CN112901816A - Airborne diaphragm type valve structure - Google Patents

Airborne diaphragm type valve structure Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112901816A
CN112901816A CN202110024908.6A CN202110024908A CN112901816A CN 112901816 A CN112901816 A CN 112901816A CN 202110024908 A CN202110024908 A CN 202110024908A CN 112901816 A CN112901816 A CN 112901816A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
valve
circular
silica gel
groove
upper cover
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Pending
Application number
CN202110024908.6A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
蒋东升
李辉
胡珊珊
杨启耀
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Anhui Jianzhu University
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Anhui Jianzhu University
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Publication date
Application filed by Anhui Jianzhu University filed Critical Anhui Jianzhu University
Priority to CN202110024908.6A priority Critical patent/CN112901816A/en
Publication of CN112901816A publication Critical patent/CN112901816A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16KVALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K7/00Diaphragm valves or cut-off apparatus, e.g. with a member deformed, but not moved bodily, to close the passage ; Pinch valves
    • F16K7/12Diaphragm valves or cut-off apparatus, e.g. with a member deformed, but not moved bodily, to close the passage ; Pinch valves with flat, dished, or bowl-shaped diaphragm
    • F16K7/14Diaphragm valves or cut-off apparatus, e.g. with a member deformed, but not moved bodily, to close the passage ; Pinch valves with flat, dished, or bowl-shaped diaphragm arranged to be deformed against a flat seat

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid-Driven Valves (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a membrane type valve structure for airborne use, which belongs to the design technology of oxygen and nitrogen preparation by air separation and is characterized in that: a support ring (5) is installed in a middle section hole (1h) of the step groove (1b), a gap delta between the outer surface of the support ring (5) and the inner cavity surface of the circular bulge of the silica gel membrane (3) is 2.5-3.5 mm, and the distance t from the upper surface of the circular bulge of the silica gel membrane (3) to the bottom of the circular groove (2d) of the valve upper cover (2) is 2.5-3.5 mm; the invention provides an airborne diaphragm type valve structure, which is additionally provided with a support ring, so that the part of the circular convex section of a silicon diaphragm, which is in an inverted U shape, is limited to enter the annular groove of an air inlet cavity, the upper space of the silicon diaphragm is increased, the part of the circular convex section of the silicon diaphragm, which is in the inverted U shape, is prevented from being extruded by an upper entity, and the service life of the silicon diaphragm is prolonged.

Description

Airborne diaphragm type valve structure
Technical Field
The invention belongs to a design technology for preparing oxygen and nitrogen by air separation, and relates to an improvement on a membrane type valve structure for airborne use.
Background
The principle adopted in the design technology for preparing oxygen and nitrogen by air separation on the airplane is the pressure swing adsorption principle to separate oxygen and nitrogen, and the silicate molecular sieve is adopted to adsorb the nitrogen in the air to separate the oxygen, so that the oxygen is supplied to a pilot for breathing and is used for protection and lifesaving; a carbon molecular sieve is adopted to adsorb oxygen in air to separate nitrogen to supply a fuel tank, the fuel tank is used for fire prevention and explosion prevention of an airplane, no matter which adsorbent is adopted in the adsorption principle, a diaphragm type valve structure which is pneumatically controlled is required to be adopted, at present, the diaphragm type valve structure for airborne use is shown in figures 1 and 2 and comprises a valve base 1, a valve upper cover 2, a silica gel diaphragm 3 and a conical spring 4; the valve shell is formed by closing a valve base 1 and a valve upper cover 2, the upper surface of the valve base 1 is a fitting surface, an air inlet 1d and an air outlet 1a are arranged on the non-fitting surface of the valve base 1, a circular step groove 1b is arranged at the center of the upper surface of the valve base 1, a valve seat 1c with a central hole is formed at the center of the step groove 1b, the central hole of the valve seat 1c is communicated with the air outlet 1a through a passage in the valve base 1, the upper end surface of the valve seat 1c is lower than the upper surface of the valve base 1 and higher than the groove bottom of the step groove 1b, and an air inlet 1e communicated with the air inlet 1d is arranged at the groove bottom of the step groove 1 b; the lower surface of the valve upper cover 2 is a matching surface, a circular groove 2d is arranged in the center of the lower surface of the valve upper cover 2, a concave circular spring seat 2c is arranged in the center of the bottom of the circular groove 2d, a control hole 2b penetrating through the upper surface of the valve upper cover 2 is arranged in the center of the spring seat 2c, an annular boss 2a is arranged on the lower surface of the valve upper cover 2 and around the port of the circular groove 2d, after the valve base 1 and the valve upper cover 2 are matched, the annular boss 2a is inserted into an upper section hole 1f with a large diameter, which is adjacent to the upper surface of the valve base 1, of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and keeps clearance fit, and the valve base 1 and the valve upper cover 2 are connected into a whole through screws; the silica gel diaphragm 3 is a silica gel wafer with a circular bulge on the periphery and a hard core on the central part, the cross section of the circular bulge is in an inverted U shape, the silica gel diaphragm 3 is positioned in a valve cavity formed by a step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and a circular groove 2d of the valve upper cover 2, the edge of the silica gel diaphragm 3 is clamped between the step end face of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and the lower end face of a circular boss 2a of the valve upper cover 2, a valve cavity on the upper part of the silica gel diaphragm 3 forms a control cavity, a valve cavity on the lower part of the silica gel diaphragm 3 forms an air inlet cavity, the conical spring 4 is positioned in the control cavity, the large-diameter upper end of the conical spring 4 is positioned in the spring seat 2c, the small-diameter lower end of the conical spring 4 props against the central part of the upper surface of the silica gel diaphragm 3, and the lower surface of the. The working principle is as follows: when gas enters the control hole, the control cavity is filled with the gas, the upper surface of the silicon membrane is pressed, the pressure of the gas in the gas inlet cavity on the silicon membrane is overcome, the rubber wafer with a hard core at the central part of the silicon membrane tightly presses the valve seat, the gas in the gas inlet cavity stops flowing into the gas outlet cavity and is output outwards, and at the moment, because the control cavity is filled with the gas, the circular convex section of the silicon membrane is too large in deformation due to the pressing of the part in the shape of the inverted U, and enters the annular groove of the gas inlet cavity and is easy to damage; when the control hole discharges gas, the control cavity releases pressure, the upper surface of the silicon diaphragm is not pressed, the rubber wafer with the hard core at the central part of the silicon diaphragm is upwards separated from the valve seat, the gas in the gas inlet cavity begins to flow into the gas outlet cavity and is outwards output, at the moment, the pressure is released by the control cavity, the circular convex section of the silicon diaphragm is in an inverted U-shaped position and upwards moves along with the silicon wafer, the silicon diaphragm is upwards limited in space, and the circular convex section of the silicon diaphragm is in an inverted U-shaped position and is extruded by an upper entity and is twisted out and deformed, so that the circular convex part of the silicon diaphragm is easy to damage. The disadvantages are that: the silicon rubber diaphragm is easy to damage in two working states, the cavity stamping state is controlled, the section of the circular convex of the silicon rubber diaphragm is in an inverted U shape and enters the annular groove of the air inlet cavity, and the circular convex part of the silicon rubber diaphragm is twisted out and deformed, so that the circular convex part of the silicon rubber diaphragm is easy to damage; the pressure relief state of the cavity is controlled, the section of the circular bulge of the silicon membrane is in an inverted U shape, the part is upwards extruded by an upper entity, and the circular bulge of the silicon membrane is twisted out and deformed, so that the circular bulge of the silicon membrane is easy to damage.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is: the support ring is additionally arranged, the circular convex section of the silica gel diaphragm is limited to enter the annular groove of the air inlet cavity for the inverted U-shaped part, the upper space of the silica gel diaphragm is increased, the phenomenon that the circular convex section of the silica gel diaphragm is extruded by an upper entity for the inverted U-shaped part is avoided, and the service life of the silica gel diaphragm is prolonged.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a membrane type valve structure for airborne use comprises a valve base 1, a valve upper cover 2, a silicon membrane 3 and a conical spring 4; the valve shell is formed by closing a valve base 1 and a valve upper cover 2, the upper surface of the valve base 1 is a fitting surface, an air inlet 1d and an air outlet 1a are arranged on the non-fitting surface of the valve base 1, a circular step groove 1b is arranged at the center of the upper surface of the valve base 1, a valve seat 1c with a central hole is formed at the center of the step groove 1b, the central hole of the valve seat 1c is communicated with the air outlet 1a through a passage in the valve base 1, the upper end surface of the valve seat 1c is lower than the upper surface of the valve base 1 and higher than the groove bottom of the step groove 1b, and an air inlet 1e communicated with the air inlet 1d is arranged at the groove bottom of the step groove 1 b; the lower surface of the valve upper cover 2 is a matching surface, a circular groove 2d is arranged in the center of the lower surface of the valve upper cover 2, a concave circular spring seat 2c is arranged in the center of the bottom of the circular groove 2d, a control hole 2b penetrating through the upper surface of the valve upper cover 2 is arranged in the center of the spring seat 2c, an annular boss 2a is arranged on the lower surface of the valve upper cover 2 and around the port of the circular groove 2d, after the valve base 1 and the valve upper cover 2 are matched, the annular boss 2a is inserted into an upper section hole 1f with a large diameter, which is adjacent to the upper surface of the valve base 1, of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and keeps clearance fit, and the valve base 1 and the valve upper cover 2 are connected into a whole through screws; the silica gel diaphragm 3 is a silica gel wafer with a circular bulge on the periphery and a hard core on the central part, the cross section of the circular bulge is in an inverted U shape, the silica gel diaphragm 3 is positioned in a valve cavity formed by a step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and a circular groove 2d of the valve upper cover 2, the edge of the silica gel diaphragm 3 is clamped between the step end surface of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and the lower end surface of a circular boss 2a of the valve upper cover 2, a valve cavity on the upper part of the silica gel diaphragm 3 forms a control cavity, a valve cavity on the lower part of the silica gel diaphragm 3 forms an air inlet cavity, a conical spring 4 is positioned in the control cavity, the large-diameter upper end of the conical spring 4 is positioned in a spring seat 2c, the small-diameter lower end of the conical spring 4 props against the central part of the upper surface of the silica gel diaphragm 3, and the lower surface of the; the method is characterized in that: the step groove 1b is a two-stage step groove and is composed of three sections of holes, the diameter of an upper section hole 1f is the largest, the diameter of a middle section hole 1h is the next, the diameter of a lower section hole is the smallest, a first step end face is arranged between the upper section hole 1f and the middle section hole 1h, a second step end face is arranged between the middle section hole 1h and the lower section hole, an annular boss 2a of the valve upper cover 2 is inserted into the upper section hole 1f of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1, and the edge of the silica gel membrane 3 is clamped between the first step end face of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and the lower end face of the annular boss 2a of the valve upper cover 2; a support ring 5 is installed in a middle section hole 1h of the step groove 1b, the support ring 5 is a member formed by connecting the lower part of an upper ring 5b with an upper circular section and the upper surface of a lower ring 5a with a lower rectangular section in a penetrating manner, the outer diameter of the lower ring 5a is larger than that of the upper ring 5b, the outer diameter of the lower ring 5a is in interference fit with the middle section hole 1h of the step groove 1b, the upper ring 5b of the support ring 5 is located in an inner cavity of the circular ring-shaped bulge of the silica gel diaphragm 3, a gap delta between the outer surface of the support ring 5 and the surface of the inner cavity of the circular ring-shaped bulge of the silica gel diaphragm 3 is 2.5 mm-3.5 mm, and a distance t from the upper surface of the circular ring-shaped bulge of the silica gel diaphragm 3 to the bottom of the circular groove 2 d.
The invention has the advantages that: the support ring is additionally arranged, the circular convex section of the silicone membrane is limited to enter the annular groove of the air inlet cavity for the inverted U-shaped part, the upper space of the silicone membrane is increased, the phenomenon that the circular convex section of the silicone membrane is extruded by an upper entity for the inverted U-shaped part is avoided, and the service life of the silicone membrane is prolonged.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a conventional membrane type shutter for an onboard vehicle.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of the shutter base 1 in fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of the shutter base 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of the structure of the support ring 5 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below. Referring to fig. 3 and 4, the membrane type valve structure for airborne use comprises a valve base 1, a valve upper cover 2, a silicon membrane 3 and a conical spring 4; the valve shell is formed by closing a valve base 1 and a valve upper cover 2, the upper surface of the valve base 1 is a fitting surface, an air inlet 1d and an air outlet 1a are arranged on the non-fitting surface of the valve base 1, a circular step groove 1b is arranged at the center of the upper surface of the valve base 1, a valve seat 1c with a central hole is formed at the center of the step groove 1b, the central hole of the valve seat 1c is communicated with the air outlet 1a through a passage in the valve base 1, the upper end surface of the valve seat 1c is lower than the upper surface of the valve base 1 and higher than the groove bottom of the step groove 1b, and an air inlet 1e communicated with the air inlet 1d is arranged at the groove bottom of the step groove 1 b; the lower surface of the valve upper cover 2 is a matching surface, a circular groove 2d is arranged in the center of the lower surface of the valve upper cover 2, a concave circular spring seat 2c is arranged in the center of the bottom of the circular groove 2d, a control hole 2b penetrating through the upper surface of the valve upper cover 2 is arranged in the center of the spring seat 2c, an annular boss 2a is arranged on the lower surface of the valve upper cover 2 and around the port of the circular groove 2d, after the valve base 1 and the valve upper cover 2 are matched, the annular boss 2a is inserted into an upper section hole 1f with a large diameter, which is adjacent to the upper surface of the valve base 1, of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and keeps clearance fit, and the valve base 1 and the valve upper cover 2 are connected into a whole through screws; the silica gel diaphragm 3 is a silica gel wafer with a circular bulge on the periphery and a hard core on the central part, the cross section of the circular bulge is in an inverted U shape, the silica gel diaphragm 3 is positioned in a valve cavity formed by a step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and a circular groove 2d of the valve upper cover 2, the edge of the silica gel diaphragm 3 is clamped between the step end surface of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and the lower end surface of a circular boss 2a of the valve upper cover 2, a valve cavity on the upper part of the silica gel diaphragm 3 forms a control cavity, a valve cavity on the lower part of the silica gel diaphragm 3 forms an air inlet cavity, a conical spring 4 is positioned in the control cavity, the large-diameter upper end of the conical spring 4 is positioned in a spring seat 2c, the small-diameter lower end of the conical spring 4 props against the central part of the upper surface of the silica gel diaphragm 3, and the lower surface of the; the method is characterized in that: the step groove 1b is a two-stage step groove and is composed of three sections of holes, the diameter of an upper section hole 1f is the largest, the diameter of a middle section hole 1h is the next, the diameter of a lower section hole is the smallest, a first step end face is arranged between the upper section hole 1f and the middle section hole 1h, a second step end face is arranged between the middle section hole 1h and the lower section hole, an annular boss 2a of the valve upper cover 2 is inserted into the upper section hole 1f of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1, and the edge of the silica gel membrane 3 is clamped between the first step end face of the step groove 1b of the valve base 1 and the lower end face of the annular boss 2a of the valve upper cover 2; referring to fig. 5, a support ring 5 is installed in the middle section hole 1h of the step groove 1b, the support ring 5 is a member formed by connecting the lower part of the upper ring 5b with the circular section on the upper surface and the upper surface of the lower ring 5a with the rectangular section on the lower surface in a penetrating manner, the outer diameter of the lower ring 5a is larger than that of the upper ring 5b, the outer diameter of the lower ring 5a is in interference fit with the middle section hole 1h of the step groove 1b, the upper ring 5b of the support ring 5 is located in the inner cavity of the circular protrusion of the silicone membrane 3, the gap δ between the outer surface of the support ring 5 and the surface of the inner cavity of the circular protrusion of the silicone membrane 3 is 2.5mm to 3.5mm, and the distance t from the upper surface of the circular protrusion of the silicone membrane 3 to the bottom of the circular groove 2d of the valve upper.
The working principle of the invention is as follows: when the silica gel diaphragm moves downwards, the support ring is arranged, so that the damage caused by the fact that the part of the circular convex section of the silica gel diaphragm, which is in the shape of an inverted U, enters the annular groove of the air inlet cavity is avoided; when the silica gel diaphragm moves upwards, the upper space of the silica gel diaphragm is increased, and the situation that the part of the circular convex section of the silica gel diaphragm is extruded and damaged by an upper entity is avoided.
The main parameters in mm for 3 examples of the invention are given below.
δ t
Example 1 2.5 2.5
Example 2 3 3
Example 3 3.5 3.5

Claims (1)

1. A membrane type valve structure for airborne use is characterized by comprising a valve base (1), a valve upper cover (2), a silicon membrane (3) and a conical spring (4); the valve shell is formed by closing a valve base (1) and a valve upper cover (2), the upper surface of the valve base (1) is a fitting surface, an air inlet (1d) and an air outlet (1a) are arranged on the non-fitting surface of the valve base (1), a circular step groove (1b) is arranged at the center of the upper surface of the valve base (1), a valve seat (1c) with a central hole is formed at the center of the step groove (1b), the central hole of the valve seat (1c) is communicated with the air outlet (1a) through a passage in the valve base (1), the upper end surface of the valve seat (1c) is lower than the upper surface of the valve base (1) and higher than the groove bottom of the step groove (1b), and an air inlet (1e) communicated with the air inlet (1d) is arranged at the groove bottom of the step groove (1 b); the lower surface of the upper cover (2) of the valve is a matching surface, a circular groove (2d) is arranged in the center of the lower surface of the upper cover (2) of the valve, a concave circular spring seat (2c) is arranged in the center of the bottom of the circular groove (2d), a control hole (2b) penetrating through the upper surface of the upper cover (2) of the valve is arranged in the center of the spring seat (2c), an annular boss (2a) is arranged on the lower surface of the upper cover (2) of the valve and around the port of the circular groove (2d), when the upper cover (2) of the valve and the base (1) of the valve are matched, the annular boss (2a) is inserted into an upper section hole (1f) which is adjacent to the upper surface of the base (1) of the valve and has a large diameter and keeps clearance fit, and the upper cover (2) of the valve and the base (1) of the valve are connected into a whole through a screw; the silica gel membrane (3) is a silica gel wafer with a circular bulge on the periphery and a hard core on the central part, the section of the circular bulge is in an inverted U shape, the silica gel membrane (3) is positioned in a valve cavity formed by a step groove (1b) of a valve base (1) and a circular groove (2d) of a valve upper cover (2), the edge of the silica gel membrane (3) is clamped between the step end surface of the step groove (1b) of the valve base (1) and the lower end surface of an annular boss (2a) of the valve upper cover (2), a valve cavity on the upper part of the silica gel membrane (3) forms a control cavity, a valve cavity on the lower part of the silica gel membrane (3) forms an air inlet cavity, a conical spring (4) is positioned in the control cavity, the upper end of the large diameter of the conical spring (4) is positioned in a spring seat (2c), the lower end of the small diameter of the conical spring (4) props against the central part of the upper surface, the lower surface of the silica gel membrane (3) is attached to the upper port of the valve seat (1 c); the method is characterized in that: the step groove (1b) is a two-stage step groove and consists of three sections of holes, the diameter of an upper section hole (1f) is the largest, the diameter of a middle section hole (1h) is the second, the diameter of a lower section hole is the smallest, a first step end face is arranged between the upper section hole (1f) and the middle section hole (1h), a second step end face is arranged between the middle section hole (1h) and the lower section hole, an annular boss (2a) of the valve upper cover (2) is inserted into the upper section hole (1f) of the step groove (1b) of the valve base (1), and the edge of the silica gel membrane (3) is clamped between the first step end face of the step groove (1b) of the valve base (1) and the lower end face of the annular boss (2a) of the valve upper cover (2); a support ring (5) is installed in a middle section hole (1h) of a step groove (1b), the support ring (5) is a member formed by connecting the lower part of an upper ring (5b) with an upper circular section and the upper surface of a lower ring (5a) with a lower rectangular section in a penetrating manner, the outer diameter of the lower ring (5a) is larger than that of the upper ring (5b), the outer diameter of the lower ring (5a) is in interference fit with the middle section hole (1h) of the step groove (1b), the upper ring (5b) of the support ring (5) is located in an inner cavity of a circular ring protrusion of a silica gel membrane (3), a gap delta between the outer surface of the support ring (5) and the surface of the inner cavity of the circular ring protrusion of the silica gel membrane (3) is 2.5-3.5 mm, and the distance t from the upper surface of the circular ring protrusion of the silica gel membrane (3) to the bottom of the circular groove (2d) of a valve upper cover (2) is 2.5-.
CN202110024908.6A 2021-01-08 2021-01-08 Airborne diaphragm type valve structure Pending CN112901816A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202110024908.6A CN112901816A (en) 2021-01-08 2021-01-08 Airborne diaphragm type valve structure

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202110024908.6A CN112901816A (en) 2021-01-08 2021-01-08 Airborne diaphragm type valve structure

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN112901816A true CN112901816A (en) 2021-06-04

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ID=76112351

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202110024908.6A Pending CN112901816A (en) 2021-01-08 2021-01-08 Airborne diaphragm type valve structure

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN112901816A (en)

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB599189A (en) * 1942-12-12 1948-03-08 Pesco Products Co Improvements in or relating to control devices or valves for vacuum systems, and vacuum control systems for vacuum operated airplane instruments
EP0367383A2 (en) * 1988-11-04 1990-05-09 Nok Corporation Reed valve device with air control valve
GB2329006A (en) * 1997-09-06 1999-03-10 Draeger Aerospace Gmbh Venting valve for a rapid pressure drop
CN2791395Y (en) * 2004-12-05 2006-06-28 王小芳 Self-rotation micro-damping coutrol valve for waterproof watch
CN203395335U (en) * 2013-08-13 2014-01-15 黄石兴阀科技有限公司 Magnetic-power flexible membrane switching valve for pipeline starting
CN108291656A (en) * 2015-12-15 2018-07-17 威伯科欧洲有限责任公司 Valve cell for the pressure modulation in pneumatic braking system

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB599189A (en) * 1942-12-12 1948-03-08 Pesco Products Co Improvements in or relating to control devices or valves for vacuum systems, and vacuum control systems for vacuum operated airplane instruments
EP0367383A2 (en) * 1988-11-04 1990-05-09 Nok Corporation Reed valve device with air control valve
GB2329006A (en) * 1997-09-06 1999-03-10 Draeger Aerospace Gmbh Venting valve for a rapid pressure drop
CN2791395Y (en) * 2004-12-05 2006-06-28 王小芳 Self-rotation micro-damping coutrol valve for waterproof watch
CN203395335U (en) * 2013-08-13 2014-01-15 黄石兴阀科技有限公司 Magnetic-power flexible membrane switching valve for pipeline starting
CN108291656A (en) * 2015-12-15 2018-07-17 威伯科欧洲有限责任公司 Valve cell for the pressure modulation in pneumatic braking system

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