CN112886088A - 电池热调节单元 - Google Patents

电池热调节单元 Download PDF

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CN112886088A
CN112886088A CN202011114735.9A CN202011114735A CN112886088A CN 112886088 A CN112886088 A CN 112886088A CN 202011114735 A CN202011114735 A CN 202011114735A CN 112886088 A CN112886088 A CN 112886088A
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cell
battery
liquid coolant
battery module
thermal conditioning
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迈克尔·A·扎格罗德尼克
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Rolls Royce PLC
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Abstract

本发明题为“电池热调节单元”。本发明提供了一种用于调节软包电池(30)的温度的热调节单元(40)。该热调节单元形成为容器,该容器具有:用于输送液体冷却剂通过该单元的一个或多个内部冷却通道(50);容纳该冷却通道的柔性外覆盖件(42);以及入口端口和出口端口(46),该入口端口和出口端口穿透覆盖件以分别向冷却通道提供液体冷却剂并从冷却通道移除液体冷却剂。柔性外覆盖件形成单元的基本上平坦的主外表面,该主外表面在形状上对应于软包电池的主外表面并用于压靠软包电池的主外表面,使得单元和软包电池可保持面对面接触。冷却通道被布置在柔性外覆盖件中,使得当所提供的液体冷却剂被加压时,其导致单元膨胀并压靠软包电池的主外表面。

Description

电池热调节单元
技术领域
本公开涉及用于软包电池的热调节单元。
背景技术
对用于陆基电动车辆的电池提出的性能要求和管理这类产品的监管要求已经产生了基于特别为陆基电动车辆市场设计的软包电池的电池模块。然而,这些设计通常不适用于航空航天应用,尤其是电动推进系统和混合电动推进系统,其中操作环境、负载曲线和监管环境非常不同。
具体地讲,航空航天应用提出了以下技术挑战:
1)高放电速率。从电池获取高放电电流,尤其是在起飞和着陆期间。高电流产生内部电池单元加热和电池单元内的潜在的高电池单元温度和/或温度梯度,这因此减少了电池单元循环寿命。技术挑战是向电池单元提供足够的冷却,从而将电池的整个主体的均匀温度保持在介于10℃和35℃之间的最佳范围内。
2)高海拔操作。电池模块可能需要在例如30,000英尺或更高(9km或更高)的高度处操作。降低的空气压力/密度降低了空气的绝缘性能,使得提供足够的隔离而不引起过度的重量/尺寸损失成为问题。此外,在低压或真空环境下操作的软包电池可经历膨胀和收缩循环。这可导致电极损坏和过早损失放电容量。为了解决这个问题,可能需要向电极叠堆施加约束压力。这已证明即使在近真空(0.1psi,约0.7kPa)条件下也减少了容量劣化。
3)振动和机械应力。飞行器环境的特征在于高振动、在竖直方向和水平方向两者上的加速度以及取向变化(俯仰和翻滚)。因此,可能需要能够以任何取向支撑电池并抑制导致材料疲劳的振动的支撑结构。
4)热失控遏制。虽然热失控的发生率可通过适当的电池单元选择、电池管理系统所采用的热管理和保护算法来降低,但仍然可能发生热失控事件。当多个电池单元被迫热失控时,RTCA DO-311A 2.4.5.5“电池热失控遏制测试”检查模块的性能。该测试的通过标准是没有烟雾或碎屑从模块中释放出来。一个技术挑战是遏制火灾,使得一个电池单元的热失控不传播到另一个电池单元。第二个技术挑战是防止烟雾或碎屑从电池模块逸出。
5)爆炸遏制。在电池单元排气的情况下,有可能模块内的空气空间变得充满电解质蒸汽。如果存在点火源,则该蒸汽可爆炸。RTCA DO-311A 2.4.5.6“爆炸遏制测试”检查电池模块在这种情况下的性能,并且规定不允许烟雾或碎屑从模块中排出。因此,技术挑战是为能够承受此类爆炸的模块配置轻质壳体。
发明内容
本公开的各方面旨在解决这些挑战。
本公开的第一一般方面提供用于调节软包电池的温度的热调节单元,该热调节单元具有:一个或多个内部冷却通道,该内部冷却通道用于输送液体冷却剂通过单元;以及用于分别向该一个或多个冷却通道和从该一个或多个冷却通道输送液体冷却剂的入口端口和出口端口;其中该单元具有基本上平坦的主外表面,以用于压靠软包电池的主外表面,使得单元和软包电池能够保持面对面接触。
因此,热调节单元可使电池保持冷却,从而允许从电池汲取高放电电流,同时还对电池施加压力,这有助于其在高海拔下操作。此外,使热调节单元压靠电池可提供机械支撑并有助于减少振动。
更具体地讲,根据本公开的第二方面,提供了一种用于调节软包电池的温度的热调节单元,该热调节单元被形成为容器,该容器具有:一个或多个内部冷却通道,用于输送液体冷却剂通过该单元;容纳该冷却通道的柔性外覆盖件;以及入口端口和出口端口,该入口端口和出口端口穿透覆盖件以分别向冷却通道提供液体冷却剂并从冷却通道移除液体冷却剂;其中柔性外覆盖件形成单元的基本上平坦的主外表面以用于压靠软包电池的主外表面,使得单元和软包电池能够保持面对面接触;并且其中冷却通道被布置在柔性外覆盖件中,使得当所提供的液体冷却剂被加压时,其导致单元膨胀并压靠软包电池的主外表面。
例如,单元的柔性外覆盖件可由具有至少0.2W/mK的热导率的塑料材料形成。例如,其可由聚丙烯、聚乙烯、尼龙或耐液体冷却剂的一些其他聚合物形成。
有利的是,柔性外覆盖件允许液体冷却剂成为一种方法,热调节单元可通过该方法冷却电池并对电池施加压力。
现在阐述本公开的可选特征部和其他方面。
软包电池可为锂离子软包电池。
液体冷却剂可为水或水-乙二醇(例如50∶50混合物)。
热调节单元的基本上平坦的主外表面可在形状上对应于软包电池的主外表面。第一方面或第二方面的热调节单元的主外表面可为矩形,即,在形状上对应于软包电池的矩形主外表面,并且用于压靠软包电池的矩形主外表面。因此方便地,该单元可具有棱柱形3D形状,匹配软包电池的矩形棱柱形3D形状。
冷却通道可沿循从入口端口到出口端口的蛇形路径。该路径从而可允许通道覆盖与单元的主外表面的面积基本上匹配的面积。
该单元还可容纳限制单元膨胀的间隔元件。例如,间隔元件可为基本上完全填充单元的主体(例如,矩形棱柱形3D形状),冷却通道形成为穿过主体的切口或主体中的凹陷部。主体可由塑料诸如聚丙烯、聚乙烯、尼龙或耐液体冷却剂的一些其它聚合物形成。
根据本公开的第三方面,提供了一种电池模块,该电池模块具有:多个根据第一方面或第二方面的热调节单元;以及多个电连接的软包电池,每个电池具有在形状上对应于该单元中的相应一个的该主外表面的主外表面;其中每个软包电池与该相应单元形成电池/单元组合,使得该电池的该主外表面和该单元面对面接触。
便利地,每个电池/单元组合可容纳在由不易燃材料形成的相应约束护套中。护套因此在电池周围提供不易燃的热阻挡层。然而,其也帮助以机械方式保护电池和单元并且保持它们紧密接触。
实际上,更一般地讲,在本公开的第四方面,提供了根据第一方面或第二方面的热调节单元与软包电池的电池/单元组合,该软包电池具有在形状上对应于该单元的主外表面的主外表面,该电池/单元组合容纳在由不易燃材料形成的约束护套中,其中该单元的该主外表面与该软包电池的该主外表面面对面接触。
在第三方面或第四方面,约束护套可为柔性约束护套。例如,不易燃材料可以是无机纤维材料,诸如毡或织造纤维材料。纤维可以是硅酸铝陶瓷纤维。
在第三方面的电池模块中,电池/单元组合可布置在壳体内,壳体内的围绕电池/单元组合的空间填充有阻燃剂和电绝缘膨胀泡沫。然后泡沫也可向电池/单元组合施加压力以进一步增强每个组合的单元和电池之间的面对面接触。然而,电池模块可保持或包括空隙(即,未填充有膨胀泡沫的空间),用于在电池中的一个或多个电池热失控的情况下从电池收集气体和烟雾,并且用于将所收集的气体和烟雾引导到位于壳体中的爆破阀。
在第三方面的电池模块中,壳体可具有贯穿其中且流体连接到热调节单元的入口端口的分配端口,以及贯穿其中且流体连接到热调节单元的出口端口的收集端口。然后,液体冷却剂可分别经由分配端口和收集端口进入和离开壳体。
根据本公开的第五方面,提供了一种根据第三方面的电池模块和冷却剂电路的组合,在该电池模块中,壳体具有分配端口和收集端口,其中该冷却剂电路具有泵以经由热交换器(诸如风扇辅助式散热器)将该液体冷却剂从该收集端口泵送回到该分配端口,以降低所泵送的液体冷却剂的温度,从而从该电池模块去除废热。
第五方面的冷却剂电路还可提供加热电池的选项。具体地讲,电池模块通常定位在飞行器的未加热区域中。因此,在飞行期间可存在电池暴露于非常低的环境温度(例如-40℃或更冷)的长时间段。此类低温不一定对电池单元有害,但可能重要的是电池模块在飞行期间的任何时间准备好使用,并且通常电池操作的最佳温度范围介于10℃和35℃之间。因此,不管它们的位置如何,电池的温度优选地可保持在可从电池单元获取功率的水平。因此,冷却剂电路还可具有加热器以加热泵送的液体冷却剂,从而提高电池的温度,加热器和热交换器是可控的,使得泵送的液体冷却剂通过热交换器冷却或通过加热器加热。
第五方面的冷却剂电路可便利地被配置为控制所泵送的液体冷却剂的压力,从而控制由单元的膨胀施加在电池的主外表面上的压力。例如,冷却剂电路可在收集端口下游具有固定或可变孔,以保持泵送的液体冷却剂中的受控压力。除此之外或另选地,冷却剂电路可具有跨分配端口和收集端口的旁路管线中的压力释放阀。在电池模块上出现过压的情况下,压力释放阀可打开以将泵送的液体冷却剂流分流远离模块。
根据本公开的第六方面,提供了一种电源系统,该电源系统具有:DC配电总线;马达和DC/AC转换器,该转换器将从该DC配电总线吸收的DC功率转换成AC功率并将该AC功率递送给该马达;以及(i)根据第三方面的电池模块,或(ii)电池模块和冷却剂电路的根据第五方面的组合,以及可操作地连接在电池模块和DC配电总线之间的DC/DC转换器,其中该电池模块在放电操作模式下将DC功率递送到该DC配电总线,并且在再充电操作模式下从该DC配电总线吸收DC功率。
电源系统还可包括发电机和AC/DC转换器,该转换器将发电机产生的AC功率转换成DC功率并将该DC功率递送至DC配电总线。
根据本公开的第七方面,提供了一种飞行器推进系统,该飞行器推进系统具有:根据第六方面的电源系统;以及由马达提供动力的推进式风扇或推进器。
飞行器推进系统还可包括气体涡轮引擎,该气体涡轮引擎为第六方面的发电机提供动力。
根据本公开的第八方面,提供了一种具有第七方面的推进系统的飞行器。
本领域的技术人员将理解,除非相互排斥,否则关于任何一个上述方面描述的特征如作适当变动,可以应用于任何其他方面。此外,除非相互排斥,否则本文中描述的任何特征可以应用于任何方面以及/或者与本文中描述的任何其他特征组合。
附图说明
现在将参考附图仅以举例的方式来描述实施方案,其中:
图1示意性地示出了混合电动飞行器推进系统;
图2示出了从电池侧观察的面对面接触的软包电池和热调节单元的组合的示意透视图;
图3示出了热调节单元侧(软包电池插片不可见)的图2的组合的示意透视图;
图4示出了填充图2和图3的热调节单元的间隔元件的示意透视图;
图5示出了插入到约束护套中的图2和图3的软包电池与热调节单元的组合的示意透视图;
图6是来自电池模块的软包电池和热调节单元的一对组合的透明透视图;
图7是图6的一对组合的横截面侧视图;
图8是来自电池模块的软包电池和热调节单元的三对对准组合的横截面侧视图;
图9是电池模块的分解图;
图10是最终组装的电池模块的透明透视图;并且
图11示意性地示出了用于液体冷却剂的电路中的六个电池模块的堆叠。
具体实施方式
现在将参考附图讨论本公开的方面和实施方案。另外的方面和实施方案对于本领域的技术人员而言是显而易见的。
图1示意性地示出了混合电动飞行器推进系统。飞行器具有高压DC(HVDC)配电总线10。发生器12产生AC电功率,AC电功率由AC/DC转换器14转换成DC功率以用于馈送到总线上。便利地,发电机可由气体涡轮引擎16供电。通过DC/AC转换器18从总线汲取功率,该DC/AC转换器向马达20供应所汲取的功率,并且继而驱动飞行器的推进式推进器或风扇22。
推进系统还具有可再充电锂离子电池模块24的叠堆。模块串联电连接以形成电池组。电池模块在起飞时提供额外的功率,并且更一般地,有助于HVDC配电总线10中的电压电平的调节。电池模块在功率输送操作模式下将DC功率输送到DC配电总线,并且在功率吸收操作模式下从DC配电总线吸收DC功率。DC/DC转换器26可操作地将电池模块连接到HVDC配电总线,并且帮助AC/DC转换器14将总线的电压电平保持在固定电平。
每个电池模块24容纳多个软包电池和用于电池的多个热调节单元。图2示出了从电池侧观察的面对面接触的这些软包电池30中的一个与其热调节单元40的组合的示意透视图,并且图3示出了从单元侧观察的该组合的示意透视图。
电池30具有电连接插片32(其可处在一端,如图所示,或处在相对端)和焊接的软包侧缝34。该电池为大致矩形棱柱形的,并且具有两个平坦的矩形主外表面。
热调节单元40被成形为袋状容器,该容器具有柔性外覆盖件42、焊接的侧缝44、以及入口端口和出口端口46,该入口端口和出口端口分别用于向该单元提供液体冷却剂(诸如水或水-乙二醇混合物,例如50∶50混合物)并从该单元中移除液体冷却剂。填充该单元的是间隔元件48,该间隔元件48呈平滑边缘的、基本上矩形的棱柱主体的形式,在图4中以透视图示意性地示出。这赋予该单元对应的矩形棱柱形外部形状,类似于电池30的外部形状,包括两个矩形主外表面,其中的一个在界面36处与电池30的矩形主外表面之一面对面接触。间隔元件为平滑边缘的以保护外覆盖件42,并且容纳切口或凹陷部,该切口或凹陷部限定冷却剂的通道50沿循从入口端口到出口端口的蛇形路径。元件和通道可通过模切、注塑、3D打印或其他合适的方法形成。
代替通道50沿循间隔元件48中的蛇形路径,用于引导冷却剂液体流通过热调节单元40并且保持具有平坦主表面的单元的形状的其他内部结构也是可能的。例如,可使用内部挡板的布置。
外覆盖件42可由例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙或其它合适的塑料薄膜形成。其可为具有或不具有增强和不可渗透阻挡层(诸如铝箔)的多层层合物。间隔元件48同样可由聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙或耐液体冷却剂的其他合适的塑料形成。便利地,端口46可由相应的管件提供,管件优选地由与外覆盖件的材料相同的材料形成以便于接合(例如,通过焊接)到外覆盖件,并且通过间隔元件馈送到通道50。当以此方式馈送管材时,间隔元件可保持整体结构,该整体结构增强热调节单元40整体的刚度。一旦管件插入穿过间隔元件中的侧孔,柔性外覆盖件42就可沿着接缝44并围绕管件焊接(例如,通过射频焊接)。
液体冷却剂通过冷却剂电路泵送通过热调节单元40(下文讨论)。这通过在接触界面36上传递的热量来冷却电池30。具体地讲,由于接触表面的面积相对较大,电池和单元之间的热阻抗减小。所泵送的冷却剂还对单元加压,使得外覆盖件42膨胀并将单元压靠在电池的整个界面上,从而进一步减小热阻抗。单元施加在电池上的压力也有助于抑制电池在高海拔(低气压)环境中的膨胀,从而保持循环寿命。
选择外覆盖件42的材料厚度以提供液体冷却剂与电池30表面的充分电隔离。对于HVDC总线电压接近1kV的电气系统,由具有厚度为0.2mm至0.5mm的塑料的塑料薄膜形成的覆盖件可为足够的;塑料薄膜通常具有约20kV/mm的绝缘额定值。另一方面,覆盖件必须足够薄以允许足够的热量从电池穿过其中到达液体冷却剂。典型的塑料薄膜具有介于0.2W/mK至0.5W/mK之间的热导率。
当确定电池30内的电池单元电极叠堆与液体冷却剂之间的热阻时,也可考虑软包材料的组成。商业软包电池层压体通常具有多个层。例如,内层可由聚丙烯(20μm-40μm)、铝箔中间层(5μm-30μm)和尼龙外层6(10μm-40μm)构成,但材料和层压体构型也可被取代。也可存在各种粘合剂层以粘结层合体,但这些粘合剂层较薄并且不显著影响层合体的热性能。
可以容易地估计整个界面36上的冷却效果。例如,如果界面面积为10cmx20cm,外覆盖件材料的厚度为500μm,软包材料的厚度为80μm,并且外覆盖件材料和软包材料的热导率均为0.4W/mK,则电池单元电极叠堆和液体冷却剂之间的有效热阻R可被估计为:
R=((80+500).10-6)/(0.4*0.1*0.2)=0.07K/W
在该示例中,估计的热阻相当低,并且建议有可能增加外覆盖件材料的厚度以便改善电隔离、水渗透抗性和水压耐受性抗性。
热调节单元40在界面36处提供平坦的主要外表面,使得该单元对电池30施加均匀的压力,该压力不使在其内的电池单元电极叠堆变形。
可将附加薄膜放置在电池30和单元40之间。这些可用于各种功能,诸如
·在界面36处适应表面中的不规则部分;
·将该热量散布在该界面上;以及
·将单元40横跨界面粘附到电池30。
还可施加导热油脂以填充界面36处的微观空隙。
如图5示意性所示,将软包电池30和热调节单元40的组合插入由不易燃无机纤维材料(诸如毡)形成的紧密配合的缝制约束护套60中。孔眼62缝合到封套中,以允许插片32和入口/出口端口46从护套穿出。
无机纤维可为硅酸铝陶瓷纤维,其具有非常高的耐温能力,并且可在高达1260℃下连续使用。护套60提供围绕电池30和单元40的不易燃的热阻挡层。其也帮助以机械方式保护电池和单元并且保持它们紧密接触。在电解质从电池排出或热失控的情况下,陶瓷纤维不阻止蒸汽和烟雾的释放。这些将穿过材料到达电池单元上方的充气室(空隙空间),如下该。
电池模块24包含多个电池/单元对组合,每个电池/单元对组合在其自身的护套60中,并且每个电池/单元对组合安装在放置于壳体内的轻型支架中,电池/单元对组合和支架用原位成形阻燃聚氨酯泡沫封装。图6为一个此类对组合的透明透视图,并且图7为其横截面侧视图,该视图还示出了支架70的相应部分以及用于入口/出口端口46的连接器72。图8为三个此类对准的对组合的横截面侧视图,并且还示出了封装泡沫74、接合连接器72的管道76、以及电连接插片32的印刷电路板(PCB)78的一部分。图9为模块的分解图,示出了封装在泡沫74中的模块的一整行对准的电池/单元对组合、PCB 78和用于模块的壳体80的部件。图10示出了最终组装的模块的透明透视图,并且还示出了管道76的分配端口和收集端口82,这些端口允许液体冷却剂分别进入和离开壳体。
泡沫74可具有基于磷酸盐的阻燃剂,诸如由H.B.Fuller制造的包含20%-30%阻燃剂的SwiftbondTM4006BFR“阻燃封装泡沫”。此类泡沫在正常大气环境下不维持燃烧,并且额定为3.2mm的UL94 HBF和6.35mm的UL94 VO。泡沫在凝固之前也具有低粘度,从而允许包封复杂的部件。此外,泡沫是电绝缘的,例如绝缘额定值为3kV/mm。因此,将电池30悬挂在泡沫内有助于将它们和电气系统与处于地电势的壳体80和冷却剂系统电隔离。
泡沫74的另一个功能是牢固地但轻柔地将电池/单元组合固定在适当位置。当泡沫膨胀时,其使纤维护套60中的空隙塌缩并将热调节单元40压靠在其电池30上。如上所述,此类压力改善了单元和电池之间的热接触,并且也有助于保持高海拔环境中的电池容量。
泡沫74还填充模块壳体80,从而增强壳体的刚度并移除壳体内的空气空间,插片32上方的小空隙除外。当模块24内的自由空间的体积减小时,由于电解质蒸汽的点燃而在模块内可能发生的爆炸的严重程度减小,并且空气进入模块并支撑火灾的路径减少。减小自由空间还增加了任何爆炸作为缓燃而不是爆燃(这产生更难以容纳的更高压力波)进行的概率。
然而,插片32上方的空隙(充气室)可:
·在电解质放电的情况下提供排气空间;
·在热失控的情况下充当歧管以收集气体/烟雾;
·通过位于壳体壁上的爆破阀(未示出)将气体/烟雾从模块壳体80引导到外部;
·为部件和活动(诸如汇流条、汇流条的焊接、PCB、连接器和传感器)提供空间,这些部件和活动在电池通过泡沫74固定在适当位置之后被连接/执行。
图11示意性地示出了用于液体冷却剂的电路中的六个模块24的堆叠。该电路具有将冷却剂发送到模块的分配端口的进气集管,以及从模块的收集端口接收冷却剂的出气集管。该电路还具有用于使冷却剂围绕该电路循环的电泵,以及基于散热器和冷却风扇的热交换器,以降低所泵送的冷却剂的温度,从而从该模块去除废热。当冷却剂处于或低于预定温度时,热旁路阀(TBV)操作以允许冷却剂绕过热交换器。此外,电路具有加热器元件,该加热器元件可在进入集管入口之前在充气室中加热冷却剂,加热器和热交换器是可控的,使得冷却剂由热交换器冷却或由加热器加热。这样,加热电池的选项是可用的。具体地讲,电池模块通常定位在飞行器的未加热区域中,并且因此可能存在长时间段,其中当电池未被使用时,电池在飞行期间暴露于非常低的环境温度。因此,加热器可加热冷却剂并将电池保持在10℃和35℃的最佳温度范围内以备立即操作。
该电路具有横跨该模块堆栈的压力释放阀(PRV)。在模块上出现过压的情况下,PRV打开并将冷却剂流分流远离模块。由于热调节单元40的外覆盖件42由塑料片形成,因此它们的耐压能力相对较低。PRV因此提供防止冷却剂过压的方法,该冷却剂过压可损坏该单元。
然而,希望在操作期间保持单元40内的轻微压力。背压有助于使单元膨胀并保持它们压靠电池30。这可通过在模块堆栈下游的电路中提供固定或可变控制孔口来实现。
该电路具有温度传感器(TS)和压力传感器(P),以允许对上述各种功能进行健康监测和反馈控制。
应当理解,本发明不限于上述实施方案,并且在不脱离本文中描述的概念的情况下可进行各种修改和改进。除非相互排斥,否则任何特征可以单独使用或与任何其他特征组合使用,并且本公开扩展到并包括本文中描述的一个或多个特征的所有组合和子组合。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于调节软包电池(30)的温度的热调节单元(40),所述热调节单元被成形为容器,所述容器具有:
间隔元件(48),所述间隔元件基本上完全填充所述单元并且包括用于输送液体冷却剂通过所述单元的一个或多个内部冷却通道(50);
柔性外覆盖件(42),所述柔性外覆盖件容纳所述间隔元件以及所述间隔元件的一个或多个冷却通道;以及
入口端口和出口端口(46),所述入口端口和所述出口端口穿透所述覆盖件以分别向所述一个或多个冷却通道提供液体冷却剂并从所述一个或多个冷却通道移除所述液体冷却剂;
其中所述柔性外覆盖件形成所述单元的基本上平坦的主外表面以用于压靠所述软包电池的主外表面,使得所述单元和所述软包电池能够保持面对面接触;并且
其中所述间隔元件和所述一个或多个冷却通道被布置在所述柔性外覆盖件中,使得当所提供的液体冷却剂被加压时,所述液体冷却剂导致所述单元膨胀并压靠所述软包电池的所述主外表面,所述间隔元件限制所述单元的所述膨胀。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热调节单元(40),其中所述柔性外覆盖件(42)由具有至少0.2W/mK的热导率的塑料材料形成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的热调节单元(40),其中所述冷却通道(50)沿循从所述入口端口到所述出口端口的蛇形路径。
4.根据权利要求1所述的热调节单元(40),其中所述冷却通道(50)形成为穿过所述间隔元件(48)的主体的切口或所述间隔元件(48)的主体中的凹陷部。
5.一种电池模块(24),所述电池模块具有:
多个根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的热调节单元(40);和
多个电连接的软包电池(30),每个电池具有在形状上对应于单元中的相应一个单元的主外表面的所述主外表面;
其中每个软包电池与所述相应单元形成电池/单元组合,使得所述电池的所述主外表面和所述单元面对面接触。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电池模块(24),其中每个电池/单元组合容纳在由不易燃材料形成的相应约束护套(60)中。
7.根据权利要求6所述的电池模块(24),其中所述不易燃材料是无机纤维材料。
8.根据权利要求5至7中任一项所述的电池模块(24),其中所述电池/单元组合被布置在壳体(80)内,所述壳体内的围绕所述电池/单元组合的空间填充有阻燃剂和电绝缘膨胀泡沫(74)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的电池模块(24),保持空隙,所述空隙用于在所述电池中的一个或多个电池热失控的情况下从所述电池中收集气体和烟雾,并且用于将所收集的气体和烟雾引导到位于所述壳体中的爆破阀。
10.根据权利要求8或权利要求9所述的电池模块(24),其中所述壳体具有贯穿其中且流体连接到所述热调节单元的入口端口的分配端口(82),以及贯穿其中且流体连接到所述热调节单元的出口端口的收集端口(82),其中液体冷却剂能够分别经由所述分配端口和所述收集端口进入和离开所述壳体。
11.一种根据权利要求10所述的电池模块(24)和冷却剂电路的组合,其中所述冷却剂电路具有泵以经由热交换器将液体冷却剂从收集端口泵送回到分配端口,以降低所泵送的液体冷却剂的温度,从而从所述电池模块去除废热。
12.所述电池模块(24)和所述冷却剂电路的根据权利要求11所述的组合,其中所述冷却剂电路还具有加热器以加热所泵送的液体冷却剂,从而提高电池的温度,所述加热器和所述热交换器能够可选择地控制,使得所述液体冷却剂由所述热交换器冷却或由所述加热器加热。
13.所述电池模块(24)和所述冷却剂电路的根据权利要求11或12所述的组合,其中所述冷却剂电路被配置为控制所泵送的液体冷却剂的压力,从而控制由单元的膨胀施加在所述电池的主外表面上的压力。
14.一种飞行器推进系统,所述飞行器推进系统包括(i)根据权利要求5至10中任一项所述的电池模块(24)或(ii)所述电池模块(24)和冷却剂电路的根据权利要求11至13中任一项所述的组合。
15.一种飞行器,所述飞行器包括根据权利要求14所述的飞行器推进系统。
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