CN112873894A - 一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN112873894A
CN112873894A CN202110082622.3A CN202110082622A CN112873894A CN 112873894 A CN112873894 A CN 112873894A CN 202110082622 A CN202110082622 A CN 202110082622A CN 112873894 A CN112873894 A CN 112873894A
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fiber
core layer
layer
binding
bionic
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CN112873894B (zh
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韩志武
李玉姣
牛士超
张斌杰
韩奇钢
张芷嫣
王宇飞
宋文达
秦晓静
焦志斌
薛浩
张昌超
孟宪存
孙涛
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Jilin University
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    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
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    • B29C70/10—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
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    • B29C70/20—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length oriented in a single direction, e.g. roofing or other parallel fibres
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料及其制备方法，包括：两个平行设置的第一纤维树脂层和第二纤维树脂层；所述第一纤维树脂层和所述第二纤维树脂层均由纤维束经树脂浸润而成，设置在所述第一树脂层和所述第二树脂层之间的接结纤维单元；所述接结纤维单元在径向和纬向均匀分布；所述接结纤维单元包括内芯层接结纤维束，中芯层接结纤维束和外芯层接结纤维束，所述接结纤维单元由三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构。本发明申请的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料通过将接结纤维单元进行三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织后进行树脂浸润而成，形成仿生三维纤维立体连接结构功能复合材料，具有重量轻、断裂韧性好、比强度和比刚度高。

Description

一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及纤维3D一体编织玄武岩复合材料技术领域，尤其涉及的是一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着工业科学的不断发展，对材料的综合性能尤其在高温、高速、高载荷等特殊条件下耐损伤的能力要求越来越高，设计与制备兼具轻质高强、高断裂韧性、耐损伤的新型复合材料已成为材料领域的重要研究方向。
纤维复合材料层合板、三维纤维一体编织复合材料等已广泛被探讨研究，逐渐应用于民用建设设备、军用建设、交通建设中，具有柔性中空芯层的三维纤维一体编织复合材料因其结构设计灵活性、减重效果显著、力学抗性高、短暂储能性好等优势，受到广泛关注，其中，芯层中空纤维的设计起到至关重要的作用，能显著提升、最优化其整体性能。但夹芯中空纤维一体化设计中，芯层虽可以大幅度减少整体重量，提升瞬时储能性，但其带来的强度、刚度的损失也是不可避免的，极易使复合材料产生局部屈服，导致结构在外力增幅很小时产生塑性大变形，进而使整体材料断裂，造成巨大的损失。因此，在借助柔性夹心层的优势时，如何提升整体屈服强度，提高断裂韧性至关重要。
因此，现有技术还有待改进和发展。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题在于，针对现有技术的上述缺陷，提供一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料及其制备方法，旨在解决现有技术中复合材料易产生局部屈服，导致结构在外力增幅很小时产生塑性大变形，进而使整体材料断裂，造成巨大损失的问题。
本发明解决问题所采用的技术方案如下：
一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其中，包括：两个平行设置的第一纤维树脂层和第二纤维树脂层；所述第一纤维树脂层和所述第二纤维树脂层均由纤维束经树脂浸润而成，设置在第一纤维树脂层和所述第二纤维树脂层之间的接结纤维单元；所述接结纤维单元在径向和纬向均匀分布；所述接结纤维单元包括内芯层接结纤维束，中芯层接结纤维束和外芯层接结纤维束，所述接结纤维单元由三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构。
所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其中，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束均为玄武岩纤维。
所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其中，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束构成夹心层状三合板结构。
所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其中，所述仿生嵌套结构形成中空层。
所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其中，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束交织连接。
所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其中，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束的垂直向纤维束高度均不同，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束的垂直向纤维束高度范围均为3～10mm。
所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其中，所述接结纤维单元在径向和纬向分布均呈倒八字形。
一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料的制备方法，其中，包括步骤：
将所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束进行三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构；
将所述仿生嵌套结构浸润树脂形成纤维树脂结构；
将所述纤维树脂结构在真空中的预设温度下进行固化处理，得到仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料。
所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料的制备方法，其中，所述固化处理所采用的固化剂为聚醚胺或异佛尔酮。
所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料的制备方法，其中，所述预设的温度为100～300℃。
有益效果，本发明提供了一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料及其制备方法，通过仿生嵌套结构独特的纤维束排布方式，使得纤维复合材料比强度是钢材的5～15倍，较传统金属材料减重15％～35％，能量吸收性能较传统纤维层合板可提高10％～30％，这种具有更加优越力学性能的新型结构复合材料可满足航海、深空探测、汽车交通、军事工业、房屋建筑等众多工程领域对轻质高强、高断裂韧性、耐损伤材料的需求。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明中记载的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料内部结构示意图。
图2为本发明所述东方龙虱前翅纤维微结构的电子扫描照片。
图3为本发明所述东方龙虱前翅纤维微结构显微三维扫描渲染图。
图4为本发明所述三维纤维复合材料结构的芯层接结纤维束三维图。
图5为本发明所述三维纤维复合材料结构的径向截面纤维连接方式示意图。
图6为图4的外芯层接结纤维束示意图。
图7为图4的芯层接结束径向纤维连接侧视图。
图8为本发明所述三维纤维复合材料结构的上下蒙皮的纤维编织俯视图。
图9为本发明仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料结构的整体结构接结纤维单元俯视图。
图10为图9中单个径向接结纤维单元俯视图。
图11为本发明仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料结构的正交贯穿式接结纤维单元上下连接向纤维束连接结构示意图。
图中：1、内芯层接结纤维束；2、中芯层接结纤维束；4、外芯层接结纤维束；5、第一纤维树脂层；6、第二纤维树脂层。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚、明确，以下参照附图并举实施例对本发明进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
进化千亿年的生物－东方龙虱为我们打开了思路：东方龙虱鞘翅能保护甲虫自身的躯体以及鞘翅下面的飞行翅不会受到外来因素的损伤，并且是轻质生物复合材料，其独特的强度拓扑分布、优化的结构设计已经成为航空航天领域和深空探索方面轻质、可靠、高效、节能且便于控制的空间飞行器零部件的构造设计和轻质材料结构优化设计的良好仿生对象。东方龙虱前翅内部含黑色致密蛋白质层和几丁质纤维层，其结构单元为有序排列的空腔-空心小柱结构，每个结构单元都是由5～6层柱状薄壁筒纤维层层层内外嵌套而成。背壁和腹壁内侧，几丁质纤维层合平行铺敷；鞘翅中空芯层，几丁质纤维层螺旋交叉铺敷，形成空心小柱和空腔；芯层与背、腹壁过渡处的几丁质纤维层过渡。
受东方龙虱鞘翅结构的启示，为了解决传统复合材料容易产生局部屈服，导致结构在外力增幅很小时产生塑性大变形，进而使整体材料断裂，造成巨大的损失的问题，本发明提供了一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，旨在解决现有工程材料难以满足材料兼具轻质高强、耐损伤的新型复合材料性能的问题。仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料如图1所示，包括两个平行设置的第一纤维树脂层5和第二纤维树脂层6；所述第一纤维树脂层5和所述第二纤维树脂层6均由纤维束经树脂浸润而成，设置在所述第一树脂层和所述第二树脂层之间的接结纤维单元；所述接结纤维单元在径向和纬向均匀分布；所述接结纤维单元包括内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4，所述接结纤维单元由三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构。具体使用过程中，所述接结纤维单元在径向和纬向均匀分布，并且，在纬向和径向的所述接结纤维单元均由三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构，仿生嵌套结构类似东方龙虱前翅微结构(如图2-3所示)的层层嵌套形式；内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4均为两束纬向交错分布的对称纤维束，内芯层接结纤维束1连接所述第一树脂层和所述第二树脂层中外层纬向纤维束，中芯层接结纤维束2连接所述第一树脂层和所述第二树脂层中层纬向纤维束，外芯层接结纤维束4连接所述第一树脂层和所述第二树脂层中内层纬向纤维束。此外，可通过改变接结纤维单元所含纤维束的数量实现三维纤维一体连接整体结构的改变，接结纤维单元所含纤维束可以为3-8束。因为接结单元所含纤维束纤维束越多，接结纤维单元中垂直向纤维束高度不变，但是第一纤维树脂层5和第二纤维树脂层6的厚度会增加，接结纤维单元中垂直向纤维束高度与纤维树脂层的比例减小，这个比例越小越不利于提高整体结构的比强度、比刚度，但是相应地，结构整体性与稳定性却能提高。接结纤维单元所含纤维束为3-8时，即能保证结构整体性与稳定性，比强度、比刚度也能满足材料的性能需求。实际中，所述接结纤维单元的上下两个连接向的纤维束可以通过正交贯穿式编织或角连接贯穿式编织，所述接结纤维单元上下两个连接向的纤维束是同步一体编织成型。结构与传统的层合结构和夹芯结构相比，具有重量轻，断裂韧性好，比强度和比刚度高的特点。实际中，本发明层层内外嵌套编织形成的仿生嵌套结构可以在易断裂剥离的芯层与上下层连接处分散应力而减少发生应力集中，避免了局部损伤；纤维之间、纤维与树脂之间的滑移与分离、纤维的拔出、芯层纤维的塑性变形使材料可以吸收更多的能量而延缓破坏的发生，增加了断裂韧性，有良好的耐损伤性能，能量吸收性能可提高25％～35％。
在一种实现方式中，所述内芯层接结纤维束1，所述中芯层接结纤维束2和所述外芯层接结纤维束4均为玄武岩纤维。实际使用时采用玄武岩，因为玄武岩纤维在高温熔融的状态下通过耐高温的铂铑合金拉丝漏板高速拉丝成型，纤维直径尺寸一般在10-20um范围内，因玄武岩纤维巨大的表面张力，纤维横截面收缩为最小的圆形，表面较为光滑，内部结构紧密。此纤维具有强度高(与高强度S玻璃纤维相当)、防火(不燃)、耐高温(1100℃)、耐腐蚀、电绝缘等优异性能；其生产过程无添加、产生废弃物少，对环境污染小，产品废弃后可直接在环境中降解，无任何危害，是一种新型无机环保绿色高性能纤维材料。这样，由内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4组成的接结纤维单元在进行三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织的过程中能更加的顺畅，具体如图4所示。
在另一种实现方式中，所述内芯层接结纤维束1，所述中芯层接结纤维束2和所述外芯层接结纤维束4构成夹心层状三合板结构。具体地，东方龙虱前翅是一种以几丁质纤维为增强相，以胶原蛋白质为基体的复合生物材料，由中间桥墩状纤维空心柱体连接背壁层、腹壁层构成的夹心层状三合板结构。在本实施例中，依据东方龙虱前翅结构设计制备了一种夹心层状三合板结构，内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4由纤维束层层内外嵌套而成，形成垂直向的纤维束和连接向的纤维束，连接向的纤维束浸润树脂后形成的第一纤维树脂层5和第二纤维树脂层6与垂直向的纤维束构成一个夹芯层的三合板结构。此结构可以兼具轻质、高强、高断裂韧性与耐损伤。
在一种实现方式中，所述仿生嵌套结构形成中空层。具体地，接结纤维单元的连接向的纤维束浸润树脂后形成的第一纤维树脂层5和第二纤维树脂层6与垂直向的纤维束构成的夹芯层的三合板结构，三合板结构的中心是中空层，中空层使整体结构质量减少，且质量集中分布在中性层远端，使整体类工字形结构增加了惯性矩和截面模数，即同等的材料可以发挥最大的能效。
在一种实现方式中，所述内芯层接结纤维束1，所述中芯层接结纤维束2和所述外芯层接结纤维束4交织连接。实际中，第一纤维树脂层5和第二纤维树脂层6形成的上下蒙皮为纬向接结纤维单元中内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4的连接向纤维束和径向接结纤维单元中内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4的连接向纤维束交织而成，例如，纬向接结纤维单元中两束内芯层接结纤维束1和径向接结纤维单元中两束内芯层接结纤维束1成空间“十字“结构；纬向接结纤维单元中两束中芯层接结纤维束2和径向接结纤维单元中两束中芯层接结纤维束2成空间“十字“结构；纬向接结纤维单元中两束外芯层接结纤维束4和径向接结纤维单元中两束外芯层接结纤维束4成空间“十字“结构；这样，同时实现了仿生“纤维层层嵌套”微结构，两相加强使整体结构稳定性与整体性提高，增大了纤维层间摩擦，使整体性能进一步提升。此外，三维一体编织技术，厚度由接结纤维单元所含纤维束数量而定，接结纤维单元越多越厚，但是内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4的垂直向高度保持不变。纤维一体编织连接与层层嵌套使编织结构整体性、稳定性更好，提高了结构比强度与断裂韧性，其比强度是钢材的5～15倍，较传统金属材料减重15％～35％。
在一种实现方式中，所述内芯层接结纤维束1，所述中芯层接结纤维束2和所述外芯层接结纤维束4的垂直向纤维束高度均不同，所述内芯层接结纤维束1，所述中芯层接结纤维束2和所述外芯层接结纤维束4的垂直向纤维束高度范围均为3～10mm。具体地，内芯层接结纤维束1连接所述第一树脂层和所述第二树脂层中外层纬向纤维束，中芯层接结纤维束2连接所述第一树脂层和所述第二树脂层中层纬向纤维束，外芯层接结纤维束4连接所述第一树脂层和所述第二树脂层中内层纬向纤维束，故所述内芯层接结纤维束1，所述中芯层接结纤维束2和所述外芯层接结纤维束4的垂直向纤维束高度均不同。实际中，可以设置为3～10mm。接结纤维单元中的内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4的走向均分为垂直向与连接向，内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4的垂直向纤维束高度均在纤维束形成的预浸料经高温真空罐固化后，纤维束可能会产生小幅度的波纹度，最终垂向纤维束高度与连接向角度由实际生产制造时纤维的状态决定。在另一种实现方式中，内芯层接结纤维束1的距离如图5中H1，H1＝(3-6)*h,中芯层接结纤维束2的距离如图5中H2，H2＝H1+(2、4、6.....)，外芯层接结纤维束4的距离如图5中H3，H3＝H2+(2、4、6....)，h为纬向纤维单元在径向的间距。由于三维纤维编织的时候面密度大，值就大，面密度小，值就小，故H1，H2和H3根据实际中的面密度来决定，图6为图4的外芯层接结纤维束示意图。图7图4的芯层接结束径向纤维连接侧视图。图8为本发明所述三维纤维复合材料结构的上下蒙皮的纤维编织俯视图。
在另一种实现方式中，所述接结纤维单元在径向和纬向分布均呈倒八字形。接结纤维单元的纤维束纬向等距，内芯层接结纤维束1，中芯层接结纤维束2和外芯层接结纤维束4的垂直向纤维束高度不同，高度差为纬向层纤维束之间的间距，纬向接结纤维单元与径向接结纤维单元的纤维束排布相同。一个径向接结纤维单元与一个纬向接结纤维单元组成一个空间接结纤维单元，如图9，空间接结单元整体呈均匀排布，间距为内芯层接结纤维束1的垂直向纤维束高度H1，图10为图9中单个径向接结纤维单元俯视图图11为本发明仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料结构的正交贯穿式接结纤维单元上下连接向纤维束连接结构示意图。
本发明实施例还提供了一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料的制备方法，其中，包括步骤：
S100、将所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束进行三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构；
S200、将所述仿生嵌套结构浸润树脂形成纤维树脂结构；
S300、将所述纤维树脂结构在真空中的预设温度下进行固化处理，得到仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料。
具体实施时，首先通过改良后的剑杆织机进行设计，将所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束进行三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构，仿生嵌套结构即为预浸料。编织过程中第一纤维树脂层和第二纤维树脂层中的接结纤维单元通过正交贯穿式编织或角连接贯穿式编织，上下两个连接向的纤维束是同步一体编织成型，也即，纬向接结纤维单元中的连接向纤维束与径向接结纤维单元中的连接向纤维束进行同步一体编织成型。所述仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料的纤维是一种新型无机环保绿色高性能纤维材料，玄武岩纤维纤维，树脂为工业常用环氧树脂。所含纤维质量百分比为30％-60％，以保证纤维复合材料的比强度、断裂韧性与整体性。所述固化处理所采用的固化剂为聚醚胺或异佛尔酮。所述预设的温度为100～300℃。
综上所述，本发明提供了一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料及其制备方法，包括：两个平行设置的第一纤维树脂层和第二纤维树脂层；所述第一纤维树脂层和所述第二纤维树脂层均由纤维束经树脂浸润而成，设置在所述第一树脂层和所述第二树脂层之间的接结纤维单元；所述接结纤维单元在径向和纬向均匀分布；所述接结纤维单元包括内芯层接结纤维束，中芯层接结纤维束和外芯层接结纤维束，所述接结纤维单元由三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构。本发明申请的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料通过将接结纤维单元进行三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织后进行树脂浸润而成，形成仿生三维纤维立体连接结构功能复合材料，具有重量轻、断裂韧性好、比强度和比刚度高。
应当理解的是，本发明的系统应用不限于上述的举例，对本领域普通技术人员来说，可以根据上述说明加以改进或变换，所有这些改进和变换都应属于本发明所附权利要求的保护范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其特征在于，包括：两个平行设置的第一纤维树脂层和第二纤维树脂层；所述第一纤维树脂层和所述第二纤维树脂层均由纤维束经树脂浸润而成，设置在所述第一纤维树脂层和所述第二纤维树脂层之间的接结纤维单元；所述接结纤维单元在径向和纬向均匀分布；所述接结纤维单元包括内芯层接结纤维束，中芯层接结纤维束和外芯层接结纤维束，所述接结纤维单元由三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构。
2.根据权利要求1所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束均为玄武岩纤维。
3.根据权利要求1所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束构成夹心层状三合板结构。
4.根据权利要求1所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述仿生嵌套结构形成中空层。
5.根据权利要求1所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束交织连接。
6.根据权利要求1所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束的垂直向纤维束高度均不同，所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束的垂直向纤维束高度范围均为3～10mm。
7.根据权利要求1所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料，其特征在于，所述接结纤维单元在径向和纬向分布均呈倒八字形。
8.一种权利要求1～7任一项所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括步骤：
将所述内芯层接结纤维束，所述中芯层接结纤维束和所述外芯层接结纤维束进行三维一体化层层内外嵌套编织形成仿生嵌套结构；
将所述仿生嵌套结构浸润树脂形成纤维树脂结构；
将所述纤维树脂结构在真空中的预设温度下进行固化处理，得到仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述固化处理所采用的固化剂为聚醚胺或异佛尔酮。
10.根据权利要求8所述的仿生嵌套结构纤维复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述预设的温度为100～300℃。
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