鱼的生长和健康造成不利影响;周期性蛋白质限制也不会对西伯利亚鲟鱼的生长、非特异性免疫、体组成产生不利影响。禁食后复喂或周期性蛋白质限制是一种有效的补充生长策略,这有助于减少饲料中蛋白质的利用,过量蛋白质供应不仅不会促进水产动物的生长性能,还有增加氮向水环境中的排放量,影响水质量和生态环境。
凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei),又名南美白对虾,是一类非常重要的水产养殖品种,已成为世界上养殖最广泛的甲壳类动物,2017年全球凡纳滨对虾的养殖产量占对虾类养殖产量的85.77%。由于凡纳滨对虾营养价值高,市场需求量大,养殖凡纳滨对虾已成为我国重要的经济水产养殖活动,凡纳滨对虾产量占全国对虾养殖产量的43%。凡纳滨对虾的高营养价值与日益增长的市场需求相结合,促进了凡纳滨对虾配合饲料产业的发展。适宜的饲料配方和投喂策略是水产养殖能否成功的关键因素。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种在不影响生长的情况下能够节约饲料成本的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法。通过比较不同投喂方法对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成、消化酶活和mTOR通路关键基因的表达量的影响,发现相较于传统的全程投喂高蛋白水平的饲料,低蛋白水平饲料和高蛋白水平饲料间隔投喂不会对凡纳滨对虾产生显著影响,且存活率显著上升,饲料成本显著下降。
本发明的目的通过如下技术方案实现:
一种凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,所述方法包括间隔投喂第一饲料和第二饲料,所述第一饲料的粗蛋白含量为33-38wt%,所述第二饲料的粗蛋白含量为40-45wt%。
优选的是,所述间隔投喂的策略为投喂一周第一饲料,然后投喂一周第二饲料,如此循环。
优选的是,所述第一饲料的粗蛋白含量为36.12wt%,所述第二饲料的粗蛋白含量为43.28wt%。
优选的是,所述间隔投喂为养殖过程的第一、三、五周投喂第一饲料,在第二、四、六周投喂第二饲料。
优选的是,所述第一饲料和第二饲料的粗脂肪含量均为7-9wt%。
优选的是,所述第一饲料的粗脂肪含量为8.04wt%,所述第二饲料的粗脂肪含量为7.86wt%。
本发明与现有投喂方法相比的有益效果:
1、对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成、消化酶活和mTOR通路关键基因的表达量均无显著影响,存活率显著上升。
2、整个养殖过程大大节约了饲料成本,也减少了向水体中的氮磷输入。
附图说明
图1为不同的投喂方法对凡纳滨对虾肝脏消化酶活性的影响;
图2为不同的投喂方法对凡纳滨对虾mTOR信号通路相关基因的表达水平的影响。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,对本发明作进一步详细的阐述,但本发明的实施方式并不局限于实施例表示的范围。这些实施例仅用于说明本发明,而非用于限制本发明的范围。此外,在阅读本发明的内容后,本领域的技术人员可以对本发明作各种修改,这些等价变化同样落于本发明所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
实施例1
一种应用补偿生长原理的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,间隔投喂第一饲料和第二饲料,所述第一饲料中粗蛋白含量为33wt%(wt%为质量百分含量),所述第二饲料中粗蛋白含量为40wt%,所述第一饲料和第二饲料的粗脂肪含量均为7wt%。间隔投喂的具体策略为投喂一周第一饲料,然后投喂一周第二饲料,如此循环。在养殖过程的第一、三、五、七周投喂第一饲料,在第二、四、六、八周投喂第二饲料。
实施例2
一种应用补偿生长原理的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,间隔投喂第一饲料和第二饲料,所述第一饲料中粗蛋白含量为38wt%(wt%为质量百分含量),所述第二饲料中粗蛋白含量为45wt%,所述第一饲料和第二饲料的粗脂肪含量均为9wt%。间隔投喂的具体策略为投喂一周第一饲料,然后投喂一周第二饲料,如此循环。在养殖过程的第一、三、五、七周投喂第一饲料,在第二、四、六、八周投喂第二饲料。
实施例3
设计并制作了43.28wt%和36.12wt%蛋白水平的饲料,饲料配方如表1所示。
表1两种粗蛋白质水平的饲料配方
原料(g/100g) | 43.28% | 36.12% |
鱼粉 | 40 | 30 |
豆粕 | 30 | 22.5 |
花生粕 | 21.9 | 38.4 |
鱼油 | 2.6 | 3.6 |
大豆卵磷脂 | 1 | 1 |
啤酒酵母 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
维生素预混物<sup>a</sup> | 1 | 1 |
矿物质预混物<sup>b</sup> | 1 | 1 |
饲料营养组成 | ||
水分 | 9.36 | 9.12 |
粗蛋白 | 43.28 | 36.12 |
粗脂肪 | 7.86 | 8.04 |
灰分 | 11.46 | 12.13 |
总能量(kJg<sup>-1</sup>) | 16.91 | 16.31 |
a维生素预混物(kg-1/干物质):维生素A,250,000IU;维生素B2,750mg;维生素B6,400mg;维生素B12,1mg;维生素B1,250mg;维生素K,250mg;叶酸,125mg;维生素H,10mg;生育酚,2.5g;肌醇,8000mg;泛酸钙,1250mg;烟酸,2000mg;氯化胆碱,8000mg;维生素D3,45,000IU;维生素C,7000mg.
b矿物质预混物(kg-1/干物质):ZnSO4·7H2O,0.04g;CaCO3,37.9g;KCl,5.3g;KI,0.04g;NaCl,2.6g;CuSO4·5H2O,0.02g;CoSO4·7H2O,0.02g;FeSO4·7H2O,0.9g;MnSO4·H2O,0.03g;MgSO4·7H2O,3.5g;Ca(HPO4)2·2H2O,9.8g。
36.12wt%的蛋白质水平被设置为低蛋白水平,43.28wt%的蛋白质水平被设置为高蛋白水平,两种蛋白水平的饲料被用于对虾养殖。四种投喂方法被设计,如表2所示。T1:凡纳滨对虾连续摄食六周43.28wt%蛋白水平的饲料(第二饲料);T2:凡纳滨对虾在第一、四周摄食36.12wt%蛋白水平的饲料(第一饲料),在第二、三、五、六周摄食43.28%蛋白水平的饲料;T3:凡纳滨对虾在第一、三、五周摄食36.12wt%蛋白水平的饲料,在第二、四、六周摄食43.28wt%蛋白水平的饲料;T4:凡纳滨对虾在第一、二、四、五周摄食36.12wt%蛋白水平的饲料,在第三、六周摄食43.28wt%蛋白水平的饲料。
表2四种不同投喂方法
选取960尾初始体重为6.52±0.46g的凡纳滨对虾被随机分配到12个养殖桶(容积400L)中,每桶80尾虾,每三个养殖桶分配一种投喂方法。实验采取定量投喂的方式,每天根据摄食情况调整投饵量。饲喂42天后,测定凡纳滨对虾的终末体重、肝脏消化酶活性、肌肉组成和肌肉中mTOR信号通路相关基因的表达情况。实验期间每天换水一半,水温为(28±2)℃,盐度(28±2)‰,pH 7.8-8.0,溶解氧≥5mg/L,氨氮≤0.3mg/L,亚硝酸盐≤0.1mg/L,室内自然光照周期12h。
表3是不同投喂策略的凡纳滨对虾初始体重、终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、存活率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率,结果显示T1、T2、T3和T4投喂方法之间的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率无显著性差异(P>0.05),而相较于T1的投喂方法,T2和T3的存活率显著上升。
表3补体的投喂策略对凡纳滨对虾生长性能的影响
Items | IBW/g | FBW/g | WG/% | SGR/(%/d) | Survival/% | FE | PER |
T1 | 6.52±0.02 | 14.81±1.14a | 127.21±17.45a | 1.95±0.19a | 82.08±9.04b | 0.66±0.09a | 1.54±0.21a |
T2 | 6.54±0.06 | 14.14±0.45a | 116.85±6.96a | 1.84±0.08a | 95.00±2.5a | 0.62±0.04a | 1.52±0.09a |
T3 | 6.48±0.04 | 14.26±0.98a | 118.82±15.09a | 1.86±0.16a | 94.17±4.39a | 0.65±0.08a | 1.64±0.21a |
T4 | 6.55±0.06 | 11.48±0.19b | 76.12±2.89b | 1.35±0.04b | 87.92±1.91ab | 0.43±0.02b | 1.12±0.04b |
实验数值为三次重复的平均值±标准差。同一列中不同上标的值有显著差异(n=3;P<0.05)。IBW,初始体重;FBW,终末体重;WG,增重率;SGR,特定生长率;FE,饲料效率;PER,蛋白质效率
表4是不同投喂策略的凡纳滨对虾肌肉的水分、灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪。结果显示T1、T2、T3和T4投喂方法之间的肌肉粗蛋白,粗脂肪,水分,灰分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
表4不同的投喂策略对凡纳滨对虾肌肉组成的影响
指标(%) | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 |
水分 | 73.04±0.95 | 74.07±0.70 | 73.67±0.47 | 74.49±0.58 |
粗蛋白 | 23.25±0.35a | 22.39±0.58ab | 22.71±0.39ab | 21.92±0.99b |
粗脂肪 | 0.8±0.02 | 0.79±0.02 | 0.75±0.02 | 0.77±0.03 |
灰分 | 1.56±0.09 | 1.48±0.07 | 1.52±0.04 | 1.59±0.04 |
实验数值为三次重复的平均值±标准差。同一列中不同上标的值有显著差异(n=3;P<0.05)
对不同投喂策略的凡纳滨对虾肝脏的淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性进行检测,结果如图1所示,具体结果显示T1、T2和T3投喂方法之间的淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
对不同的投喂方法的凡纳滨对虾肌肉中tor、s6k和4e-bp基因的相对表达水平进行检测,结果如图2所示,具体结果显示,T1、T2和T3投喂方法中凡纳滨对虾肌肉tor、s6k和4e-bp基因的相对表达水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。
Claims (6)
1.一种凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括间隔投喂第一饲料和第二饲料,所述第一饲料的粗蛋白含量为33-38wt%,所述第二饲料的粗蛋白含量为40-45wt%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,其特征在于,所述间隔投喂的策略为投喂一周第一饲料,然后投喂一周第二饲料,如此循环。
3.根据权利要求1所述的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,其特征在于,所述第一饲料的粗蛋白含量为36.12wt%,所述第二饲料的粗蛋白含量为43.28wt%。
4.根据权利要求2所述的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,其特征在于,所述间隔投喂为养殖过程的第一、三、五周投喂第一饲料,在第二、四、六周投喂第二饲料。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一所述的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,其特征在于,所述第一饲料和第二饲料的粗脂肪含量均为7-9wt%。
6.根据权利要求5所述的所述的凡纳滨对虾投喂方法,其特征在于,所述第一饲料的粗脂肪含量为8.04wt%,所述第二饲料的粗脂肪含量为7.86wt%。
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